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1.
AN IMPROVED LAND-SURFACE PROCESS MODEL AND ITS SIMULATION EXPERIMENT——PART Ⅰ:LAND-SURFACE PROCESS MODEL AND ITS“OFF-LINE”TESTS AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSES 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 Based on the existing land-surface schemes and models,an improved Land-surface Process Model(LPM-ZD)has been developed.It has the following major characteristics:(1)The combination of physical equations and empirical analytical formulae are used to construct the governing equations of soil temperature and moisture.Higher resolution of model level and physical equations are adopted for the upper soil layers,and for the lower soil layers,lower resolution of model level is adopted and empirical analytical formulae are used.(2)In land surface hydrological process,the sub-grid distribution of rainfall and its effects are taken into account.(3)A simple snow cover submodel has been used,which includes effects of snow cover on soil thermodynamics and hydrology,as well as albedo.By use of this model and three groups of point observation data,a series of "off-line" tests have been carried out.The simulation results indicate that land-surface process model has good performance and can well simulate diurnal and seasonal variation of land surface processes for many kinds of land surface covers(forest,grass,crops and desert) in different climate zone.The results simulated by the model are consistent with the observations.Later,by use of one group of observation data and the model,a series of sensitivity experiments have been done.It is shown that the model is much sensitive to some parameters,such as initial soil moisture,vegetation physical parameters as well as the proportion of the grid covered with rain.Therefore it is much important for land-surface process model to define these parameters as accurately as possible. 相似文献
2.
文中指出了分解算法中的两个问题:(1)为了使算法获得最佳效果,除按快、慢过程分解方程外,进一步的分解应按什么原则?(2)时间离散是否可以任意,如果不然,应采取什么形式?针对这两个问题得到的研究结果是:和一般设计简化模式一样,分解后的方程应保持原方程的重要物理性质,特别是其整体性质(如能量守恒和质量守恒等),而且,其分解后方程的解还应和原方程的解一致,至少对其中重要的解应一致.至于时间离散,在差分的情况则应采用二时间层格式;如采用三时间层格式,则会导致差分方程(或差分微分方程)和偏微分方程的不相容. 相似文献
3.
An analysis is made of a family of balanced models which are intermediate in physical content and complexity between the primitive equations and quasigeostrophy. The family is based on the linear balance equations and balance equations, and is characterized by truncations of the full vorticity and divergence equations that retain a global energy invariant. Consistent initial boundary value problems for this family of models are derived, and various aspects of numerical balanced model design are discussed. 相似文献
4.
The radar ray path equations are used to determine the physical location of each radar measurement. These equations are necessary for mapping radar data to computational grids for diagnosis, display and numerical weather prediction (NWP). They are also used to determine the forward operators for assimilation of radar data into forecast models. In this paper, a stepwise ray tracing method is developed. The influence of the atmospheric refractive index on the ray path equations at different locations related to an intense cold front is examined against the ray path derived from the new tracing method. It is shown that the radar ray path is not very sensitive to sharp vertical gradients of refractive index caused by the strong temperature inversion and large moisture gradient in this case. In the paper, the errors caused by using the simplified straight ray path equations are also examined. It is found that there will be significant errors in the physical location of radar measurements if the earth’s curvature is not considered, especially at lower elevation angles. A reduced form of the equation for beam height calculation is derived using Taylor series expansion. It is computationally more efficient and also avoids the need to use double precision variables to mitigate the small difference between two large terms in the original form. The accuracy of this reduced form is found to be sufficient for modeling use. 相似文献
5.
滤除声波的大气运动方程中不包含声波,基于滤除声波方程建立的数值模式可以用较大的时间步长进行数值积分。Durran在1989年提出了一种新的滤除声波的方法,命名为“假不可压”方程,该方程考虑了温度扰动引起的密度变化,忽略了气压扰动引起的密度变化。本文根据Durran提出的假不可压理论,推导出了一组地形追随坐标下的通量形式的假不可压方程。该方程在形式上与WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）模式中ARW（Advanced Research WRF）动力框架的控制方程非常接近。我们进一步将推导出的假不可压控制方程改写到了WRF模式中,建立了基于WRF模式框架的假不可压模式。用构建的假不可压模式和WRF模式做了两组对比试验:湿热泡对流试验和重力流试验。比较两种模式的模拟结果,可以看出假不可压模式的模拟结果与WRF模式的模拟结果非常接近,说明在WRF模式框架下建立的假不可压模式是合理可信的。 相似文献
6.
