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1.
Summary. Recently, time domain methods have been shown to be advantageous in determining the quality of observations of terrestrial eigenvibrations. Complex demodulation has been used in estimating amplitude, period, decay constant Q and phase. Non-linear regression in the frequency domain yields formal uncertainties in each estimate. A crucial problem arises in isolating neighbouring modes of nearly the same frequency and comparable amplitude. Complex demodulation displays can be used to identify interferences such as beating. In such cases, the assumption of stationarity is violated in the regression analysis yielding biased results. Improved resolution has now been obtained by formulating the regression scheme to estimate simultaneously small sets of neighbouring spectral peaks so that stationarity is not violated. Under the assumption of stationarity this procedure becomes optimal in a statistical sense. A general analysis of variance serves to indicate the amount of correlation that exists between estimated parameters of neighbouring modes as well as the relative information that is supplied by each Fourier transform point to the overall system of equations. The covariance matrix indicates that there is no linear correlation between spectral peaks when their frequencies are separated by 5 per cent. There are, however, significant correlations when two frequencies differ by 0.5 per cent. The result is that overtone modes very near in frequency to fundamental modes can, under certain conditions, be resolved with a non-linear regression technique, although parameter uncertainties are underestimated in general.  相似文献   

2.
By means of Monte Carlo simulations a comparison has been made between ordinary least squaresregression and robust regression. The robust regression procedure is based on the Huber estimate and iscomputed by means of the iteratively reweighted least squares algorithm. The performance of bothprocedures has been evaluated for estimation of the parameters of a calibration function and fordetermination of the concentration of unknown samples. The influence of the distributionalcharacteristics skewness and kurtosis has been studied, and the number of measurements used forconstructing the calibration curve has also been taken into account, Under certain conditions robustregression offers an advantage over least squares regression.  相似文献   

3.
This paper describes the application of the Powell algorithm to the optimization of a flow injectionsystem configuration.The performance of this algorithm has been compared with the modified simplexmethod.The system studied is the determination of ammonia,based on the indophenol blue reaction.Alinear combination of sensitivity and sample throughput is used as the objective function because of itssimultaneous optimization capability.Results obtained show that the proposed method may reach theoptimal conditions with a lower number of experimental evaluations.  相似文献   

4.
New developments in computational geometry are applicable to geographic data processing. Computationally efficient procedures incorporating logarithmic searches over appropriate data structures, and other shortcuts, can yield important savings in computation time and data storage space. There are “fast”methods for two-dimensional problems such as point inclusion, nearest-neighbor and two-nearest-neighbors determination, and grid overlay. Worst-case analysis of algorithms provides useful performance bounds for the developers of geographic production software.  相似文献   

5.
This paper outlines a methodology to identify informal settlements out of high resolution satellite imagery using the concept of lacunarity. Principal component analysis and line detection algorithms were applied alternatively to obtain a high resolution binary representation of the city of Hyderabad, India and used to calculate lacunarity values over a 60 × 60 m grid. A number of ground truthing areas were used to classify the resulting datasets and to identify lacunarity ranges which are typical for settlement types that combine high density housing and small dwelling size - features characteristic for urban slums in India. It was discovered that the line detection algorithm is advantageous over principal component analysis in providing suitable binary datasets for lacunarity analysis as it is less sensitive to spectral variability within mosaicked imagery. The resulting slum location map constitutes an efficient tool in identifying particularly overcrowded areas of the city and can be used as a reliable source in vulnerability and resilience assessments at a later stage. The proposed methodology allows for rapid analysis and comparison of multi-temporal data and can be applied on many developing urban agglomerations around the world.  相似文献   

6.
风是土壤风蚀的驱动力,风力直接影响土壤风蚀的强度。风速是土壤风蚀预报模型的主要输入参数,高时间分辨率和高空间分辨率的风速数据能提高模型模拟效果。为对比风速处理方法及风速数据时空分辨率对模型模拟结果的影响,基于修正风蚀模型（RWEQ）评估该模型对于各输入参数的敏感性,分别选取中国北方农牧交错带内130个气象站（基准气候站和基本气象站）中不同类型及不同数量的气象站数据,利用线性插值法和风蚀预报系统（WEPS）的WINDGEN风速生成法将1日4次风速数据和1日2类风速数据生成24 h风速数据输入模型,结合1日4次风速数据直接输入模型构建了不同气象站数量及不同风速数据类型的6种模拟情景,计算了研究区在不同模拟情景下的潜在风蚀模数。结果表明：RWEQ模型估算的区域潜在风蚀模数会随气象站点的数量和风速时间分辨率的提升而增加;风速数据的线性插值方法在RWEQ模型中应用效果不理想,与WEPS模型的WINDGEN风速生成方法相比,线性插值法使地面2 m处大于临界起沙风速（5 m·s-1）的风速频率降低,过低估计潜在风蚀模数和区域土壤风蚀状况。  相似文献   

