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1.
Effects of direct and indirect heating on the validity of rock weathering simulation studies and durability tests 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Rock surface and subsurface temperature responses in samples exposed to direct heating (insolation) under natural hot desert conditions reveal considerable variability between lithologies related to differences in thermal properties, especially albedo and thermal conductivity. However, when the same samples are heated indirectly by air in an oven-based environmental cabinet, lithological differences in temperature response disappear and all samples attain temperatures similar to the air temperature within the cabinet. Rates and patterns of rock decay produced in such environmental cabinets may not, therefore, reflect those encountered under natural conditions, where breakdown is related to micro-environmental conditions at the rock/air interface and where rock temperature is one of the most important controlling factors. In addition to implications for assessment of weathering effectiveness, use of only indirect forms of heating affects the determination of comparative rock durability because all rock types are cycled through the same temperature regimes. Because temperature exerts such a major control on rock breakdown through its control on physical and chemical weathering processes, all significant factors influencing it must be included in the design of weathering simulations and durability tests. 相似文献
2.
塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地冬季积雪下垫面地表反照率及土壤温湿度变化特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站西站10 m梯度探测系统气象和辐射观测数据,分析了塔中积雪下垫面地表反照率、土壤温度、土壤湿度的变化特征及其相互关系。结果表明：塔中积雪覆盖期间地表反照率0.18~0.97,日均值为0.60;有积雪覆盖的地表反照率日变化更偏向反"J"型,呈现出上午大于傍晚的形态,平均早晚较差为0.13;积雪使0~40 cm深度土壤温度下降,积雪消融后土壤湿度增大使各层土壤温度趋于接近,并使0、10、20 cm深度的土壤温度日变幅呈减小趋势,减小幅度分别为41%、39%、39%;积雪地表反照率与地表温度表现出负相关关系,反照率越高地表温度越低,二者相关系数为-0.71;积雪地表反照率与5 cm深度土壤湿度负相关,高地表反照率对应低土壤湿度,低地表反照率对应高土壤湿度,二者相关系数为-0.74。 相似文献
3.
新疆天山和北疆地区是我国三大稳定积雪区之一，积雪反照率的变化显著地影响其地表吸收的太阳辐射能量。2018年1~3月，在新疆天山和北疆地区进行了积雪反照率观测，发现研究区的积雪反照率存在明显的时空差异。时间上，由于受到气温变化的影响，研究区的积雪反照率整体呈现下降的趋势，而且不同时期的下降幅度有差异，1月末~3月初反照率的降低相比1月初~1月末反照率降低更加明显。空间上，由于受到污化物的影响，各区域（阿勒泰地区、塔城地区、天山北坡和伊犁河谷）的积雪反照率之间存在差异，其中天山地区（天山北坡和伊犁河谷）的积雪反照率低于北疆地区（阿勒泰地区和塔城地区），天山北坡的反照率最低；在积雪稳定期及消融期，污化物对积雪反照率的影响最为明显。 相似文献
4.
5.
中国第3次北极科学考察期间首次开展了浮冰-水道热力平衡的现场观测。观测结果表明,观测期间气温低于0°C,调查区域正从消融期向生长期过渡,至8月23日水道逐渐封冻。之后表面薄冰的反照率为0.46(±0.03),水道内水温垂向梯度逐渐减小,水道内和冰底的水温逐渐下降。至8月底,浮冰底部的生消达到平衡;侧部仍处于融冰期,对应的平均融解潜热通量为19(±6) W/m2;对观测区的海冰而言,至8月下旬,相对于底部和表面的生消,侧部融化对其物质平衡贡献较大。 相似文献
6.
