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1.
确定冰川侵蚀的主控因素及其与各影响因素间的相互作用方式,不仅对深入认识冰川侵蚀的物理机制和理解冰川作用区地貌演化具有重要的意义,也是探讨构造、气候、地形间相互关系的根本。然而,以往的学者仅在构造活动略单一的区域研究冰川侵蚀的主控因素,致使对构造的影响认识不足,那么,构造是否是冰川侵蚀的主控因素呢？又是如何作用于冰川侵蚀？北天山第四纪冰川作用规模巨大,留下了丰富的冰川遗迹,其气候与构造条件也多样,因而成为探讨上述问题的理想区域。本文在北天山北坡自西向东选取了7个冰川流域,基于每个流域的Hkr值和冰川侵蚀影响因子的定性定量数据,分析了该区域冰川侵蚀的分布规律及其影响因素。结果表明,北天山各流域冰川侵蚀自西向东有减小趋势,该变化趋势是构造、气候、地形共同作用所致。其中,山顶高度和降水对冰川侵蚀的影响最显著,两者均通过对冰川规模施加作用来控制冰川侵蚀,而构造也可能通过影响顶点高程、积累区面积、冰川规模,进而作用于冰川侵蚀,但是其是否发挥主要作用有待进一步认识。因此,冰川规模可能才是导致北天山各冰川流域侵蚀差异的根本原因。 相似文献
2.
冰川槽谷横剖面定量化研究方法及其影响因素 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
冰川槽谷(“U”形谷)是冰川与下伏基岩相互作用的结果, 是典型的冰蚀地形, 对其定量化研究是了解冰川作用过程以及冰川槽谷演化过程的重要途径. 二次多项式(y=A+Bx+Cx2)和幂函数(y=axb)是定量描述冰川槽谷形态的两种较普遍的方法, 二次多项式可以描述冰川槽谷的整体形态且不需要考虑高程基准面的选择, 但是该方法不能用于槽谷间的比较且其只能较准确地描述接近抛物线的横剖面; 幂函数不但可以反映不同作用过程形成的谷地, 还能在不同横剖面间进行比较, 但幂函数在应用过程过会受到坐标原点选取、 对数变化、 后期堆积以及横剖面不对称的影响, 其运用过程更加复杂. 此外, 相同的幂函数指数b可能指示不同的槽谷形态, 形态比率FR的引入并与指数b结合起来使对槽谷形态的描述更加全面. 从冰川动力和外部环境方面出发, 影响槽谷形态的因素主要有冰川作用时间、 基岩的抗侵蚀能力、 岩性的分布以及裂隙、 冰量、 气候、 构造和冰川性质, 后三者对槽谷形态的定量化影响需要进一步进行探讨. 运用不同地区槽谷形态参数所做b~FR图探讨了山地冰川槽谷的发育模式, 发现山地冰川槽谷存在对应于两种不同冰川性质的相反的发育模式, 但是由于岩性、 气候等其他因素的影响, 造成了冰川槽谷发育模式有时出现了不对应的情况. 相似文献
3.
湖泊沉积中的10Be含量变化——有助于识别第四纪古冰川的有无 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
20世纪50-70年代核试验产生的137Cs尘埃,在现代冰川和非冰川湖泊沉积剖面中的深度分布存在明显差异.同理,大气宇宙射线成因的长半衰期10Be尘埃,在第四纪冰川和非冰川湖泊沉积剖面中的深度分布也应存在差异.第四纪冰川湖泊,冰期时流域内冰雪和10Be的累积量大于消融量,间冰期时冰雪和10Be的消融量大于累积量.因此,冰川湖泊冰期的10Be入湖通量小于间冰期.湖泊沉积剖面10Be浓度的波动,很可能表征流域内冰雪消融与累积的变化.非冰川湖泊,不存在冰川的累积与消融对10Be入湖通量的影响.开展第四纪冰川与非冰川湖泊沉积10Be含量变化的对比研究,有可能为破译中国东部中低山区古冰川和青藏高原大冰盖的世纪之争提供新的证据. 相似文献
4.
