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1.
Transient electromagnetic surveys with unimodal transverse magnetic field: ideas and results 
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下载免费PDF全文 Vladimir S. Mogilatov Arkadiy V. Zlobinskiy Boris P. Balashov 《Geophysical Prospecting》2017,65(5):1380-1397
The theory behind transient electromagnetic surveys can be well described in terms of transverse magnetic and transverse electric modes. Soundings using transverse magnetic and transverse electric modes require different source configurations. In this study, we consider an alternating transverse magnetic field excitation by a circular electric dipole. The circular electric dipole transmitter is a horizontal analogue of the vertical electric dipole. Offshore surveys using circular electric dipole might represent an alternative to the conventional marine controlled‐source electromagnetic method at shallow sea and/or for exploring relatively small targets. Field acquisition is carried out by recording either electric or magnetic responses. Electric responses bear information on the 1D structure of a layered earth and successfully resolve high‐resistivity targets in marine surveys. Land‐based circular electric dipole soundings are affected by induced polarisation. On the contrary, magnetic responses are absent on the surface of a 1D earth, and as a result, they are very sensitive to any and even very small 3D conductivity perturbations. In addition, they are sensitive to induced polarisation or some other polarisation effects in the subsurface. At present, circular electric dipole transmitters and magnetic receivers are successfully used in on‐land mineral and petroleum exploration. 相似文献
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M. G. Persova Yu. G. Soloveichik G. M. Trigubovigh 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2011,47(2):79-89
This work describes the basic approaches to the solution of three-dimensional (3D) problems of geoelectromagnetism with the use of the finite element method and the possibilities of the GeoEM program complex for its implementation. The methods of modeling geoelectromagnetic fields for the most widely known types of controllable sources and the mathematical apparatus for the solution of problems of magnetotelluric soundings are considered. Examples of the calculations of 3D fields for the horizontal and vertical electric lines in planning electric exploration works on the shelf are presented, as well as an example of the 3D interpretation of array transient electromagnetic sounding data during the search for deep-seated target objects in conditions of a mostly heterogeneous upper part of the section. 相似文献
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The possibilities of reconstructing two-dimensional (2D) cross sections based on the data of the profile soundings by the transient electromagnetic method (TEM) with a single ungrounded loop are illustrated on three-dimensional (3D) models. The process of reconstruction includes three main steps: transformation of the responses in the depth dependence of resistivity ρ(h) measured along the profile, with their subsequent stitching into the 2D pseudo section; point-by-point one-dimensional (1D) inversion of the responses with the starting model constructed based on the transformations; and correction of the 2D cross section with the use of 2.5-dimensional (2.5D) block inversion. It is shown that single-loop TEM soundings allow studying the geological media within a local domain the lateral dimensions of which are commensurate with the depth of the investigation. The structure of the medium beyond this domain insignificantly affects the sounding results. This locality enables the TEM to reconstruct the geoelectrical structure of the medium from the 2D cross sections with the minimal distortions caused by the lack of information beyond the profile of the transient response measurements. 相似文献