In the last several decades, the underlying surface conditions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have changed dramatically, causing permafrost degradation due to climate change and human activities. This change severely influenced the cold regions environment and engineering infrastructure built above permafrost. Permafrost is a product of the interaction between the atmosphere and the ground. The formation and change of permafrost are determined by the energy exchange between earth and atmosphere system. Fieldwork was performed in order to learn how land surface change influenced the thermal regime in permafrost regions. In this article, the field data observed in the Fenghuo Mountain regions was used to analyze the thermal conditions under different underlying surfaces on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Results show that underlying surface change may alter the primary energy balance and the thermal conditions of permafrost. The thermal flux in the permafrost regions is also changed, resulting in rising upper soil temperature and thickening active layer. Vegetation could prevent solar radiation from entering the ground, cooling the ground in the warm season. Also, vegetation has heat insulation and heat preservation functions related to the ground surface and may keep the permafrost stable. Plots covered with black plastic film have higher temperatures compared with plots covered by natural vegetation. The reason is that black plastic film has a low albedo, which could increase the absorbed solar radiation, and also decrease evapotranspiration. The ＂greenhouse effect＂ of transparent plastic film might effectively reduce the emission of long-wave radiation from the surface, decreasing heat loss from the earth＇s surface, and prominently increasing ground surface temperature. 相似文献
7.
以2003年5月29日福州市LandsmETM＋影像为数据源,对2种地表温度空间降尺度算法——EM算法和HUTS算法进行实验、比较与分析,EM算法是利用高空间分辨率的地表比辐射率对低空间分辨率的亮度温度影像进行调节,从而达到提高热红外影像空间分辨率的目的;HUTS算法则是引入了归一化差异植被指数NDVI和地表反照率d,通过在低空间分辨率拟合二者与地表温度LST之间的关系,然后根据其尺度不变性,将该关系应用到高空间分辨率的影像上,从而达到提高热红外影像空间分辨率的目的．研究结果表明：1）2种算法所得结果影像都能在有效提高空间分辨率的同时较好地保持了原始地表温度影像的空间分布特征,达到了较好的降尺度效果;2）以RMSE为定量评价指标,HUTS算法要略优于EM算法,其中,EM算法的RMSE为1．2494,而HUTS算法仅为0．9869． 相似文献
8.
丹霞山顺层洞穴风化特征的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以丹霞盆地丹霞组2段顺层洞穴为研究对象,探讨不同岩性红层抗风化能力的差异,重点关注软岩夹层的风化特征及其对顺层洞穴发育的影响。在野外考察的基础上,选择3个典型顺层洞穴为案例,采集了洞穴剖面不同岩性红层的岩样及夹层水样品,进行一系列的岩矿理化测试和水样分析实验。结果表明：洞穴剖面岩性的不均一性及软岩夹层的风化凹进是形成丹霞山顺层洞穴的主要原因。顺层洞穴发育的软岩夹层一般是粉砂质泥岩,粘土矿物含量高,以泥质胶结为主,吸水性较强,开型空隙率较大,抗压强度小,易于风化破碎;上下岩层主要是砂岩和砂砾岩,以钙质和铁质胶结为主,吸水性较弱,开型孔隙率较小,抗压强度较大,风化速度较慢。在洞穴岩层风化过程中,粘土矿物的胀缩、钙质胶结物的溶解, 及铁质胶结物的水化作用等是导致岩体结构破坏的重要因素,但促使不同岩性红层风化的主导因素有所差别。粉砂质泥岩的风化以粘土矿物的胀缩作用为主,砂岩和砂砾岩的风化则以钙质胶结物的溶解作用为主。此外,酸性雨水渗入岩体后与各种矿物进行的一系列离子交换作用也促进了顺层洞穴岩层的风化。 相似文献
9.
Summary. Four types of crustal and upper-mantle rocks have been used for the investigation of seismic P -wave velocities in three mutually perpendicular directions. Hydrostatic pressure, up to 6 kbar and temperatures up to 500°C were applied to the samples. Measurements of the ultrasonic P -wave travel times and velocities were carried out along two geotherms. All rock types show an anisotropic behaviour which is caused by the orientation of certain minerals. The anisotropy is not dependent on temperature and pressure. Gneiss and peridotite have 5–6 per cent anisotropy whereas granite and a metagabbro show values of only 2–3 per cent. The smallest velocity is always in the z direction, perpendicular to a schistocity or foliation. It is shown that the data agree with those of field observation. We conclude that anisotropy caused by preferred orientation of minerals must be expected in the whole lithosphere. Additional effects of layering, of cracks, and of nonhydrostatic stresses are estimated. 相似文献
10.