基于螺旋度的中尺度平衡方程及非平衡流诊断方法 总被引：12，自引：5，他引：7
在回顾大尺度准地转平衡理论、各种平衡方程、平衡模式及非平衡流诊断工具的基础上,对平衡方程、非平衡方程给出了具体的定义.并在此基础上,进一步考虑中尺度强对流天气系统的特征,指出中尺度也有平衡运动的存在.但是由于中尺度对流系统中强烈的辐散风效应以及不可忽略的垂直运动的作用,以散度方程为基础的各种近似平衡方程不足以描述中尺度强对流天气系统的平衡运动,进而提出了从能够同时考虑旋转、辐散及垂直运动作用的螺旋度方程出发,寻找中尺度的平衡方程.在所得的平衡方程基础上,给出了相应的平衡模式和非平衡方程.并进一步将非平衡方程分解,用来诊断非平衡过程的平衡破坏和平衡恢复两个阶段,同时将它们与水平螺旋度和垂直螺旋度联系起来. 相似文献
7.
Numerical convergence of the dynamics of a GCM 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) are characterized by many features but especially by: (1) the manner of discretizing the governing equations and of representing the variables involved at a given resolution, and (2) the manner of parameterizing unresolved physical processes in terms of those resolved variables. These two aspects of model formulation are not independent
and it is difficult to untangle their intertwined effects when assessing model performance. The attempt here is to separate
these aspects of GCM behaviour and to ask, “Given a perfect parameterization of the physical processes in a model, what resolution is needed to capture the dominant dynamical aspects
of the atmospheric climate?” Alternatively, “At what resolution do the dynamics of a GCM converge”? The perfect parameterization
approach assumes that the calculation of the physical terms returns the “correct” result at all resolutions. In the idealized
case, a time-independent forcing is one of the simplest that satisfies this condition. However, experiments show that it is
difficult for the dynamics of a GCM to balance a time-independent forcing with atmosphere-like flows and structures. The model
requires, and the atmosphere presumably includes, physical feedback mechanisms which act so as to maintain the kinds of flows
and structures that are observed. Resolution experiments are performed with a simplified forcing function for the thermodynamic
equation which combines a dominant time-independent specified forcing with a weak linear relaxation feedback. These experiments
show that the dynamics of the GCM have essentially converged at T32 and certainly by T63 which is the next resolution considered.
This is shown by the constancy of structures, variances, covariances, transports and energy budgets with increasing resolution.
Experiments with an alternative forcing proposed by Held and Suarez, which has the form of a linear relaxation, show somewhat
less evidence of convergence at these resolutions. In both cases the “physics” are known by assumption. However, the form
and nature of the forcing is different, as is the behaviour with resolution. The implication for the real system is that the
resolution required for simulating the dynamical aspects of climate is rather modest. The simulated climate does, however, apparently depend on the ability to correctly and
consistently parameterize the physical processes in a GCM, involving both forcing and feedback mechanisms, as a function of
resolution.
Received 19 January 1996/Accepted 22 August 1996 相似文献
8.
The presence of internal variability (IV) in ensembles of nested regional climate model (RCM) simulations is now widely acknowledged in the community working on dynamical downscaling. IV is defined as the inter-member spread between members in an ensemble of simulations performed by a given RCM driven by identical lateral boundary conditions (LBC), where different members are being initialised at different times. The physical mechanisms responsible for the time variations and structure of such IV have only recently begun to receive attention. Recent studies have shown empirical evidence of a close parallel between the energy conversions associated with the time fluctuations of IV in ensemble simulations of RCM and the energy conversions taking place in weather systems. Inspired by the classical work on global energetics of weather systems, we sought a formulation of an energy cycle for IV that would be applicable for limited-area domain. We develop here a novel formalism based on local energetics that can be applied to further our understanding IV. Prognostic equations for ensemble-mean kinetic energy and available enthalpy are decomposed into contributions due to ensemble-mean variables (EM) and those due to deviations from the ensemble mean (IV). Together these equations constitute an energy cycle for IV in ensemble simulations of RCM. Although the energy cycle for IV was developed in a context entirely different from that of energetics of weather systems, the exchange terms between the various reservoirs have a rather similar mathematical form, which facilitates some interpretations of their physical meaning. 相似文献
9.
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10.
With the development of numerical weather prediction technology,the traditional global hydrostatic models used in many countries of the world for operational weather forecasting and numerical simulations of general circulation have become more and more unfit for high-impact weather prediction.To address this,it is important to invest in the development of global nonhydrostatic models.Few existing nonhydrostatic global models use consistently the grid finite difference scheme for the primitive equations of dynamical cores,which can subsequently degrade the accuracy of the calculations.A new nonhydrostatic global spectral model,which utilizes the Eulerian spectral method,is developed here from NCAR Community Atmosphere Model 3.0(CAM3.0).Using Janjic's hydrostatic/nonhydrostatic method,a global nonhydrostatic spectral method for the primitive equations has been formulated and developed.In order to retain the integrity of the nonhydrostatic equations,the atmospheric curvature correction and eccentricity correction are considered. In this paper,the Held-Suarez idealized test and an idealized baroclinic wave test are first carried out,which shows that the nonhydrostatic global spectral model has similar climate states to the results of many other global models for long-term idealized integration,as well as better simulation ability for short-term idealized integration.Then,a real case experiment is conducted using the new dynamical core with the full physical parameterizations of subgrid-scale physical processes.The 10-day numerical integration indicates a decrease in systematic error and a better simulation of zonal wind,temperature,and 500-hPa height. 相似文献
11.