郭扎冰川作用区冰川融水径流域年径流量的８０％。纯冰川融水径流模数为１７．７Ｌ／ｓ·ｋｍ＾２，冰川融水径流深为２００．２ｍｍ，冰川消融深是目前我国有实测资料冰川中的最低值。冰川融水径流年内分配很不均匀，夏季（６－８月）占８０％，最大肖融期为７－９月，占８６．３％。 相似文献
5.
Gordon R.M. Bromley Brenda L. Hall Kurt M. Rademaker Claire E. Todd Adina E. Racovteanu 《第四纪科学杂志》2011,26(3):305-317
Deposits preserved on peaks in the southern Peruvian Andes are evidence for past glacial fluctuations and, therefore, serve as a record of both the timing and magnitude of past climate change. Moraines corresponding to the last major expansion of ice on Nevado Coropuna date to 20‐25 ka, during the last glacial maximum. We reconstructed the snowline at Coropuna for this period using a combined geomorphic‐numeric approach to provide a first‐order estimate of the magnitude of late‐Pleistocene climate change. Our reconstructions show that snowline was approximately 550‐770 m lower during the last glacial maximum than during the late Holocene maximum, which ended in the 19th century, and ～750 m lower than today. While these values are similar to data from nearby Nevado Solimana, reconstructions from the neighbouring peak of Nevado Firura reveal a smaller snowline depression, suggesting the glacial response to climate forcing in the tropics is strongly influenced by non‐climatic factors. These data constitute some of the first directly dated palaeo‐snowline data from the arid tropics and suggest that the magnitude of the last glaciation in at least parts of the tropical Andes was similar to late‐Pleistocene events at higher latitudes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
Iain D. Leighton John F. Hiemstra Christoph T. Weidemann 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2013,42(2):463-469
It is a scientist's mission to try to remain unbiased. However, certain factors play a role in scientific analyses that are not controlled by conscious thought. These factors are potentially very important in areas of science where interpretations are based on a scientist's ability to identify patterns or structures. One such area is the micromorphology of glacial sediments. In this paper we investigate the role of an analyst's experience in relation to pattern perception with specific reference to turbate microstructures in glacial diamictons. An experiment was conducted on 52 participants, which demonstrated that, as may be expected, more experienced (glacial) micromorphologists tend to exhibit a higher sensitivity‐to‐signal, but that complete novices, if given clear instructions, can reach levels of sensitivity similar to those of experts. It also showed, perhaps more surprisingly, that response bias does not decrease with experience. We discuss psychological factors, such as the drive for success and consistency, that may have contributed to these results and investigate their possible implications in the micromorphological analysis and interpretation of glacial sediments. 相似文献
7.
8.
新元古代后期地球经历了至少两次全球规模的冰川期,分别为Sturtian冰期和Marinoan冰期。鄂西走马地区南华系古城组与南沱组分别属于Sturtian和Marinoan冰期沉积,大塘坡组代表间冰期沉积,同时,大塘坡期是我国重要的成锰时期。本文通过对走马地区ZK702钻孔岩心古城组、大塘坡组、南沱组底部细碎屑岩样品元素地球化学的研究,计算了CIA、CIW、PIA、Al/Ca、Rb/Sr、V/Cr、U/Th等特征值,探讨了该区南华纪冰期至间冰期的古气候和古氧相演化过程,结合岩石学证据认为：古城冰期气候寒冷干燥(CIA值从底部的69. 2过渡至57. 8,均值为62. 2),大塘坡间冰期早期气候依然寒冷(CIA值介于54. 3～62. 7,均值59. 7),大塘坡中晚期气候恢复温暖湿润并趋于稳定(CIA值介于70. 2～81. 1,均值75. 8),南沱冰期气候又转向寒冷干燥(CIA值由78. 6降低至61. 9),CIW、PIA、Rb/Sr值等指标反映的古气候演化过程与CIA值反映一致,Al/Ca值的变化也反映了陆源碎屑输入量随着古气候波动;V/Cr、U/Th、Ni/Co等比值反映出研究区古海洋古城期-南沱早期总体处于氧化环境,其中大塘坡早期处于弱氧化环境,古城期、大塘坡中晚期和南沱早期处于氧化环境;研究区大塘坡锰矿形成于间冰期早期寒冷气候下的弱氧化环境,气候转暖后锰矿停止沉积,锰矿成矿与古气候和古氧相具有耦合关系。 相似文献
9.