锡林郭勒草原地表反照率对气候变化的响应 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
在对锡林郭勒草原地区MODIS的地表反照率产品(MCD43C3)的可靠性进行评估的基础上,利用该产品分析了2002～2009年锡林郭勒草原地表反照率的变化及其与温度和降水的关系。结果表明:(1)MODIS的反演结果能够很好地反映地表反照率的季节变化和年际变化特征;(2)锡林郭勒草原可见光波段反照率的季节变化呈V字形,低谷出现在8月上旬,近红外波段的则呈U字形,低值时段为6～9月;(3)可见光和近红外波段反照率的年际变化特征基本一致,其与温度和降水的年际波动有显著相关关系,其中,温度与地表反照率仅在生长季初期和末期显著相关,分别是负相关(相关系数为-0.67)和正相关(0.63),降水量与地表反照率在整个生长季都显著负相关(-0.54～-0.76),并且其影响效果有2～3个月的滞后期。 相似文献
11.
MODIS BRDF/Albedo数据在中国温度模拟中的应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
地表反照率直接影响地表辐射平衡,进而改变当地温度(2 m气温,下同),然后还可能通过大气平流过程影响下游地区的温度。为揭示利用实时更新的地表反照率替换WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) 模式的静态地表反照率对中国大陆温度模拟结果的影响,本文进行了两组为期6 年(2002-2007 年) 的连续积分试验：控制试验(CT试验) 采用短波波段地表反照率,取自WRF模式推荐的地表参数数据集;敏感试验(MD试验) 采用分波段的(可见光和近红外) 地表反照率,取自MODIS BRDF/Albedo数据产品。试验结果表明,CT试验能够模拟中国温度的基本空间格局,但是模拟温度相对于观测温度有明显偏差,青藏高原南部的模拟温度偏低(负偏差),最大偏低幅度为1.03oC,出现在秋季,东部地区的模拟温度偏高(正偏差),最大偏高幅度达3.4oC,出现在春季;MD试验模拟结果的正、负偏差格局与CT试验基本相似,但是与CT试验相比,MD试验模拟的青藏高原南部温度的负偏差更大,最大为1.32oC,而模拟的东部地区温度的正偏差明显减小,最大为2.97oC,这说明MD试验比CT试验模拟的温度普遍偏低。在青藏高原,这主要归因于MD试验比CT试验的地表反照率大,使得地表净辐射少,地表感热少,致使温度偏低;在中国东部的黄淮海至江南丘陵区,这主要归因于MD试验中北方蒙古高原的地表反照率比CT试验的大,使得MD试验中该地区的地表净辐射少,地表感热少,温度低,然后通过南下冷平流过程致使位于其下游的黄淮海至江南丘陵区温度降低。 相似文献
12.
Studies of magnetic properties enable reconstruction of environmental conditions that affected magnetic minerals incorporated in sediments from Upper Klamath Lake. Analyses of stream sediment samples from throughout the catchment of Upper Klamath Lake show that alteration of Fe-oxide minerals during subaerial chemical weathering of basic volcanic rocks has significantly changed magnetic properties of surficial deposits. Titanomagnetite, which is abundant both as phenocrysts and as microcrystals in fresh volcanic rocks, is progressively destroyed during weathering. Because fine-grained magnetite is readily altered due to large surface-to-volume ratios, weathering causes an increase in average magnetic grain size as well as reduction in the quantity of titanomagnetite both absolutely and relative to hematite. Hydrodynamic mineralogical sorting also produces differences in magnetic properties among rock and mineral grains of differing sizes. Importantly, removal of coarse silicate and Fe-oxide grains by sorting concentrated extremely fine-grained magnetite in the resulting sediment. The effects of weathering and sorting of minerals cannot be completely separated. These processes combine to produce the magnetic properties of a non-glacial lithic component of Upper Klamath Lake sediments, which is characterized by relatively low magnetite content and coarse magnetic grain size. Hydrodynamic sorting alone causes significant differences between the magnetic properties of glacial flour in lake sediments and of fresh volcanic rocks in the catchment. In comparison to source volcanic rocks, glacial flour in the lake sediment is highly enriched in extremely fine-grained magnetite. 相似文献
13.
