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1.
Tourmalinite and tourmaline-rich rocks associated with Fe-carbonate–graphite phyllite, strata-bound polymetallic sulphide deposits, metabasite and marble were studied, for information on the mechanism of tourmaline formation in the pre-Hercynian low-grade metamorphic sequence of the Mandanici Unit in the Peloritani Mountains of Sicily, southern Italy. The major and trace element compositions of the tourmaline rocks suggest the existence of a sedimentary protolith with pre-metamorphic black shale and bedded chert. Boron was interpreted to be accumulated in a restricted sedimentary basin, between platform carbonate formations, with abundant organic matter and Fe–Al–Ti-rich laterite–bauxite soil-derived clastic supply, under a continental volcano-tectonic extensional regime accompanied by a local convective hydrothermal system along faults. Petrographic, crystal–chemical and δ11B isotopic data are compatible with a model of marine sediment dewatering at temperatures below 200 °C, which caused the removal of boron from clay. Metamorphism led to the development of tourmaline in an Al–Ti-rich environment, in equilibrium with other minerals such as ilmenite, albite and muscovite. The upper temperature of metamorphism (almost 375 °C), estimated on the basis of δ11B, fits geothermometric results from Δ13Ccarbonate–graphite on associated rocks. The estimated value of δ11B in the tourmalinite protolith, − 7.5‰ , is also compatible with continental-derived Al-rich sediments. 相似文献
2.
Nd and Sr isotope signatures of the Khibina and Lovozero agpaitic centres, Kola Alkaline province, Russia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nd and Sr compositions of the highly evolved agpaitic nepheline syenites and associated ijolites and carbonatites from the Khibina and the Lovozero alkaline centres define three magma sources. Isotopes of the voluminous nepheline syenites and ijolites of Khibina intrusions III, IV, V, VI and VII as well as of nepheline syenites of Lovozero lie on the Kola Carbonatite Mixing Line which is close to the “mantle array” defined by the components “bulk earth” and “prema” on a Sr---Nd plot. The Khibina carbonatites and associated silicate rocks of intrusion VIII, which have more radiogenic Sr, did not evolve from the same parent magma as the nepheline syenites.
Isotopic constraints exclude a pre-enrichment of Rb, Sr, Sm and Nd in the lithospheric mantle below Kola over more than 10 Ma prior to the crystallization of the magmas. A formation of the melts involving major participation of the Precambrian crust of the Baltic Shield is also excluded.
The lack of significant Eu anomalies in the Lovozero nepheline syenites gives evidence that the agpaitic magmas in the Kola region did not form from basaltic liquids by fractional crystallization of plagioclase or anorthoclase at crustal levels. A formation from nephelinite or nepheline benmoreite magmas at mantle pressures is more likely, possibly by dynamic flow crystallization.
Enrichment factors suggest that large-ion lithophile and high field-strength elements as Ta, La, Nb and Zr, which are highly concentrated in the agpaites, were scavenged from mantle volumes of some 100,000 km3. An enrichment of these elements prior to magma formation may have been performed by volatile transfer.
The well-defined whole-rock isochrons of the Khibina III–VII and the Lovozero agpaites of c. 370 Ma date the magma separation for the different intrusion, if these melts are cogenetic and formed by fractional crystallization in a Khibina and a Lovozero magma chamber. If, however, Rb and Sr were collected by a process of volatile transfer, and the initial Sr isotopic compositions of the two distinguished agpaite suites are, therefore, averages of the sampled mantle volumes, the Rb---Sr whole-rock isochron ages of c. 370 Ma would date this process of element collection. The concordance of the whole-rock ages with the mineral ages of Khibina and Lovozero samples is then further evidence for the short period between magma genesis, intrusion and crystallization. 相似文献
3.
Rare gabbroic inclusions within a lherzolite-nodule bearing, fractionated, alkalic lava are of two types: olivine-two pyroxene-spinel-metagabbro and amphibole-two pryoxene-spinel-metagabbro. The metagabbros represent cumulates which have crystallized from alkalic basalt magma at high temperature. Metamorphic aggregates and coronas consisting of clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene and spinel with or without amphibole are attributed to complex subsolidus reactions between olivine and plagioclase; olivine, clinopyroxene and plagioclase; olivine and clinopyroxene; olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase and ilmenite in response to decreasing temperature as the rocks cooled at pressures of around 11 Kb (35–40 km) and temperatures in the range 1000–1150°C. The lower crust and upper mantle below East Otago must contain bodies of fractionated alkalic basalt showing granulitic mineralogy. 相似文献
4.
The igneous rocks of the Katzenbuckel, Southwest Germany, represent a unique and unusual alkaline to peralkaline association within the European Volcanic Province. The magmatic activity can be subdivided into two main phases. Phase I comprises the main rock bodies of phonolite and nepheline syenite, which were later intruded by different peralkaline dyke rocks (tinguaites and alkali feldspar syenite dykes) of phase II. The dyke assemblage was accompanied by magnetite and apatite veins and was followed by a late-stage pneumatolytic activity causing autometasomatic alterations.