M. Tranter P. Huybrechts G. Munhoven M. J. Sharp G. H. Brown I. W. Jones A. J. Hodson R. Hodgkins J. L. Wadham 《Chemical Geology》2002,190(1-4):33-44
Chemical erosion in glacial environments is normally a consequence of chemical weathering reactions dominated by sulphide oxidation linked to carbonate dissolution and the carbonation of carbonates and silicates. Solute fluxes from small valley glaciers are usually a linear function of discharge. Representative glacial solute concentrations can be derived from the linear association of solute flux with discharge. These representative glacial concentrations of the major ions are 25% of those in global river water. A 3-D thermomechanically coupled model of the growth and decay of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets was used to simulate glacial runoff at 100-year time steps during the last glacial cycle (130 ka to the present). The glacially derived fluxes of major cations, anions and Si over the glaciation were estimated from the product of the glacial runoff and the representative glacial concentration. A second estimate was obtained from the product of the glacial runoff and a realistic upper limit for glacial solute concentrations derived from theoretical considerations. The fluxes over the last glacial cycle are usually less than a few percent of current riverine solute fluxes to the oceans. The glacial fluxes were used to provide input to an oceanic carbon cycling model that also calculates changes in atmospheric CO2. The potential change in atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the last glacial cycle that arise from perturbations in glacial solute fluxes are insignificant, being <1 ppm. 相似文献
10.
The geochemical evolution of groundwater in the Ordovician-Cambrian aquifer system in the northern part of the Baltic Artesian Basin (BAB) illustrates how continental glaciations have influenced groundwater systems in proglacial areas. The aquifer system contains water that has originated from various end-members: recent meteoric water, glacial meltwater and relict Na-Cl brine. The saline formation water that occupied the aquifer system prior to the glacial meltwater intrusion has been diluted by meltwaters of advancing-retreating ice sheets. The diversity in the origin of groundwater in the aquifer system is illustrated by a wide variety in δ18O values that range from −11‰ to −22.5‰. These values are mostly depleted with respect to values found in modern precipitation in the area. The chemical and isotopic composition of groundwater has been influenced by mixing between waters originating from different end-members. In addition, the freshening of a previously saline water aquifer due to glacial meltwater intrusion has initiated various types of water-rock interaction (e.g. ion exchange, carbonate mineral dissolution). 相似文献
11.
利用Landsat卫星影像,采用面向对象分类方法提取珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区湖泊信息,分析了湖泊动态及对区域气候变化的响应关系。结果表明：（1）2015年保护区湖泊总面积为489.07 km2,构造湖、河成湖、冰川湖分别占总面积的77.3%、2.6%、20.1%。（2）1975-2015年,保护区内各类湖泊面积变化速率不同,冰川湖最大（1.05 km2·a-1）,构造湖次之（-0.85 km2·a-1）,河成湖最稳定（0.013 km2·a-1）;保护区南坡冰川湖面积变化速率（0.53 km2·a-1）略大于北坡（0.52 km2·a-1）。（3）北坡构造湖、河成湖对区域气候的响应呈阶段性变化规律,1975-2000年珠峰地区气候呈暖湿化趋势,2000年构造湖、河成湖面积达到峰值,两类总计增加22.8 km2;2000-2015年转变为显著的暖干气候,构造湖、河成湖面积均呈减少趋势,总共减少57.16 km2。随着区域气候的变暖,冰川湖总面积不断扩大,近40年间冰川湖面积累计增加43.06 km2。（4）灰色关联度分析显示,年极端低温对构造湖面积变化影响最显著,年均气温对冰川湖起主导作用,年均相对湿度对河成湖影响最大。较其他气候因子而言,降水量对各类湖泊面积变化的影响均最小。 相似文献
12.