在全球气候变暖的背景下,地表反照率已成为地表辐射平衡和气候研究的重要参数之一。利用中国陆地生态系统研究网络（Chinese Ecosystem Research Network,CERN）提供的34个站点辐射数据、GLASS地表反照率产品、ERA-Interim再分析资料、MODIS EVI（MOD13A3）和中国气象数据共享网提供的气象数据,基于Sen's Slope趋势分析方法,分析不同生态系统地表反照率的变化特征;利用全子集回归和分层分解方法计算地表反照率与各要素之间的相关性和相对重要性;探讨各气候因子对地表反照率的影响。结果表明,2000—2017年裸土地和裸岩砾石地变化率最大,冬季斜率达-0.083% yr-1。生长季地表反照率与降水、增强型植被指数（Enhanced Vegetation Index,EVI）、土壤水分和气温显著相关的像元分别占总像元的73%、79%、56%和86%。EVI是干旱和半干旱地区地表反照率变化的主导因素,其对地表反照率变化的独立贡献率分别为41%和56.18%。7月东北地区降水量和气温对地表反照率的影响大约滞后2个月;内蒙古沙漠地区和长江中下游平原土壤水分对地表反照率的影响大约滞后1~2个月。 相似文献
14.
Rev I. Gavriliev 《寒旱区科学》2014,6(5):0461-0469
A methodology for calculating the thermal conductivity of soils and rocks is developed which takes into account their origin and mineralogical composition.This method utilizes three approaches.One is founded on the structural modeling of contact heat interaction between particles and fills and estimates the statistical probability distribution of the particles in the volume of the medium.The second approach analyses perturbation to the temperature field of the matrix medium by ellipsoidal inclusions.The third approach is to find the mean thermal conductivity of the solid skeleton in the universal model at different composition of rock-forming minerals. 相似文献
15.
Adriana Beltrn-Przekurat Roger A. Pielke Sr. Debra P.C. Peters Keirith A. Snyder Albert Rango 《Journal of Arid Environments》2008,72(10):1897-1910
Our goal was to evaluate effects of broad-scale changes in vegetation from grasslands to shrublands over the past 150 years on near-surface atmosphere over the Jornada Experimental Range in the northern Chihuahuan Desert, using a regional climate model. Simulations were conducted using 1858 and 1998 vegetation maps, and data collected in the field. Overall, the vegetation shift led to small changes in sensible heat (SH) and an increase in latent heat (LH). The impacts of shrub encroachment depended on shrubland type: conversion from grass to mesquite cools the near-surface atmosphere and from grass to creosotebush warms it. Higher albedo of mesquite relative to grasses reduced available energy, which was dissipated mainly as LH due to the deeper root system in mesquite. In creosotebush-dominated areas, a decrease in albedo, an increase in roughness length and displacement height contributed to the SH increase and warmer temperatures. Sensitivity simulations showed that an increase in soil moisture content enhanced shrub LH and a reduction in mesquite cover enhanced the temperature differences. The observed shift in vegetation led to complex interactions between land and surface fluxes, demonstrating that vegetation itself is a weather and climate variable as it significantly influences temperature and humidity. 相似文献
16.
准确获取青藏高原地表反照率的季节变化特征对高原地表能水循环研究具有重要意义。本文利用青藏高原多年冻土区西大滩和唐古拉2007年的气象及辐射数据,运用相关分析方法研究了太阳高度角、积雪及活动层冻融过程对地表反照率变化的影响。结果显示:冷暖季降雪过程中地表反照率的变化差异较明显;地表无积雪覆盖期间,地表反照率与气温和表层土壤含水量呈反相关关系。利用多元回归分析法构建了以积雪日数和气温为影响因子的月均地表反照率计算回归方程,经检验与观测值对比平均相对误差为7.1%,可用于青藏高原北部地表反照率的估算。 相似文献
17.