As is typical for alkaline to peralkaline igneous rocks, early mafic minerals of phase I rocks comprise olivine, augite and Fe–Ti oxides, which are substituted in the course of fractionation by Na-amphibole and Na-pyroxene. For the early magmatic stage, calculated temperatures range between 880 and 780 °C with low silica activities (0.4 to 0.6) but high relative oxygen fugacities between 0.5 and 1.9 log units above the FMQ buffer. Even higher oxygen fugacities (above the HM buffer) are indicated for the autometasomatic alteration, which occurred at temperatures between 585 and 780 °C and resulted in the formation of pseudobrookite and hematite.
The unusually high oxygen fugacities (even during the early magmatic stage) are recorded by the major element compositions of the mafic minerals (forsterite content in olivine between 68 and 78 mol%, up to 6.2 wt.% ZrO2 and 8.5 wt.% TiO2 in clinopyroxene), the unusual mineral assemblages (pseudobrookite, freudenbergite) and by the enrichment of Fe3+ in the felsic minerals (up to 2.8 wt.% Fe2O3 in alkali feldspar and up to 2.6 wt.% Fe2O3 in nepheline). These observations point to a metasomatically enriched and highly oxidized lithospheric mantle as a major source for the Katzenbuckel melts. 相似文献
5.
Mineralogical data, coupled with whole-rock major and trace element data of mafic xenoliths from two occurrences of the Egyptian Tertiary basalts, namely Abu Zaabal (AZ) near Cairo and Gabal Mandisha (GM) in the Bahariya Oases, are presented for the first time. Chemically, AZ basalts are sodic transitional, while those of GM are alkaline. In spite of the different petrographic and geochemical features of the host rocks, mafic xenoliths from the two occurrences are broadly similar and composed essentially of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, alkali feldspar, and Fe–Ti oxides. The analytical results of host rocks, xenoliths and their minerals suggest that the xenoliths are cognate to their host magmas rather than basement material. The mafic xenoliths are olivine-free and contain alkali feldspar contrary to the phenocryst assemblage of the host rocks, confirming that they are not cumulates from the host magma. The geochemical and mineralogical characteristics show that the precursor magmas of these xenoliths are more fractionated and possibly contaminated compared to those of the host rocks. Estimated crystallization conditions are 1–3 kbar for xenoliths from both areas, and temperature of 950–1100 °C vs. 920–1050 °C for AZ and GM, respectively. These cognate xenoliths probably crystallized from early-formed, highly-fractionated anhydrous magma batches solidified in shallow crustal levels, possibly underwent some AFC during their ascent, and later ripped-up during fresh magma pulses. The xenoliths, although rare, provide an evidence for the importance of crystal fractionation at early evolution of the Egyptian Tertiary basalts. 相似文献
6.
Experimental constraints on pre-eruption conditions of pantelleritic magmas: Evidence from the Eburru complex, Kenya Rift 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The phase relationships and compositions of a pantellerite from the Eburru complex in the Kenya Rift Valley have been determined at 150 MPa and under reducing conditions, 2 log units below the Ni–NiO solid buffer. The effects of temperature and melt water content on phase relationships have been explored. Alkali feldspar and quartz crystallise alone at temperatures above 700 °C, irrespective of melt water content. Below 700 °C, sodic amphibole and clinopyroxene also crystallise; the amphibole being the liquidus phase under water-rich conditions. The coexistence of amphibole phenocrysts with alkali feldspar and quartz in a crystal-poor pantellerite implies temperatures below 700 °C and melt water contents higher than 4 wt.%, possibly up to 5–6 wt.%. Pantellerites have lower liquidus temperatures than associated comendites, which supports a parent–daughter relationship between the two magma types. The melts produced in the experiments extend the compositional trend displayed by the natural rock series, and reproduce some extreme compositions occasionally observed in alkaline volcanic series, with FeO contents above 12 wt.% and Na2O contents approaching 10 wt.%. Pantellerites are therefore the true near-minimum melt compositions of alkaline oversaturated magma series. 相似文献
7.