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地空电磁法已经成为深部资源勘探的重要地球物理方法,但对频率域地空系统的三维多源电磁响应特征研究较少.本文设计了多种激励源组合方式,采用非结构化有限元数值模拟方法,对三维地电模型的空中垂直磁场的响应特征进行了研究.首先推导了基于电场的双旋度公式及其变分形式,加入罚项以减少伪解的影响.接着把有限元稀疏矩阵方程转换为频率的函数,采用Krylov子空间投影方法,通过模型降阶算法降低稀疏矩阵的阶数,实现多频点的快速计算.建立了三维低阻体模型、高阻体模型以及两个相邻低阻体模型,分别采用单源、双源、三源和四源激励模式,从垂直磁场的总场、二次场响应和全域视电阻率等方面进行分析比较.结果表明:多源地空电磁法不仅可以增加总场的强度,而且可以改变异常体的二次电磁响应分布规律.各电偶源延长线呈正三角形分布的三源和矩形分布的四源激励模式在增强信号强度以及削弱异常体的边界效应方面具有一定的优势,是一种优化的多源激励方式. 相似文献
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为了探索我国海域油气和水合物等高阻目标体CSEM勘探的可行性和方法技术,本文研究了在海水中水平电性源激励下有限水深海洋地电模型的频率域电磁响应,为进一步的1D和3D仿真计算奠定了理论基础.在推导电磁响应公式时,首先给出了各层介质的Lorentz势,然后根据Coulomb势与Lorentz势的关系,得到了各层介质的Coulomb势.各层介质中的电磁场均可以由Lorentz势或者Coulomb势计算得到,但在有限元计算时Coulomb势具有优势.长导线源的电磁场和势函数可以由电偶源的电磁场和势函数沿导线长度积分得到.文中具体给出了海水中水平电偶源和长导线源在海水层的电磁场公式,并根据该公式计算了不同水深环境下海底表面的电磁场分布,分析了海水深度对海底油气储层电磁异常的影响.结果表明,随着水深减小,异常幅度和形态特征发生明显变化.当水深很浅时(如50 m),只有同线方向的Ex和Ez两个电场分量存在明显异常.最后,以两个已知海底油田为例,计算了不同水深环境下可观测到的电场异常,展示了电性源频率域CSEM在海底勘探中(包括浅海环境)的良好应用前景.对于该方法实用化过程中还需进一步解决的问题,文中结尾部分也进行了初步探讨. 相似文献
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V. Mogilatov 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1996,147(4):763-775
Some advantages and problems of the new geoelectrical prospecting method, i.e., vertical electric current soundings (VECS) are discussed. This method is based on using a new source, namely a circular electric dipole (CED). The source is installed by one of the transmitter poles grounded in the central point and the other pole uniformly grounded around with a radius determined by the depth of investigation desired. It can be defined as a noninductive source. The previous research was based on the diffusion approach. In this paper the author uses the solution with due regards for displacement currents in the frequency and time domain. A major disadvantage of the CED scheme is the need to provide a symmetrical grounding of the outer ring electrode. A possible way to avoid this requirement is to adopt an ungrounded CED array. 相似文献
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We calculate the multicomponent responses of surface-hole transient electromagnetic method. The methods and models are unsuitable as geoelectric models of conductive surrounding rocks because they are based on regular local targets. We also propose a calculation and analysis scheme based on numerical simulations of the subsurface transient electromagnetic fields. In the modeling of the electromagnetic fields, the forward modeling simulations are performed by using the finite-difference time-domain method and the discrete image method, which combines the Gaver–Stehfest inverse Laplace transform with the Prony method to solve the initial electromagnetic fields. The precision in the iterative computations is ensured by using the transmission boundary conditions. For the response analysis, we customize geoelectric models consisting of near-borehole targets and conductive wall rocks and implement forward modeling simulations. The observed electric fields are converted into induced electromotive force responses using multicomponent observation devices. By comparing the transient electric fields and multicomponent responses under different conditions, we suggest that the multicomponent-induced electromotive force responses are related to the horizontal and vertical gradient variations of the transient electric field at different times. The characteristics of the response are determined by the varying the subsurface transient electromagnetic fields, i.e., diffusion, attenuation and distortion, under different conditions as well as the electromagnetic fields at the observation positions. The calculation and analysis scheme of the response consider the surrounding rocks and the anomalous field of the local targets. It therefore can account for the geological data better than conventional transient field response analysis of local targets. 相似文献