Peter B. Sak Donald M. Fisher Katherine Murphy 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2004,68(7):1453-1472
Weathering rind thicknesses were measured on ∼ 200 basaltic clasts collected from three regionally extensive alluvial fill terraces (Qt 1, Qt 2, and Qt 3) preserved along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Mass balance calculations suggest that conversion of unweathered basaltic core minerals (plagioclase and augite) to authigenic minerals in the porous rind (kaolinite, allophane, gibbsite, Fe oxyhydroxides) is iso-volumetric and Ti and Zr are relatively immobile. The hierarchy of cation mobility (Ca ≈ Na > K ≈ Mg > Si > Al > Fe ≈ P) is similar to other tropical weathering profiles and is indicative of differential rates of mineral weathering (anorthite > albite ≈ hypersthene > orthoclase ? apatite). Alteration profiles across the cm-thick rinds document dissolution of plagioclase and augite and the growth of kaolinite, with subsequent dissolution of kaolinite and precipitation of gibbsite as weathering rinds age. The rate of weathering rind advance is evaluated using a diffusion-limited model which predicts a parabolic rate law for weathering rind thickness, rr, as a function of time, t(rr =), and an interface-limited model which predicts a linear rate law for weathering rind thickness as a function of time (rr = kappt). In these rate laws, κ is a diffusion parameter and kapp is an apparent rate constant. The rate of advance is best fit by the interface model.Terrace exposures are confined to the lower reaches of streams draining the Pacific slope near the coast where the stream gradient is less than ∼3 m/km, and terrace deposition is influenced by eustatic sea level fluctuations. Geomorphological evidence is consistent with terrace deposition coincident with sea level maxima when the stream gradient would be lowest. Assigning the most weathered regionally extensive terrace Qt 1 (mean rind thickness 6.9 ± 0. 6cm) to oxygen isotope stage (OIS) 7 (ca. 240 ka), and assuming that at time = 0 rind thickness = 0, it is inferred that terrace Qt 2 (rr = 2.9 ± 0.1 cm) is coincident with stage 5e (ca. 125 ka) and that Qt 3 (rr = 0.9 ± 0.1 cm) is consistent with OIS 3 (ca. 37 ka). These assignments yield a value of kapp of 8.6 × 10−13 cm s−1 (R2 = 0.99). Only this value satisfies both the existing age controls and yields ages coincident with sea level maxima. Using this value, elemental weathering release fluxes across a weathering rind from Qt 2 range from 6.0 × 10−9 mol Si m−2 s−1 to 2.5 × 10−11 mol K m−2 s−1. The rate of rind advance for the Costa Rican terraces is 2.8 × 10−7 m yr−1. Basalt rind formation rates in lower temperature settings described in the literature are also consistent with interface-controlled weathering with an apparent activation energy of about 50 kJ mol−1. Rates of rind formation in Costa Rica are an order of magnitude slower than reported for global averages of soil formation rates. 相似文献
13.
他念他翁山位于横断山脉西部,是海洋性冰川向亚大陆性冰川的过渡区,维持冰川发育的降水补给主要由西南季风带来,该区第四纪冰川进退对西南季风波动有较为直接的反映。正是这一地理位置的特殊性,使得该区第四纪冰川研究具有重要意义。采用野外地貌调查与宇宙成因核素测年技术相结合的方法,试图查明他念他翁山青古隆槽谷全新世期间冰川地貌学特征,并确定其发生的具体时间,探讨其响应机制。结果显示：他念他翁山全新世早中期冰川波动的时限介于（6.13±0.37）~（8.83±0.50） ka,可能是当时西南季风强盛,降水增加的结果。研究可为探究冰川作用与西南季风气候变化及全球气候变化之间的动力学联系提供新依据。 相似文献
14.