John Charles White S. Christian Benker Minghua Ren Kevin M. Urbanczyk Donald W. Corrick 《Lithos》2006,91(1-4):74-94
The Pine Canyon caldera is a small (6–7 km diameter) ash-flow caldera that erupted peralkaline quartz trachyte, rhyolite, and high-silica rhyolite lavas and ash-flow tuffs about 33–32 Ma. The Pine Canyon caldera is located in Big Bend National Park, Texas, USA, in the southern part of the Trans-Pecos Magmatic Province (TPMP). The eruptive products of the Pine Canyon caldera are assigned to the South Rim Formation, which represents the silicic end member of a bimodal suite (with a “Daly Gap” between 57 and 62 wt.% SiO2); the mafic end member consists primarily of alkali basalt to mugearite lavas of the 34–30 Ma Bee Mountain Basalt. Approximately 60–70% crystallization of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, olivine, magnetite, and apatite from alkali basalt coupled with assimilation of shale wall rock (Ma/Mc = 0.3–0.4) produced the quartz trachyte magma. Variation within the quartz trachyte–rhyolite suite was the result of 70% fractional crystallization of an assemblage dominated by alkali feldspar with subordinate clinopyroxene, fayalite, ilmenite, and apatite. High-silica rhyolite is not cogenetic with the quartz trachyte–rhyolite suite, and can be best explained as the result of 5% partial melting of a mafic granulite in the deep crust under the fluxing influence of fluorine. Variation within the high-silica rhyolite is most likely due to fractional crystallization of alkali feldspar, quartz, magnetite, biotite, and monazite. Lavas and tuffs of the South Rim Formation form A-type rhyolite suites, and are broadly similar to rock series described in anorogenic settings both in terms of petrology and petrogenesis. The Pine Canyon caldera is interpreted to have developed in a post-orogenic tectonic setting, or an early stage of continental rifting, and represents the earliest evidence for continental extension in the TPMP. 相似文献
8.
The 117.38 m of gabbroic core drilled during the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 153 at Sites 921 to 924 in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) between 23 °N and the Kane Fracture Zone, exhibits a remarkable primary compositional heterogeneity, such as magmatic layering, intrusive contacts and late magmatic veining, which express a succession of magmatic events. Textural indicators suggest that the cooling of the crystal mush occurred in a dynamic environment, with infiltration of progressively evolved liquids. Magmatic features include random shape fabric and magmatic lamination; the subsequent deformational overprint occurred in subsolidus conditions. The ductile deformation, generally concentrated in discrete domains of the gabbro, is associated with continuous re-equilibration of the metamorphic assemblages of (1) olivine + clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene + plagioclase + ilmenite + Ti-magnetite, (2) olivine + clinopyroxene + plagioclase + ilmenite + Ti-magnetite + red hornblende. At lower temperatures brittle deformation prevails and subsequent fractures control the development of metamorphic assemblages: (3) clinopyroxene + plagioclase + red brown hornblende + Ti-magnetite + magnetite (?) + ilmenite, (4) plagioclase + brown hornblende + Ti-magnetite + magnetite + hematite + titanite ± Ti-oxide, (5) plagioclase + green hornblende + magnetite + titanite, (6) plagioclase + actinolite + chlorite + titanite + magnetite, (7) albite + actinolite + chlorite + prehnite ± epidote ± titanite and (8) albite + prehnite + chlorite ± smectite. Assemblages 1 to 8 express increasing water/rock ratios and decreasing degrees of recrystallization.
During the ductile phase, red hornblende is stable and its abundance increases with deformation intensity, possibly as an effect of the introduction of hydrous fluids. During the brittle phase, water diffusion controls the development of the fracture-filling mineral assemblages and re-equilibration of the adjacent rock; temperatures decrease further, as demonstrated by mineral zoning and incompletely re-equilibrated assemblages. The lowest temperatures correspond to the development of hydrothermal assemblages.
Compared with oceanic gabbros from fast-spreading transform environments, high-temperature ductile phases (granulite and amphibolite) are well developed, whereas brittle phases are widespread, as microcracks, prevalent on fracturing associated with discrete veins. 相似文献
9.
A suite of spinel lherzolite and wehrlite xenoliths from a Devonian kimberlite dyke near Kandalaksha, Kola Peninsula, Russia, has been studied to determine the nature of the lithospheric mantle beneath the northern Baltic Shield. Olivine modal estimates and Fo content in the spinel lherzolite xenoliths reveal that the lithosphere beneath the Archaean–Proterozoic crust has some similarities to Phanerozoic lithospheric mantle elsewhere. Modal metasomatism is indicated by the presence of Ti-rich and Ti-poor phlogopite, pargasite, apatite and picroilmenite in the xenoliths. Wehrlite xenoliths are considered to represent localised high-pressure cumulates from mafic–ultramafic melts trapped within the mantle as veins or lenses. Equilibration temperatures range from 775 to 969 °C for the spinel lherzolite xenoliths and from 817 to 904 °C for the wehrlites.
Laser ablation ICP-MS data for incompatible trace elements in primary clinopyroxenes and metasomatic amphiboles from the spinel lherzolites show moderate levels of LREE enrichment. Replacement clinopyroxenes in the wehrlites are less enriched in LREE but richer in TiO2. Fractional melt modelling for Y and Yb concentrations in clinopyroxenes from the spinel lherzolites indicates 7–8% partial melting of a primitive source. Such a volume of partial melt could be related to the 2.4–2.5 Ga intrusion of basaltic magmas (now metamorphosed to garnet granulites) in the lower crust of the northern Baltic Shield. The lithosphere beneath the Kola Peninsula has undergone several episodes of metasomatism. Both the spinel lherzolites and wehrlites were subjected to an incomplete carbonatitic metasomatic event, probably related to an early carbonatitic phase associated with the 360–380 Ma Devonian alkaline magmatism. This resulted in crystallisation of secondary clinopyroxene rims at the expense of primary orthopyroxenes, with development of secondary forsteritic olivine and apatite. Two separate metasomatic events resulted in the crystallisation of the Ti–Fe-rich amphibole, phlogopite and ilmenite in the wehrlites and the low Ti–Fe amphibole and phlogopite in the spinel lherzolites. Alternatively, a single metasomatic event with a chemically evolving melt may have produced the significant compositional differences seen in the amphibole and phlogopite between the spinel lherzolites and wehrlites. The calculated REE pattern of a melt in equilibrium with clinopyroxenes from a cpx-rich pocket is identical to that of the kimberlite host, indicating a close petrological relationship. 相似文献
10.