7.
The resolution achievable for chironomid identifications has increased in recent years because of significant improvements in taxonomic literature. However, high taxonomic resolution requires more training for analysts. Furthermore, with greater taxonomic resolution, misidentifications and the number of rare, poorly represented taxa in chironomid calibration datasets may increase. We assessed the effects of various levels of taxonomic resolution on the performance of chironomid-based temperature inference models (transfer functions) and temperature reconstruction. A calibration dataset consisting of chironomid assemblage and temperature data from 100 lakes was examined at four levels of taxonomic detail. The coarsest taxonomic resolution primarily represented identifications to genus or suprageneric level. At the highest level of taxonomic resolution, identification to genus level was possible for 37% of taxa, and identification below genus was possible for 60% of taxa. Transfer functions were obtained using Weighted Averaging (WA) and Weighted Averaging-Partial Least Squares (WA-PLS) regression. Cross-validated performance statistics, such as the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and the coefficient of determination (r 2) between inferred and observed values improved considerably from the lowest taxonomic resolution level (WA: RMSEP 1.91°C, r 2 0.78; WA-PLS: RMSEP 1.59°C, r 2 0.86) to the highest taxonomic resolution level (WA: RMSEP 1.66°C, r 2 0.84; WA-PLS: RMSEP 1.41°C, r 2 0.89). Reconstructed July air temperatures during the Lateglacial period based on fossil chironomid assemblages from Hijkermeer (The Netherlands) were similar for all levels of taxonomic resolution, except the coarsest level. At the coarsest taxonomic level, reconstruction failed to infer one of the known Lateglacial cold episodes in the record. Also, the difference in reconstructed values based on lowest and highest taxonomic resolutions exceeded sample-specific estimated standard errors of prediction in several instances. Our results suggest that chironomid-based transfer functions at the highest taxonomic resolution outperform models based on lower-resolution calibration data. However, transfer functions of intermediate taxonomic resolution produced results very similar to models based on high-resolution taxonomic data. In studies that include analysts with different levels of expertise, inference models based on intermediate taxonomic resolution, therefore, might provide an alternative to transfer functions of maximum taxonomic detail in order to ensure taxonomic consistency between calibration datasets and down-core records produced by different analysts.  相似文献   

8.
熔盐相图智能数据库研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
建立了包括三千多个已测定的二元、三元熔盐系相图的熔盐相图智能数据库。在建库过程中 ,运用原子参数 -模式识别方法总结已知相图几何特征与其组分元素的原子参数 (离子半径和电负性 )关系的半经验规律 ,并将其用于未知相图几何特征的预报。还将若干不符合上述规律的已测相图列为可疑对象 ,对其重新作实验测定。通过这一做法 ,纠正了前人报道的忽略了某些中间化合物的相图 ,证明这些相图存在CsCaBr3 ,Cs2 CaF4等中间化合物。另一方面 ,还通过实验否定了前人声称发现的KNO3 -KI等相图的中间化合物。这说明 :原子参数 -模式识别算法和实验验证相结合 ,是一种对有疑问的相图评估的有效方法。熔盐相图智能数据库还具有根据原子参数 -模式识别方法对部分未知相图的若干特征的预报功能。初步研究结果表明 :这类智能数据库的研究方法对水 -盐系等相图研究也有应用价值。  相似文献   

9.
ABSTRACT

Although the linear quadtree is popular in both image processing and GIS, most linear quadtree coding methods need in representation a bit length that is proportional to the resolution of images; the proportionality factor is replaced with a constant bit length that induces a more compact linear quadtree. We propose a linear quadtree coding scheme named constant key length quadtree coding (CKQC) that has advantages of easy implementation and decreased memory requirements. The proposed CKQC scheme is developed on the bases of node classification, order of traversal with breadth first and the Morton sequence. The major characteristic is to apply a constant bit length to construct quaternary codes. The bit length of each quaternary code is constant, either four or eight bits, no matter what the resolution of a raster image. In terms of memory space required and duration complexities, the overall performance is analyzed and compared with other methods to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed CKQC scheme. Several experimental results validate the applicability of the proposed scheme.  相似文献   