S. Lorenz B. Grieger Ph. Helbig K. Herterich 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1996,85(3):513-524
We present atmospheric simulations of three different time slices of the late Quaternary using the ECHAM 3 general circulation
model in T42 resolution. In this work we describe the results of model runs for the time slices 6000 years BP (last climate
optimum), 21 000 BP (last glacial maximum) and 115 000 years BP (glacial inception). Although the solar insolation is known
for all time slices, a complete data set of the other boundary conditions which are necessary for running the atmospheric
model exists only for the last glacial maximum in the form of the CLIMAP reconstruction. For the other two time slices, which
are interglacial states like the modern climate, sea surface temperatures, land albedo and ice sheet topography are kept at
modern values and only the solar insolation is changed appropriately. The response of the model to solar insolation changes
is quite reasonable. The modelled anomalies are small and roughly opposite in sign for 6000 BP and 115 000 BP, respectively.
In the case of last glacial maximum, the glacial ice sheet topography and ice albedo produce a much larger climate anomaly
in the model. However, to enable a real test of model performance under glacial boundary conditions, the CLIMAP sea surface
temperatures, which are now known to be partly inaccurate, should be replaced by an updated “state-of-the-art” reconstruction. 相似文献
15.
《Quaternary Science Reviews》2003,22(18-19):1947-1986
Loess is one of the most widespread subaerial deposits in Alaska and adjacent Yukon Territory and may have a history that goes back 3 Ma. Based on mineralogy and major and trace element chemistry, central Alaskan loess has a composition that is distinctive from other loess bodies of the world, although it is quartz-dominated. Central Alaskan loess was probably derived from a variety of rock types, including granites, metabasalts and schists. Detailed stratigraphic data and pedologic criteria indicate that, contrary to early studies, many palaeosols are present in central Alaskan loess sections. The buried soils indicate that loess sedimentation was episodic, or at least rates of deposition decreased to the point where pedogenesis could keep ahead of aeolian input. As in China, loess deposition and pedogenesis are likely competing processes and neither stops completely during either phase of the loess/soil formation cycle. Loess deposition in central Alaska took place before, and probably during the last interglacial period, during stadials of the mid-Wisconsin period, during the last glacial period and during the Holocene. An unexpected result of our geochronological studies is that only moderate loess deposition took place during the last glacial period. Our studies lead us to conclude that vegetation plays a key role in loess accumulation in Alaska. Factors favouring loess production are enhanced during glacial periods but factors that favour loess accumulation are diminished during glacial periods. The most important of these is vegetation; boreal forest serves as an effective loess trap, but sparsely distributed herb tundra does not. Thus, thick accumulations of loess should not be expected where tundra vegetation was dominant and this is borne out by modern studies near the treeline in central Alaska. Much of the stratigraphic diversity of North American loess, including that found in the Central Lowlands, the Great Plains, and Alaska is explained by a new model that emphasizes the relative importance of loess production factors versus loess accumulation factors. 相似文献
16.
冰川-冰湖耦合过程是冰冻圈物质与能量循环的重要组成部分,系统刻画冰川演化与冰湖发育过程的相互作用机制,对于完善冰冻圈科学理论体系和认知冰川作用区变化规律、水循环模式和灾害效应具有重要意义。本文立足山地冰川演化和冰湖发育过程,系统归纳了冰川-冰湖相互作用研究进展,剖析了冰川作用与冰湖发育耦合机制及相关模型的应用,并对现有冰川演化与冰湖发育过程耦合机制研究存在的不足与挑战进行解析和总结。冰川-冰湖耦合过程的深入研究有助于提高数值模拟的可信度与精度,为评估冰川-冰湖耦合过程影响、建立灾害监测预警体系和采取适应性措施提供数据与理论基础。 相似文献
17.
冰川槽谷作为典型的冰川侵蚀地貌,研究其形态特征和影响因素有助于更全面地认识冰川发育模式和侵蚀特征。本文以唐古拉山中西段为研究区,运用V指数模型和地理探测器模型,分析探讨了区内冰川槽谷形态发育特征,并对其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明：冰川槽谷横剖面的V指数与幂函数b值在槽谷对称的情况下可以相互替代,且典型冰川槽谷横剖面的V指数介于0.20~0.43之间。研究区保存着“箱形”形态的冰川槽谷,其V指数具有接近于1的特征。区内冰川槽谷横剖面V指数<0.20的占比19%,V指数介于0.20~0.43之间的占比48%,V指数>0.43的占比33%,表明研究区内呈典型“U”形的槽谷数量最多。此外,北坡主要发育典型“U”形的冰川槽谷,占比高达60%,而南坡各种形态的槽谷数量相当。研究区内山谷冰川发育区、过渡区槽谷呈典型“U”形的占比最多,而冰帽发育区槽谷近似“箱形”的占比最多。应用地理探测器对影响冰川槽谷形态特征的因素进行评价,最主要的影响因素有冰川作用区面积因素和冰川作用正差因素,其次是岩性因素,再次是坡度和地形起伏度因素,最后是冰川性质和槽谷朝向因素。冰川作用区面积因素和坡度因素的交互作用对冰川槽谷形态特征的影响最为显著。 相似文献
18.