One mantle xenolith from a basanite host of the Mt. Melbourne Volcanic Field (Ross Sea Rift) is extraordinary in containing
veins filled with leucite, plagioclase, clinopyroxene, nepheline, Mg-ilmenite, apatite, titaniferous mica, and the rare mineral
zirconolite. These veins show extensive reaction with the dunitic or lherzolitic host (olivine+spinel+orthopyroxene+clinopyroxene).
The reaction areas contain skeletal olivine and diopside crystals, plagioclase, phlogopite, aluminous spinel and ilmenite
in a fine grained groundmass of aluminous spinel, clinopyroxene, olivine, plagioclase and interstitial leucite. The vein composition
estimated from modal abundances and microprobe analyses is a mafic leucite-phonolite with high amounts of K, Al, Ti, Zr and
Nb but low volatile contents. The melt is unrelated to the host basanite and was probably derived by smallscale melting of
incompatible element-enriched phlogopite-bearing mantle material and must have lost most of its volatile content during migration,
crystallization and reaction with the host dunite. While the veins are completely undeformed the dunitic host shows slight
deformation. Vein minerals crystallized at high temperatures above 1000°C and pressures below 5 kbar according to the phase
assemblage including leucite, nepheline and K-feldspar. Spinel/olivine geothermometry yielded 800–920°C for the re-equilibration
of the host peridotite. Thus the xenolith must have been at shallow depth prior to and during the late veining event. Mantle
material at shallow depths is consistent with rifting and the regional extreme displacement at the transition from the rifted
Victoria Land Basin in the Ross Sea to the uplifted Trans-Antarctic Mountains. 相似文献
11.
Orthopyroxene-rich olivine websterite xenoliths (OWB2) in Palaeogene basanites in East Serbia are mostly composed of tabular low-Al2O3 orthopyroxene (> 70 vol.%, Mg# 85–87) containing tiny Cr spinel inclusions. Orthopyroxene shows a slightly U-shaped primitive mantle-normalized trace element pattern with strong peaks at U and Pb, similar to that of orthopyroxene from normal regional peridotitic mantle. In between the orthopyroxenes are interstitial spaces composed of partially altered olivine (Mg# 85–87), clinopyroxene, Ti-rich spinel, Mg-bearing calcite, K-feldspar, apatite, ilmenite and relicts of a hydrous mineral. Clinopyroxene appears as selvages around orthopyroxene and as coarser euhedral crystals. Trace element patterns of the clinopyroxene selvages resemble those of adjacent orthopyroxene, whereas the coarser ones have flatter and more LREE- and LILE-enriched patterns, similar to that of metasomatic clinopyroxene. The OWB2 xenoliths are interpreted as having formed in two stages. During Stage I orthopyroxene crystallized, along with some spinel, olivine and probably hydrous phase(s). This original OWB2 lithology was a hydrous olivine-bearing orthopyroxenite that crystallised from subduction-related SiO2-saturated, boninite-like magmas. During Stage II the interstitial minerals formed due to infiltration of a low-SiO2, high-CaO and CO2-rich external melt, accompanied by decomposition of original H2O-bearing minerals. The calculated composition of the infiltrating liquid corresponds to a mafic alkaline melt similar to the basanitic host but more enriched in CO2, LREE and LILE. Metasomatism is interpreted in terms of small degree melts related to the Palaeogene mafic alkaline magmatism. 相似文献
12.