10.
Changes in micro-relief under the influence of natural as well as technogenic factors lead to generation of elementary models of development of erosional and landslide processes, which is confirmed by examples of the development of fluvial processes occurring during torrential rainfall events on the territory of the Baikal region and the Transbaikalia. Formation of such processes under natural conditions is influenced by a larger number of parameters than in the case of experimental modeling.  相似文献   

11.
Ground-level ozone has become a problem of major concern in urban airsheds in Canada, owing to its adverse effects on humans and crops. As a secondary pollutant, its formation is dependent on the presence of certain precursor gases in conjunction with appropriate meteorological conditions. Several studies have examined the relationship between maximum concentrations and key meteorological variables at the regional scale during episodic conditions. This study sought to understand this relationship at the local scale using surface and upper-air meteorological data for the Niagara Region. In the methodological approach, factor analysis and linear regression methods were used to determine the best combination of variables that would explain the highest percentage of variance in daily maximum ground-level ozone associated with different event categories. Each event category had a combination of unique meteorological characteristics. Factor analysis yielded seven factors that together constituted 20 of the original 59 variables in the data set. In the application of a series of regression analyses, the thermal factors of the lower atmosphere emerged as the most important variables, followed by variables related to persistence and advection characteristics. The daily maximum temperature was the single most important variable and accounted for the largest percentage of the variance explained, whereas the persistence factor was of secondary importance. The overall results suggest that a small number of surface variables based on the local meteorology of the Niagara Region can be used to estimate daily maximum ground-level ozone.  相似文献   

12.
Landslide stability analysis increasingly utilises high-resolution coupled hydrology–slope stability models (CHASM) to improve stability assessments in areas subject to dynamic pore pressure regimes. In such environments, the estimation of soil hydraulic conductivity (K) is a key parameter but one which is not always readily available or determined with the required resolution. By using basic soil particle-size distribution (PSD) data, we evaluate the microscopic composition of the actual soil, and applying the analytical relations obtain by a Self-Consistent Method (SCM) approach, we determine an appropriate value of K. This is of importance in that it allows within-soil type variability to be reflected in terms of K and hence within the model structure. The SCM methodology is briefly reviewed and an illustrative application is undertaken for a slope typical of Hong Kong. The results show model output sensitivity in terms of moisture content and factor of safety (FOS) when comparing K values determined using the SCM approach and the conventional field determination. In attempting to determine slope hydrological processes and attendant stability conditions, we conclude that the application of SCM approach offers a novel methodology for potentially improving the parameterisation of hydrology–slope stability models.  相似文献   

13.
Ice-rafted detritus (IRD) layers in the Arctic Ocean not only indicate the source of this detrital sediment, but give insights into the ice drift and ice sheet history. Detrital sand-sized Fe oxide mineral grains that are matched to precise sources using the microprobe chemical fingerprint of each grain, along with elevated coarse IRD abundance and radiocarbon ages, are used to define IRD peaks from the Innuitian and Arctic portions of the Laurentide ice sheets. Because grains from these two areas can be entrained by sea ice from the shelves just offshore of the calving areas, peaks in these grains must be correlated to coarse IRD to identify iceberg calving events, and to distinguish them from sea-ice rafting. The sequence of IRD peaks deposited by icebergs from these two ice sheets indicate that both ice sheets calved bergs at accelerated numbers, six or seven times, from 11 to 36 Kya. The relatively short times between most of these IRD events suggest that the ice sheets did not completely collapse with each IRD event, except the last event. Although there is some indication that one ice sheet may have begun calving bergs before the other, the resolution of the Arctic cores does not allow definitive determination of this. This emphasizes the need for higher resolution cores from the central Arctic, as well as from near the terminus of large Pleistocene ice sheets. Sea-ice rafting occurs throughout the last glacial stage, even during some glacial IRD events, as indicated by Fe grains from non-glacial sources.  相似文献   

14.
长江口水域多光谱遥感水深反演模型研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
利用Landsat-7 ETM 遥感影像反射率和实测水深值之间的相关性可以探测水深。该文介绍单波段、双波段比值和多波段3种线性回归模型以及动量BP人工神经网络水深反演模型。选择长江口北港河道上段作为研究区,利用上述模型,分两种情况进行水深反演:一是以河道全部历史样本建模;二是将河道按自然水深划分为浅水区和深水区分别建模。结果表明:神经网络模型预测精度高于线性回归模型;水深分区后线性回归和神经网络模型预测误差均有所减小。  相似文献   