对比分析了太平洋(Site 806)、大西洋(Site 664)和加勒比海地区(Site 999)末次冰期最盛期和全新世钻孔顶部不同尺寸大小的浮游有孔虫Globigerinoides sacculifer(500～600μm和300～355μm)和Globi-gerinoides ruber(300～355μm和250～300μm)的硼同位素组分变化,发现个体相对较小的有孔虫样品由于受到样品量以及样品前处理过程的影响,其硼同位素在末次冰期最盛期出现异常,浮游有孔虫硼同位素分析,尤其是冰期-间冰期时间尺度上的硼同位素分析,适合用个体相对较大的有孔虫。末次冰期最盛期太平洋和加勒比海地区溶解作用可能加强,其G.sacculifer的硼同位素偏低,但G.ruber的硼同位素不受溶解作用的影响,能够反映末次冰期海水pH值的变化。三个钻孔末次冰期最盛期G.ruber的硼同位素比全新世的硼同位素平均高(1.3±1.2)‰(2s.e.),与理论预测值1.6‰一致。 相似文献
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末次冰期冰碛垄系列的形态特征及其形成探讨 ——以帕隆藏布江谷地为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
冰碛的形态特征是气候变化的标记.以往的野外考察发现末次冰期的冰碛具有近乎统一的发育模式.选取藏东南帕隆藏布江流域的10条冰川, 研究其前方末次冰期冰川堆积特征, 以揭示其所反映的气候变化过程. 结果表明: 末次冰期MIS2形成最高大的冰碛垄, 我们称之为主冰碛垄, 这套冰碛垄示意当时冰期气候持续稳定时间最长.为主冰碛垄所部分覆盖而由其底部延伸出来的, 尚有至少两套范围更大、 但规模较小的冰碛垄, 表明MIS2之前冰期气候可能曾更加严酷, 但持续时间相对要短, 可能反映MIS4和/或MIS3的冰期气候特点.主冰碛垄内侧一直到现代冰川相当长的河谷段, 通常呈现多道冰碛垄, 规模均较主冰碛小, 它们有的不排除作为后退冰碛(recessional moraine)的可能性, 但晚冰期(YD)、 抑或H1事件应当是值得注意的.临近现代冰川末端, 一般能够辨别新冰期和小冰期冰碛垄. 因此, 藏东南这样一系列的冰川堆积, 以其形态、 范围和规模特征, 辅之以高精度的系统测年, 几乎可恢复出气候变化曲线来, 了解与全球氧同位素曲线之间的齿合关系. 相似文献
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末次冰期以来南海北部下陆坡区沉积有机质地球化学特征及其意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选取南海北部下陆坡-深海平原过渡带典型沉积柱状样,通过对其沉积有机质的整体有机地球化学特征进行表征,探讨了南海下陆坡-深海平原区沉积有机质在冰期/间冰期旋回中的赋存状态、来源变化以及与古气候环境之间的相应关系。结果表明,总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）和有机质稳定碳同位素（δ13Corg）与冰期/间冰期旋回有明显的对应关系,冰期时对应高值,间冰期时对应低值;而有机质稳定氮同位素（δ15N）表现为全新世时其值偏低,末次冰消期其值偏高,与气候旋回没有相关性; C/N值和δ13Corg值都表明南海北部下陆坡沉积有机质来源是陆相和海相的混源,且在末次冰期/间冰期尺度上主要以海相来源为主。 相似文献