The Taihe, Baima, Hongge, Panzhihua and Anyi intrusions of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP), SW China, contain large magmatic Fe–Ti–(V) oxide ore deposits. Magnetites from these intrusions have extensive trellis or sandwich exsolution lamellae of ilmenite and spinel. Regular electron microprobe analyses are insufficient to obtain the primary compositions of such magnetites. Instead, laser ablation ICP-MS uses large spot sizes (~ 40 μm) and can produce reliable data for magnetites with exsolution lamellae. Although magnetites from these deposits have variable trace element contents, they have similar multi-element variation patterns. Primary controls of trace element variations of magnetite in these deposits include crystallography in terms of the affinity of the ionic radius and the overall charge balance, oxygen fugacity, magma composition and coexisting minerals. Early deposition of chromite or Cr-magnetite can greatly deplete magmas in Cr and thus Cr-poor magnetite crystallized from such magmas. Co-crystallizing minerals, olivine, pyroxenes, plagioclase and apatite, have little influence on trace element contents of magnetite because elements compatible in magnetite are incompatible in these silicate and phosphate minerals. Low contents and bi-modal distribution of the highly compatible trace elements such as V and Cr in magnetite from Fe–Ti oxide ores of the ELIP suggest that magnetite may not form from fractional crystallization, but from relatively homogeneous Fe-rich melts. QUILF equilibrium modeling further indicates that the parental magmas of the Panzhihua and Baima intrusions had high oxygen fugacities and thus crystallized massive and/or net-textured Fe–Ti oxide ores at the bottom of the intrusive bodies. Magnetite of the Taihe, Hongge and Anyi intrusions, on the other hand, crystallized under relatively low oxygen fugacities and, therefore, formed net-textured and/or disseminated Fe–Ti oxides after a lengthy period of silicate fractionation. Plots of Ge vs. Ga + Co can be used as a discrimination diagram to differentiate magnetite of Fe–Ti–(V) oxide-bearing layered intrusions in the ELIP from that of massif anorthosites and magmatic Cu–Ni sulfide deposits. Variable amounts of trace elements of magmatic magnetites from Fe–Ti–(P) oxide ores of the Damiao anorthosite massif (North China) and from Cu–Ni sulfide deposits of Sudbury (Canada) and Huangshandong (northwest China) demonstrate the primary control of magma compositions on major and trace element contents of magnetite. 相似文献
13.
Liquidus and sub-liquidus phase relationships are reported for melts formed from an aphanitic kimberlite composition crystallized at 5–12 GPa and 900–1400 °C. The liquidus phase over the pressure range investigated is forsteritic olivine. This is followed with decreasing temperature by olivine plus garnet as the initial sub-liquidus solid phase assemblage. Supra-solidus assemblages consist of olivine+garnet+clinopyroxene+Mg-ilmenite+liquid at 5–7 GPa or olivine+garnet+clinopyroxene+hematite–ilmenite solid solutions (+/−perovskite)+liquid at 8–12 GPa. Phlogopite forms as a near-solidus phase only at 900 °C and 6 GPa. Orthopyroxene does not form at any temperature and pressure. All garnets formed at 6–7 GPa are Ti-rich almandine–grossular–pyrope solid solutions and not Cr-pyrope, whereas garnets formed above 8 GPa are Ti- and Fe3+-rich and have no natural counterparts. Quenched liquids are represented by magnesite at 10–12 GPa and Mg–Ca-carbonates at lower pressures. In addition to forming discrete crystals, Mg-ilmenite and hematite–ilmenite solid solutions occur as lamellar intergrowths that are identical in texture to naturally occurring intergrowths. Mg-ilmenite compositions at 6–7 GPa are similar to those of the natural occurrences, whereas clinopyroxenes are richer in Ca. The effects of graphite versus platinum capsules on the oxygen fugacity of the experimental charges and the composition of the olivine, clinopyroxene, Fe–Ti-oxides and garnets formed are described. These experimental data are interpreted to indicate that kimberlite magmas are unlikely to be formed by very small degrees of partial melting of a simple homogeneous carbonated garnet lherzolite mantle. It is proposed that kimberlite magmas form by extensive partial melting of metasomatized mantle, i.e. mineralogically complex carbonate-bearing veins in a lherzolitic/harzburgitic substrate, and that lamellar ilmenite–clinopyroxene intergrowths represent the products of non-equilibrium growth in kimberlite magma. 相似文献
14.
Mantle xenoliths (lherzolites, clinopyroxene dunites, wehrlites, and clinopyroxenites) in the Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks of Makhtesh Ramon (alkali olivine basalts, basanites, and nephelinites) represent metasomatized mantle, which served as a source of basaltic melts. The xenoliths bear signs of partial melting and previous metasomatic transformations. The latter include the replacement of orthopyroxene by clinopyroxene in the lherzolites and, respectively, the wide development of wehrlites and olivine clinopyoroxenites. Metasomatic alteration of the peridotites is accompanied by a sharp decrease in Mg, Cr, and Ni, and increase of Ti, Al, Ca contents and 3+Fe/2+Fe ratio, as well as the growth of trace V, Sc, Zr, Nb, and Y contents. The compositional features of the rocks such as the growth of 3+Fe/2+Fe and the wide development of Ti-magnetite in combination with the complete absence of sulfides indicate the high oxygen fugacity during metasomatism and the low sulfur concentration, which is a distinctive signature of fluid mode during formation of the Makhtesh Ramon alkali basaltic magma. Partial melting of peridotites and clinopyroxenites is accompanied by the formation of basanite or alkali basaltic melt. Clino- and orthopyroxenes are subjected to melting. The crystallization products of melt preserved in the mantle rock are localized in the interstices and consist mainly of fine-grained clinopyroxene, which together with Ti-magnetite, ilmenite, amphibole, rhenite, feldspar, and nepheline, is cemented by glass corresponding to quartz–orthopyroxene, olivine–orthopyroxene, quartz–feldspar, or nepheline–feldspar mixtures of the corresponding normative minerals. The mineral assemblages of xenoliths correspond to high temperatures. The high-Al and high-Ti clinopyroxene, calcium olivine, feldspar, and feldspathoids, amphibole, Ti-magnetite, and ilmenite are formed at 900–1000°. The study of melt and fluid inclusions in minerals from xenoliths indicate liquidus temperatures of 1200–1250°C, solidus temperatures of 1000–1100°C, and pressure of 5.9–9.5 kbar. Based on the amphibole–plagioclase barometer, amphibole and coexisting plagioclase were crystallized in clinopyroxenites at 6.5–7.0 kbar. 相似文献
15.