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为进一步了解井间地下介质结构及其电性特征,本文用时域有限差分方法(FDTD),实现了井间电磁场响应的数值模拟.激发源是探测深度相对磁偶极子更大一些的电偶极子,首先选择一个位于井轴上的垂直电偶极子作为场源,并假设参与计算的介质相对于发射井井轴是轴向对称的,这样可将研究区域作为二维问题处理.推导了二维井间电磁波传播时域差分公式.该方法适用于任何方向入射的电偶极子源,尤其善于解决频域差分方法所难以描述的宽频脉冲.给出了井间金属圆柱和矿体圆柱数值模拟2个例子,结果表明,时域有限差分方法能有效的模拟井间地下介质中电磁波的传播,揭示电磁波传播规律.该方法速度快、精度高、结果稳定,适合用于井间电磁场反演成像的正演响应计算. 相似文献
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Poddar 《Geophysical Prospecting》1999,47(6):945-958
Long-offset transient electromagnetics (LOTEM) is now regarded as a suitable electrical method for deep exploration along with magnetotellurics (MT). In this method, the vertical magnetic-field impulse response and, occasionally, the horizontal electric-field step response of a grounded-wire source on the surface of the earth are measured. Here, these two responses are computed for 3D models of three deep resistivity structures of interest in hydrocarbon exploration: (i) a faulted graben in a resistive basement rock at a depth of 4 km beneath a conductive overburden; (ii) a facies change in a resistive layer buried at a depth of 2 km in the conductive overburden above a resistive basement; and (iii) an anticlinal uplift of a resistive layer at a depth of 1 km in the conductive overburden above a resistive basement. The results show that the sensitivity of the electric-field response to model perturbation is generally greater than that of the magnetic-voltage response. Further, the electric-field sensitivity is confined to early and intermediate times while that of the magnetic-voltage response is confined to intermediate and late times. Hence it is recommended that both electric and magnetic recordings are made in a LOTEM survey so that the final results can be presented as apparent-resistivity curves derived from the two responses jointly as well as separately. 相似文献
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Dongdong Wang Yongxin Gao Cheng Yao Baozhen Wang Mengqiang Wang 《Geophysical Prospecting》2020,68(6):1958-1979
We investigate the seismoelectric/electroseismic wavefields excited by a point source in an air/seawater/three-layered porous medium configuration containing a hydrocarbon layer. The results show that if an explosive source for excitation is used, receivers at seafloor can record the coseismic electromagnetic fields accompanying the P, S, fluid acoustic waves and the interface responses converted from the acoustic waves at seafloor interface and from the seismic waves at the interfaces beneath the seafloor. Employing a vertical electric dipole source shows that, with the exception of the interface responses converted from electromagnetic waves at seafloor, the interface responses converted from transmitted electromagnetic waves at the interfaces beneath the seafloor can also be identified. Given that the strength of the explosive source is within excitation capability of industry air guns, the generated interface responses from the hydrocarbon layer can be detected by current electromagnetic sensors considering the low ambient noise at the seafloor. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of the seismoelectric method applied to marine hydrocarbon exploration. Electroseismic modelling results suggest that it is not practical to employ this method to prospect marine hydrocarbon layer due to the weak interface response signal, unless a much larger current is injected into seafloor. 相似文献
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Adrianus T. de Hoop 《Geophysical Prospecting》1996,44(6):987-995
A correspondence principle is derived that relates the Green's functions (point-receiver responses to point-source excitations) for 2D transient diffusive electro-magnetic fields with electric field in the vertical plane to 2D seismic waves (in the acoustic approximation) with particle velocity in the vertical plane in arbitrarily inhomogeneous media. The constituent medium parameters in the two cases are related via two global proportionality constants. The kernels in the integral operators that express the diffusion phenomenon in terms of the wave phenomenon are of a smoothing nature. The fact that they are explicitly known can be of importance to the inverse operation. The correspondence principle is the fundamental tool in comparing the spatial resolving powers in the two methods of geophysical prospecting. 相似文献