In this paper,the forecasting equations of a 2nd-order space-time differential remainder are deduced from the Navier-Stokes primitive equations and Eulerian operator by Taylor-series expansion.Here we introduce a cubic spline numerical model(Spline Model for short),which is with a quasi-Lagrangian time-split integration scheme of fitting cubic spline/bicubic surface to all physical variable fields in the atmospheric equations on spherical discrete latitude-longitude mesh.A new algorithm of"fitting cubic spline—time step integration—fitting cubic spline—……"is developed to determine their first-and2nd-order derivatives and their upstream points for time discrete integral to the governing equations in Spline Model.And the cubic spline function and its mathematical polarities are also discussed to understand the Spline Model’s mathematical foundation of numerical analysis.It is pointed out that the Spline Model has mathematical laws of"convergence"of the cubic spline functions contracting to the original functions as well as its 1st-order and 2nd-order derivatives.The"optimality"of the 2nd-order derivative of the cubic spline functions is optimal approximation to that of the original functions.In addition,a Hermite bicubic patch is equivalent to operate on a grid for a 2nd-order derivative variable field.Besides,the slopes and curvatures of a central difference are identified respectively,with a smoothing coefficient of 1/3,three-point smoothing of that of a cubic spline.Then the slopes and curvatures of a central difference are calculated from the smoothing coefficient 1/3 and three-point smoothing of that of a cubic spline,respectively.Furthermore,a global simulation case of adiabatic,non-frictional and"incompressible"model atmosphere is shown with the quasi-Lagrangian time integration by using a global Spline Model,whose initial condition comes from the NCEP reanalysis data,along with quasi-uniform latitude-longitude grids and the so-called"shallow atmosphere"Navier-Stokes primitive equations in the spherical coordinates.The Spline Model,which adopted the Navier-Stokes primitive equations and quasi-Lagrangian time-split integration scheme,provides an initial ideal case of global atmospheric circulation.In addition,considering the essentially non-linear atmospheric motions,the Spline Model could judge reasonably well simple points of any smoothed variable field according to its fitting spline curvatures that must conform to its physical interpretation. 相似文献
12.
采用新的均匀三点中心约束多矩有限体积方法（3-point Multi-moment Constrained finite-Volume scheme for Uniform Points with Center Constraints, MCV3_UPCC）,发展了一个三阶正定守恒的平流模式。三点多矩有限体积方法在单网格内定义等距的3个自由度,采用多矩约束条件并通过控制方程获得时间演变方程。新的三点中心约束多矩方法能在单网格内采用等距的3个点值及中心一阶、二阶导数作为约束条件进行空间4次多项式数值重构,获得3个自由度的时间演变方程;所构建的新数值方案具有三阶精度,边界通量连续性保证了其数值严格守恒。为了抑制该方法的非物理数值振荡,引入了边界保型限制器技术,它能够把数值解控制在既定物理场最小值（最小值为0时则保持数值正定）与最大值之间。数值试验表明新发展的三阶平流模式具有良好的计算精度,能够严格保持数值解的正定性和守恒性,同其他高精度平流模式相当,在实际大气模式水汽等平流输送应用中具备良好的发展潜力。 相似文献
13.
全型涡度方程和经典涡度方程比较 总被引：15，自引：4，他引：15
在简要回顾经典涡度方程和全型涡度方程推导的基础上 ,比较了两种涡度方程的异同。集中讨论全型涡度方程新的物理内涵 ,证明了与稳定度和斜压性变化 (锋生、锋消过程 )相联系的内部强迫以及与摩擦耗散和非绝热加热相联系的外部强迫所诱发的涡度发展的机制。最后 ,指出了全型涡度方程的天气和气候应用前景。 相似文献
14.
对MM5模式输出产品解释应用，建立县级站点定量降水MOS预报模型。方案为将影响辽宁降水的天气模型归纳为动力诊断模型，从中构造出多个能够较全面反映降水模型特征的综合物理因子；根据站点降水的气候分布特征，对偏态分布的降水量进行正态化处理，处理方案为首先将降水量划分为有雨和无雨两档，然后对有雨样本进行分级、开4次方处理，经分析对比降水量经过正态化处理后建立的预报模型优于未经处理的模型。运用统计方法建立站点降水预报模型，该模型分为晴雨预报模块和雨量预报模块。通过2001和2002年夏季业务试运行表明，该模型对降水有较强的预报能力，较原模式预报水平有一定改进。 相似文献
15.