人们对邯邢式铁矿形成机制一直存在争议。为解决这一科学问题,本文对在河北武安赵庄地区斑状二长岩中发现的“含铁熔体-流体”脉及团斑进行了详细的矿物学及岩石学研究。结果显示:“含铁熔体-流体”矿物组合分带明显,其中核部矿物组合为Di+Amp+Mt+Ap+Pl,边部矿物组合为Prh+Cal。“含铁熔体-流体”中磁铁矿具有明显的环带结构,中心部分TiO2含量为2.23%,边部磁铁矿TiO2含量为0.36%0.57%。核部∑REE高过边部两个数量级,在球粒陨石标准化稀土元素分配图中呈右倾型曲线,与武安地区侵入岩同源,在未经流体加入时的高温岩浆环境中结晶。边部磁铁矿在球粒陨石标准化稀土元素分配图中显示REE轻微亏损,且有明显的Ce负异常,指示了磁铁矿结晶环境有大量富含挥发分的流体加入。在磁铁矿(Ti+V)-(Al+Mn)图解中,“含铁熔体-流体”中的磁铁矿落于斑岩型磁铁矿和Fe-Ti、V型磁铁矿区域,也处于热液型磁铁矿与岩浆型磁铁矿之间。这表明“含铁熔体-流体”并非侵入岩与围岩发生接触交代反应后形成的远端夕卡岩脉,而是源于深部的“含铁熔体-流体”在浅部结晶的产物。以高钛、富集REE为特征的磁铁矿是深部岩浆房铁矿浆结晶的磁铁矿微晶。由于富含挥发分的流体注入岩浆房形成流体超压,磁铁矿微晶与气泡结合沿岩浆通道快速上升。最后在1.552.19 km的深度形成以低Ti、亏损REE为特征的磁铁矿,并结晶形成角闪石等流体晶矿物。 相似文献
16.
Six crystalline mixtures, picrite, olivine-rich tholeiite, nepheline basanite, alkali picrite, olivine-rich basanite, and olivine-rich alkali basalt were recrystallized at pressures to 40 kb, and the phase equilibria and sequences of phases in natural basaltic and peridotitic rocks were investigated.The picrite was recrystallized along the solidus to the assemblages (1) olivine+orthopyroxene+ clinopyroxene +plagioclase+spinel below 13 kb, (2) olivine+orthopyroxene+clinopyroxene+spinel between 13 kb and 18 kb, (3) olivine+orthopyroxene+clinopyroxene+ garnet+spinel between 18 kb and 26 kb, and (4) olivine+clinopyroxene+garnet above 26 kb. The solidus temperature at 1 atm is slightly below 1,100° and rises to 1,320° at 20 kb and 1,570° at 40 kb. Olivine is the primary phase crystallizing from the melt at all pressures to 40 kb.The olivine-rich tholeiite was recrystallized along the solidus into the assemblages (1) olivine+ clinopyroxene+plagioclase+spinel below 13 kb, (2) clinopyroxene+orthopyroxene+ spinel between 13 kb and 18 kb, (3) clinopyroxene+garnet+spinel above 18 kb. The solidus temperature is slightly below 1,100° at 1 atm, 1,370° at 20 kb, and 1,590° at 40 kb. The primary phase is olivine below 20 kb but is orthopyroxene at 40 kb.In the nepheline basanite, olivine is the primary phase below 14 kb, but clinopyroxene is the first phase to appear above 14 kb. In the alkali-picrite the primary phase is olivine to 40 kb. In the olivine-rich basanite, olivine is the primary phase below 35 kb and garnet is the primary phase above 35 kb. In the olivine-rich alkali basalt the primary phase is olivine below 20 kb and is garnet at 40 kb.Mineral assemblages in a granite-basalt-peridotite join are summarized according to reported experimental data on natural rocks. The solidus of mafic rock is approximately given by T=12.5 P
Kb+1,050°. With increasing pressure along the solidus, olivine disappears by reaction with plagioclase at 9 kb in mafic rocks and plagioclase disappears by reaction with olivine at 13 kb in ultramafic rocks. Plagioclase disappears at around 22 kb in mafic rocks, but it persists to higher pressure in acidic rocks. Garnet appears at somewhat above 18 kb in acidic rocks, at 17 kb in mafic rocks, and at 22 kb in ultramafic rocks.The subsolidus equilibrium curves of the reactions are extrapolated according to equilibrium curves of related reactions in simple systems. The pyroxene-hornfels and sanidinite facies is the lowest pressure mineral facies. The pyroxene-granulite facies is an intermediate low pressure mineral facies in which olivine and plagioclase are incompatible and garnet is absent in mafic rocks. The low pressure boundary is at 7.5 kb at 750° C and at 9.5 kb at 1,150° C. The high pressure boundary is 8.0 kb at 750° C and 15.0 kb at 1,150° C. The garnet-granulite facies is an intermediate high pressure facies and is characterized by coexisting garnet and plagioclase in mafic rocks. The upper boundary is at 10.3 kb at 750° C and 18.0 kb at 1,150° C. The eclogite facies is the highest pressure mineral facies, in which jadeite-rich clinopyroxene is stable.Compositions of minerals in natural rocks of the granulite facies and the eclogite facies are considered. Clinopyroxenes in the granulite-facies rocks have smaller jadeite-Tschermak's molecule ratios and higher amounts of Tschermak's molecule than clinopyroxenes in the eclogite-facies rocks. The distribution coefficients of Mg between orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene are normally in the range of 0.5–0.6 in metamorphic rocks in the granulite facies. The