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陆域天然气水合物通常发育于冻土层下方破碎带和岩层裂隙处,其储层会表现明显电性各向异性特征.音频大地电磁法（AMT）能有效探测陆域水合物储藏范围,且不易受高阻冻土层的压制和干扰,可用于陆域天然气水合物探测研究.本文采用AMT对角各向异性二维正演方法,对多种陆域天然气水合物各向异性储层模型及相关参数进行了模拟试算,分析其视电阻率和相位响应特征.结果表明AMT能清晰显示各向异性储层空间位置和分布情况,并对储层的水合物饱和度变化以及储层数量等特征都有所反映.天然气水合物电性各向异性模拟研究为这一新型潜力能源的勘查工作提供了新的思路. 相似文献
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A combination of magnetotelluric (MT) measurements on the surface and in boreholes (without metal casing) can be expected to enhance resolution and reduce the ambiguity in models of electrical resistivity derived from MT surface measurements alone. In order to quantify potential improvement in inversion models and to aid design of electromagnetic (EM) borehole sensors, we considered two synthetic 2D models containing ore bodies down to 3000 m depth (the first with two dipping conductors in resistive crystalline host rock and the second with three mineralisation zones in a sedimentary succession exhibiting only moderate resistivity contrasts). We computed 2D inversion models from the forward responses based on combinations of surface impedance measurements and borehole measurements such as (1) skin-effect transfer functions relating horizontal magnetic fields at depth to those on the surface, (2) vertical magnetic transfer functions relating vertical magnetic fields at depth to horizontal magnetic fields on the surface and (3) vertical electric transfer functions relating vertical electric fields at depth to horizontal magnetic fields on the surface. Whereas skin-effect transfer functions are sensitive to the resistivity of the background medium and 2D anomalies, the vertical magnetic and electric field transfer functions have the disadvantage that they are comparatively insensitive to the resistivity of the layered background medium. This insensitivity introduces convergence problems in the inversion of data from structures with strong 2D resistivity contrasts. Hence, we adjusted the inversion approach to a three-step procedure, where (1) an initial inversion model is computed from surface impedance measurements, (2) this inversion model from surface impedances is used as the initial model for a joint inversion of surface impedances and skin-effect transfer functions and (3) the joint inversion model derived from the surface impedances and skin-effect transfer functions is used as the initial model for the inversion of the surface impedances, skin-effect transfer functions and vertical magnetic and electric transfer functions. For both synthetic examples, the inversion models resulting from surface and borehole measurements have higher similarity to the true models than models computed exclusively from surface measurements. However, the most prominent improvements were obtained for the first example, in which a deep small-sized ore body is more easily distinguished from a shallow main ore body penetrated by a borehole and the extent of the shadow zone (a conductive artefact) underneath the main conductor is strongly reduced. Formal model error and resolution analysis demonstrated that predominantly the skin-effect transfer functions improve model resolution at depth below the sensors and at distance of \(\sim \) 300–1000 m laterally off a borehole, whereas the vertical electric and magnetic transfer functions improve resolution along the borehole and in its immediate vicinity. Furthermore, we studied the signal levels at depth and provided specifications of borehole magnetic and electric field sensors to be developed in a future project. Our results suggest that three-component SQUID and fluxgate magnetometers should be developed to facilitate borehole MT measurements at signal frequencies above and below 1 Hz, respectively. 相似文献