Norikazu Matsuoka 《Geomorphology》1995,12(4)
Field observations of weathering processes and the related landforms, combined with laboratory analyses of weathering products, permit a synthetic evaluation of Late Cenozoic weathering environments in the Sør Rondane Mountains, Antarctica, an arid upland characterized by low temperatures and strong winds. Rates and character of weathering depend mainly on moisture availability and the bedrock geology. Under the humid weathering regime that occurs only locally around the margin of the present sheet, frequent diurnal freeze-thaw cycles in summer cause relatively rapid rock fragmentation. Most of the mountains are situated in the arid weathering regime, under which rock breakdown is very slow unless the rock contains plenty of salts. Salt weathering becomes more intensive and extensive with exposure age, as a result of salt accumulation in rock, eventually producing soils as small as fine-silt size. Lack of clay mineralization even in weathered rocks having been exposed above the ice sheet prior to 4 Ma ago indicates that hydrolysis or carbonation of rock minerals has been insignificant during the past 4 Ma. The final products of weathering are due mainly to salt action and reflect the parent lithology. Resistant fine-grained granite forms strongly oxidized tors carved with tafoni, or fields of mushroom-like boulders overlying the fractured bedrock. Less resistant rocks, like biotite gneiss and amphibolite, produce stone pavements underlain by saline, silty soils up to 30–40 cm thick, the thickness of which corresponds to the maximum thaw depth. 相似文献
18.
青藏高原西部地面反射率的日变化以及与若干气象因子的关系 总被引：17，自引：10，他引：7
根据1997年10月至1998年11月青藏高原西部改则和狮泉河两个自动气象站连续观测的大气、辐射和土壤资料,在分析高原西部地面反射率冬、夏季日变化特征的基础上,重点研究了地面反射率与土壤和大气若干重要因子(如土壤湿度、土壤温度、空气相对湿度、空气温度)的关系。研究结果有助于改进气候模式和卫星遥感中高原地面反射率的参数化方案。 相似文献
19.
A Review and Evaluation of Specific Heat Capacities of Rocks,Minerals, and Subsurface Fluids. Part 1: Minerals and Nonporous Rocks 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Heat capacities of the rocks within a sedimentary basin can significantly influence geothermal gradients if sedimentation or erosion is rapid. This paper provides data on specific heat capacities of minerals and nonporous rocks at 20°C, derives equations for calculating specific heat capacities of minerals and nonporous rocks at temperatures between 0°C and 1200°C, and shows that pressure effects on heat capacities of solids can be neglected. It derives an equation for estimating specific heat capacity of any mineral or nonporous rock as a function of density. Finally, it shows how to calculate the specific heat capacity of any mixture of solid materials. A companion paper discusses specific heat capacities of the fluids in pore spaces of rocks and of fluid-filled porous rocks. The data for minerals and rocks provided herein can be incorporated directly into existing modeling software by users. However, the temperature-dependent equations would have to be incorporated by software developers. 相似文献
20.
Marie–Françoise André 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2002,84(3&4):139-150
Ice–polished quartz veins, feldspar phenocrysts and quartzite layers were used as reference surfaces to assess the impact of Postglacial rock weathering in Lapland (68°N). Over 3200 measurements were carried out on roches moutonées and glaciofluvially scoured outcrops distributed within three study areas covering 8 km2 . Inferred weathering rates demonstrate that 10,000 years of Holocene weathering did not significantly modify the geometry of Weichselian rock surfaces. However, rates of general surface lowering range from 1 to 25, depending on the rock type, with average values at 0.2 mm ka−1 for homogeneous crystalline rocks (irrespective of their acidity and grain size), 1 mm ka−1 for biotite–rich crystalline rocks, and 5 mm ka−1 for carbonate sedimentary rocks. Accelerated rates were recorded in weathering pits and along joints with values up to ten times higher than on the rest of the rock surface. Comparisons with cold and temperate areas suggest that solution rates of carbonate rocks are highly dependent on climate conditions, whilst granular disintegration of crystalline rocks operates at the same rate whatever the environment. It probably means that microgelivation is not efficient on ice–polished crystalline outcrops even under harsh climate conditions, and that granular disintegration proceeds under various climates from the same ubiquitous combination of biochemical processes. Last, the weathering state of Late–Weichselian roches moutonées can be usefully compared to that of Preglacial tors of the nearby Kiruna area. 相似文献