distribution coefficients of Mg between garnet and clinopyroxene suggest increasing crystallization temperature of the rocks in the following order: eclogite in glaucophane schist, eclogite and granulite in gneissic terrain, garnet peridotite, and peridotite nodules in kimberlite.Temperatures near the bottom of the crust in orogenic zones characterized by kyanitesillimanite metamorpbism are estimated from the mineral assemblages of metamorphic rocks in Precambrian shields to be about 700° C at 7 kb and 800° C at 9 kb, although heat-flow data suggest that the bottom of Precambrian shield areas is about 400° C and the eclogite facies is stable.The composition of liquid which is in equilibrium with peridotite is estimated to be close to tholeiite basalt at the surface pressure and to be picrite at around 30 kb. The liquid composition becomes poorer in normative olivine with decreasing pressure and temperature.During crystallization at high pressure, olivine and orthopyroxene react with liquid to form clinopyroxene, and a discontinuous reaction series, olivine orthopyroxene clinopyroxene is suggested. By fractional crystallization of pyroxenes the liquid will become poorer in SiO2. Therefore, if liquid formed by partial melting of peridotite in the mantle slowly rises maintaining equilibrium with the surrounding peridotite, the liquid will become poorer in MgO by crystallization of olivine, and tholeiite basalt magma will arrive at the surface. On the other hand, if the liquid undergoes fractional crystallization in the mantle, the liquid may change in composition to alkali-basalt magma and alkali-basalt volcanism may be seen at a late stage of volcanic activity.Publication No. 681, Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles. 相似文献
17.
Garnet-bearing peridotitic rocks closely associated with eclogite within the Tromsø Nappe of the northern Scandinavian Caledonides show good evidence for prograde metamorphism. Early stages are recognized as inclusions of hornblende and chlorite in the cores of large garnet poikiloblasts. Closer to the garnet rim, clinopyroxene and Cr-poor spinel appear as additional inclusion phases. Four suites of spinel inclusions can be distinguished based on optical properties and chemical composition. The innermost suite (suite 1) has the lowest Cr# and highest Mg#. Further rimward, the spinel inclusions gradually change in composition, with increasing Cr# and decreasing Mg#. Spinel is rare in the matrix, but locally chromitic spinel occurs as larger grains. Garnet poikiloblasts are rimmed by a kelyphite zone consisting of Hbl + Cr-poor Spl or Opx ± Cpx + Cr-poor Spl, and locally an inner zone of Na-rich Hbl + Chl. Matrix assemblage in the garnet-bearing peridotitic rocks is Hbl + Chl + Cpx + Ol ± Cr-rich spinel, defining a strong foliation wrapping around garnets and associated kelyphites. Thin layers of garnet-orthopyroxenite and garnet–hornblende–zoisite–chlorite rocks are presumably coeval with the matrix foliation of the peridotitic rocks.
In dunitic to harzburgitic compositions large undulatory grains of Ol + Opx ± Chl + Spl apparently define the maximum-P conditions. This assemblage is succeeded by a recrystallized assemblage of Ol ± Tlc ± Mgs, which in turn is overgrown by strain-free poikiloblasts of orthopyroxene, indicating a temperature increase. This is postdated by Tlc + Ath ± Mgs, and finally serpentine.
P–T estimates for the inclusion suites of clinopyroxene and spinel in garnet clearly indicate garnet growth and spinel consumption in a regime of increasing P. The inner suite (suite 1) apparently was in equilibrium with garnet, clinopyroxene and olivine at 1.40 GPa, 675 °C, whereas included spinel with maximum Cr# (suite 4) indicate 2.40 GPa at 740 °C. Grt + Opx from garnet-orthopyroxenite give 1.5–1.9 GPa at 740–770 °C, and Grt + Hbl + Zo + Chl from a zoisite-rich rock give 1.75 ± 0.25 GPa at 740 ± 30 °C, interpreted to represent recrystallization during uplift. In dunitic to harzburgitic compositions, early Ol + Opx ± Chl + Spl is succeeded by Ol ± Tlc ± Mgs, which in turn is overgrown by neoblasts of strain-free orthopyroxene, indicating temperature increase. This is postdated by Tlc + Ath ± Mgs, and finally serpentine.