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Signal detectability of marine electromagnetic methods in the exploration of resistive targets 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Mark Goldman Vladimir Mogilatov Amir Haroon Eldad Levi Bülent Tezkan 《Geophysical Prospecting》2015,63(1):192-210
We compare selected marine electromagnetic methods for sensitivity to the presence of relatively thin resistive targets (e.g., hydrocarbons, gas hydrates, fresh groundwater, etc.). The study includes the conventional controlled‐source electromagnetic method, the recently introduced transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines method, and the novel marine circular electric dipole method, which is still in the stage of theoretical development. The comparison is based on general physical considerations, analytical (mainly asymptotic) analysis, and rigorous one‐dimensional and multidimensional forward modelling. It is shown that transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines and marine circular electric dipole methods represent an alternative to the conventional controlled‐source electromagnetic method at shallow sea, where the latter becomes less efficient due to the air‐wave phenomenon. Since both former methods are essentially short‐offset time‐domain techniques, they exhibit a much better lateral resolution than the controlled‐source electromagnetic method in both shallow sea and deep sea. The greatest shortcoming of the transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines and marine circular electric dipole methods comes from the difficulties in accurately assembling the transmitter antenna within the marine environment. This makes these methods significantly less practical than the controlled‐source electromagnetic method. Consequently, the controlled‐source electromagnetic method remains the leading marine electromagnetic technique in the exploration of large resistive targets in deep sea. However, exploring laterally small targets in deep sea and both small and large targets in shallow sea might require the use of the less practical transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines and/or marine circular electric dipole method as a desirable alternative to the controlled‐source electromagnetic method. 相似文献
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直接从时间域出发 ,应用时域有限差分方法 (FDTD)分析地下和地面的瞬变响应。由于二维情况便于图形表示 ,采取了线源二维地电模型。通过对二层均匀地电结构和含二维低阻体时地面垂直感生电动势曲线的计算 ,说明瞬变场响应有滞后现象 ,即异常地质体一旦引起瞬变响应 ,就会往后延时 ,并使响应延续较长时间。在实际的工程勘察中 ,曾用 3～ 5ms以后的延迟时间探测过较浅的异常体 ,如 2 0m至 150m深度范围内的地下老窑采空区 ,并取得了较好的探测效果 ,上述数字模拟结果为以往的实践提供了理论依据 相似文献
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结合地面电性源瞬变电磁法（TEM）探测深度大和地-井TEM探测精度高的优点,本文提出对电性源地-井TEM进行研究.基于一维正演理论,本文对电性源在地下激发的六个电磁场分量的扩散、分布特性和探测能力进行分析研究.研究结果表明地下瞬变场各分量的分布特征与地面情况类似,但是对地层的探测能力与地面情况存在较大差别.各分量的探测能力与它们的扩散特性有关,其中受积累电荷作用,垂直电场Ez和水平磁场Ḣx分量对目标层的反映最为明显,Ex和Ḣy分量在地下扩散时受"返回电流"的影响会出现变号现象,使得异常体带来的影响被掩盖,不易被分辨.本文研究结果为发展电性源地-井TEM的施工技术、数据处理与解释,建立了相应的理论基础,获得了对该方法的初步认识. 相似文献
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本文提出了一维垂直各向异性(VTI)介质倾斜偶极源频率域海洋可控源电磁(CSEM)资料高斯-牛顿反演方法.在电阻率各向异性介质水平偶极源和垂直偶极源海洋CSEM正演算法的基础上,利用欧拉旋转方法,实现了各向异性介质倾斜偶极源海洋CSEM正演算法.海洋可控源电磁场关于地下介质横向电阻率(ρ_h)和垂向电阻率(ρ_v)的偏导数(即灵敏度矩阵)是解析计算的,结合垂直各向异性介质横向电阻率与垂向电阻率的关系,将各向异性率融入到正则化因子选择中,实现了正则化因子的自适应选择.理论模型合成数据和实测资料反演算例表明,我们提出的反演方法能够较准确的重构海底围岩和基岩的各向异性电阻率以及高阻薄层的埋藏深度、厚度和垂向电阻率. 相似文献
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航空瞬变电磁法以其速度快、成本低、通行性好等的优势能够有效的应用于地质地形条件复杂的地区.目前对于航空瞬变电磁法的研究主要基于平坦地形的理想情况,对于地形效应的研究相对较少,然而实际应用中地形不可避免,若忽略地形影响将对资料解释造成较大的误差,从而制约航空电磁方法的进一步发展.本文基于交错网格的时域有限差分方法对三维起伏地形条件下航空瞬变电磁进行正演模拟,在保证算法准确性的前提下给出大量模型算例.以经典地形模型为例,利用所给方法计算三维正演响应,结果显示起伏对于航空瞬变电磁数据有着显著的影响且影响主要集中在早期.而后,以实际地质资料为基础,构建起伏地形条件下包含多个异常体的三维复杂模型,计算了复杂模型的航空瞬变电磁响应,并给出三维全域视电阻率曲线,从而对地形效应的影响有了更加直观的认知.最后,通过大量模型讨论了地形的尺寸参数、电性参数、飞行轨迹与飞行高度等因素变化对于航空瞬变电磁数据的影响情况,并得出有价值的结论. 相似文献