In this paper, equations of atmospheric and oceanic dynamics are reduced to a kind of evolutionary equation in operator form, based on which a conclusion that the separability of motion stages is relative is made and an issue that the tractional splitting methods established on the physical separability of the fast stage and the slow stage neglect the interaction between the two stages to some extent is shown. Also, three splitting patterns are summed up from the splitting methods in common use so that a comparison between them is carried out. The comparison shows that only the improved splitting pattern (ISP) can be in second order and keep the interaction well. Finally, the applications of some splitting methods on numerical simulations of typhoon tracks made clear that ISP owns the best effect and can save more than 80% CPU time. 相似文献
16.
THE MODELING IMPROVEMENT OF HURRICANE ANDREW BY THE TECHNIQUE OF IRREVERSIBLE THERMODYNAMIC OPERATORS* 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Although incorporating the horizontal diffusion into the atmospheric governing equations is a part of the dynamics of a model,it is based on the computational consideration originally,which is to overcome the nonlinear aliasing or computational instability and smooth the physical fields at the same time.The generally used forms of the fourth-order diffusion,either linear or nonlinear,however,can not properly describe the real physical diffusion processes and thus affect the accuracy of forecasting and modeling.In this paper,based on the nature of the physical diffusion.the scheme of horizontal diffusion of the MM5 Version 3 is improved according to the second law of thermodynamics which controls the irreversable evolutionary direction of a many-body system and the potential ability of the improvement of the new scheme in modeling accuracy is revealed by introducing the technique suggested in this paper,via a theoretical case and the computational case of the hurricane Andrew that landed on Florida in 1992. 相似文献
17.
本文利用1982年5月8日和1979年6月28日两个实例,进行了四种方案的48小时数值预报试验,比较了它们的预报质量及彼此间的差异。四种方案是:经典通量、通量修正、经典平流和平流修正。试验表明,在有地形的数值预报模式中,采用平流形式的预报方程组比采用通量形式的为好,既可有较高的计算精度,又可节省计算时间。 相似文献
18.
A three-dimensional model of the mesoscale surface boundary layer of the open ocean is developed through scale analysis of the primitive equations with mixing included. A set of surface boundary-layer equations appropriate for a broad range of oceanic and atmospheric scales is thereby derived. The essential basis of the model is a coupling between quasigeostrophic dynamics away from the boundary layer and arbitrary mixing models within the mixed layer. The coupling consists of advection of the boundary layer by the horizontal and vertical components of the interior quasigeostrophic flow and forcing of the interior by the boundary layer in the form of divergence within the boundary layer which leads to vortex stretching/compression in the interior. The divergence is generalized for mesoscale wind-driven flows and includes nonlinear interaction between the directly wind-driven boundary-layer flow and the interior flow in the form of interior relative vorticity advection by the wind-driven flow. The nature of the equations leads us to apply a numerical algorithm to their solution. This algorithm is calibrated through application to idealized problems to determine the temporal and spatial grid requirements. The model is initialized with a realistic ocean flow having the properties of the Gulf Stream. 相似文献
19.
初论双三次数值模式 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
讨论在数学Rn空间里,存在孔斯双三次曲面拟合的可能数值模式(以下称双三次数值模式)。双三次数值模式特点是,在诊断上对天气系统中的由各个物理定律表述的(离散点)大气物理量场,可通过数学三次样条函数做双三次曲面拟合,则模式大气(包括天气系统)的各个物理量场均达到二阶可导,即是大气运动方程中的各个物理量场都存在各自的一、二阶空间微商,从而可以对模式大气与天气系统做时间积分。与有限差分模式和谱模式存在所谓的空间截断误差和波数截断误差相比较,双三次数值模式存在所谓的空间拟合误差,恰是现行有限差分模式空间截断误差的高阶小量。而双三次数值模式具有谱模式准确计算空间微商的优点,且双三次数值模式的数学构架能够较好地适应大气运动动力框架,是可与有限差分模式和谱模式相比较的另一数值分析新算法的气象数值模式。 相似文献
20.
采用850毫巴和地面的大尺度天气状况和物理特性作为外参数,将大气边界层下层的地表层进行特殊处理,考虑了层结的作用,其上分成等距15层,考虑地转民随高度线性变化。上下层耦合,建立一个定常平衡初值模型,并将所得的初值作为第一级近似,再利用地面、300、600、900、1500米五个高度测风资料进行动力调整,试图建立一个更加接近实际状态的边界层初值。 文中利用所建立的模型,对大气边界层的一些物理参数的作用进行了分析,并对动力调整过程以及垂直分层的选取等作了讨论。 最后例举华北地区1966年8月23日08时边界层的各层次风场和垂直运动,清楚地显示出边界层内的细致结构。 相似文献