The ultramafic rocks in the Tromsø Nappe were locally strongly hydrated before subduction along with associated eclogites and metasedimentary rocks during the early (Ordovician) stages of the Caledonian orogeny. 相似文献
18.
We report here a multiphase mineral inclusion composed of quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, sapphirine, spinel, orthopyroxene, and biotite, in porphyroblastic garnet within a pelitic granulite from Rajapalaiyam in the Madurai Granulite Block, southern India. In this unique textural association, hitherto unreported in previous studies, sapphirine shows four occurrences: (1) as anhedral mineral between spinel and quartz (Spr-1), (2) subhedral to euhedral needles mantled by quartz (Spr-2), (3) subhedral to anhedral mineral in orthopyroxene, and (4) isolated inclusion with quartz (Spr-4). Spr-1, Spr-2, and Spr-4 show direct grain contact with quartz, providing evidence for ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) metamorphism at temperatures exceeding 1000 °C. Associated orthopyroxene shows high Mg/(Fe + Mg) ratio ( 0.75) and Al2O3 content (up to 9.6 wt.%), also suggesting T > 1050 °C and P > 10 kbar during peak metamorphism.
Coarse spinel (Spl-1) with irregular grain morphology and adjacent quartz grains are separated by thin films of Spr-1 and K-feldspar, suggesting that Spl-1 and quartz were in equilibrium before the stability of Spr-1 + quartz. This texture implies that the P–T conditions of the rock shifted from the stability field of spinel + quartz to sapphirine + quartz. Petrogenetic grid considerations based on available data from the FMAS system favour exhumation along a counterclockwise P–T trajectory. The irregular shape of the inclusion and chemistry of the inclusion minerals are markedly different from the matrix phases suggesting the possibility that the inclusion minerals could have equilibrated from cordierite-bearing silicate-melt pockets during the garnet growth at extreme UHT conditions. 相似文献
19.
Application of the QUILF thermobarometer to the peralkaline trachytes and pantellerites of the Eburru volcanic complex, East African Rift, Kenya 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Minghua Ren Peter A. Omenda Elizabeth Y. Anthony John C. White Ray Macdonald D.K. Bailey 《Lithos》2006,91(1-4):109-124
The Quaternary Eburru volcanic complex in the south-central Kenya Rift consists of pantelleritic trachytes and pantellerites. The phenocryst assemblage in the trachytes is sanidine + fayalite + ferrohedenbergite + aenigmatite ± quartz ± ilmenite ± magnetite ± pyrrhotite ± pyrite. In the pantellerites, the assemblage is sanidine + quartz + ferrohedenbergite + fayalite + aenigmatite + ferrorichterite + pyrrhotite ± apatite, although fayalite, ferrohedenbergite and ilmenite are absent from more evolved rocks (e.g. with SiO2 > 71%). QUILF temperature calculations for the trachytes range from 709 to 793 °C and for the pantellerites 668–708 °C, the latter temperatures being among the lowest recorded for peralkaline silicic magmas. The QUILF thermobarometer demonstrates that the Eburru magmas crystallized at relatively low oxidation states (ΔFMQ + 0.5 to − 1.6) for both trachytes and pantellerites. The trachytes and pantellerites evolved along separate liquid lines of descent, the trachytes possibly deriving from a more mafic parent by fractional crystallization and the pantellerites from extreme fractionation of comenditic magmas. 相似文献
20.
Fe-Ti-oxides may reach hundreds ppm in I-type granitoids and close to microgranular mafic enclaves (MME) up to several thousands ppm. Western Carpathian I-type granitoids have magnetic susceptibility above 3?×?10?4 SI units, whereas S-type granites are lower. Associated MMEs reach up to 160?×?10?4 SI. The measurement of magnetic susceptibility in field appears a useful tool for regional mapping of I-type granites and searching enclaves. The increased contents of Fe-oxides around MME within host I-type granitoids are interpreted as result of hybridization with mafic magma. The hybridisation is manifested by occurrence of two Fe-Ti-oxide generations: (1) orthomagmatic titanomagnetite from pre-mixing stage, (2) late-magmatic magnetite of post-mixing stage. The titanomagnetites show composite textures with exsolved ilmenite. The oxybarometry (Sauerzapf et al. 2008; Ghiorso Evans 2009) yields temperatures 700?C750°C at fO2 about NNO, and 650?C700°C below FMQ, respectively. Post-mixing pure magnetites originated from early titanomagnetite, annite and anorthite associated with titanite and apatite. The late oxidation seems to be responsible for high magnetic susceptibility of metaluminous I-type tonalites. Both post- and pre- mixing Fe-Ti oxides are locally converted to hematite. 相似文献