15.
Model simulation and scenario change analysis are the core contents of the future land-use change (LUC) study. In this paper, land use status data of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR) in 1990 was used as base data. The relationship between driving factors and land-use change was analyzed by using binary logistic stepwise regression analysis, based on which land use in 2010 was simulated by CLUE-S model. After the inspection and determination of main parameters impacting on driving factors of land use in the TGRR, land use of this region in 2030 was simulated based on four scenarios, including natural growth, food security, migration-related construction and ecological conservation. The results were shown as follows: (1) The areas under ROC curves of land-use types (LUTs) were both greater than 0.8 under the analysis and inspection of binary logistic model. These LUTs include paddy field, dryland, woodland, grassland, construction land and water area. Therefore, it has a strong interpretation ability of driving factors on land use, which can be used in the estimation of land use probability distribution. (2) The Kappa coefficients, verified from the result of land-use simulation in 2010, were shown of paddy field 0.9, dryland 0.95, woodland 0.97, grassland 0.84, construction land 0.85 and water area 0.77. So the results of simulation could meet the needs of future simulation and prediction. (3) The results of multi-scenario simulation showed a spatial competitive relationship between different LUTs, and an influence on food security, migration-related construction and ecological conservation in the TGRR, including some land use actions such as the large-scale conversion from paddy field to dryland, the occupation on cultivated land, woodland and grassland for rapid expansion of construction land, the reclamation of woodland and grassland into cultivated land, returning steep sloping farmland back into woodland and grassland. Therefore, it is necessary to balance the needs of various aspects in land use optimization, to achieve the coordination between socio-economy and ecological environment.  相似文献   

16.
Lakes with varved sediments are especially well suited for paleoecological study, from annual to even seasonal resolution. The interpretative power of such high-resolution paleoenvironmental reconstructions relies on the availability of modern analogs with the same temporal resolution. We studied seasonal pollen sedimentation in varved Lake Montcortès, Central Pyrenees (Spain), as a modern analog for high-resolution reconstruction of Late Holocene vegetation and landscape dynamics. Seasonal samples were obtained from sediment traps that were submerged near the maximum water depth for a 2-year period (fall 2013 to fall 2015). Seasonal pollen sedimentation was compared with meteorological variables from a nearby weather station. Bulk pollen sedimentation, dominated by Pinus (pine) and Quercus (oak), followed a clear seasonal pattern that peaked during the spring/summer, coinciding with maximum temperature and precipitation, minimum relative humidity and moderate winds from the SSE. Pollen sedimentation lags (PSL) were observed for most pollen types, as substantial amounts of pollen were found in the traps outside of their respective flowering seasons. Two pollen assemblages were clearly differentiated by their taxonomic composition, corresponding to spring/summer and fall/winter. This pattern is consistent with existing interpretation of the sediment varves, specifically, that varves are formed by two-layer couplets that represent the same seasonality as pollen. We concluded that pollen sedimentation in Lake Montcortès exhibits a strong seasonal signal in the quantity of pollen, the taxonomic composition of the pollen assembalges, and relationships between the pollen and meteorological variables. Thus, varved sediments provide a potentially powerful tool for paleoecological reconstruction at seasonal resolution. This method could be used not only to identify paleoenvironmental trends, but also to identify annual layers and therefore date sediments, even in the absence of evident sediment laminations. A satisfactory explanation of PSL will require further studies that examine internal lake dynamics and pollen production/dispersal patterns.  相似文献   

17.
岳岩裕  牛生杰 《中国沙漠》2016,36(5):1400-1407
对2010年3月广东湛江东海岛海雾外场观测试验中获得的雾水样本和气溶胶资料进行分析,研究了海雾中气溶胶和雾水组分的特性以及沙尘过程对其演变的影响。结果表明：东海岛的气溶胶数浓度比内陆城市低1个数量级,环境相对清洁,其早晚的峰值明显,午后存在一个低值。气溶胶谱呈单峰分布,峰值半径为0.02~0.1 μm。雾日的气溶胶数浓度明显低于非雾日,最大值分别集中在0.05~0.1 μm和0.1~0.5 μm。雾过程开始后气溶胶数密度下降,尤其是小粒子端数密度减少显著;雾过程结束后气溶胶数密度会恢复到正常数值。受沙尘影响的过程中雾水中Ca2+和Mg2+明显增加,气溶胶粒子谱拓宽,直径大于1μm的气溶胶数密度高于其他雾过程;沙尘过境后气溶胶谱变窄,数密度显著减少,离子浓度较低。  相似文献   

18.
Model simulation and scenario change analysis are the core contents of the future land-use change(LUC) study. In this paper, land use status data of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region(TGRR) in 1990 was used as base data. The relationship between driving factors and land-use change was analyzed by using binary logistic stepwise regression analysis, based on which land use in 2010 was simulated by CLUE-S model. After the inspection and determination of main parameters impacting on driving factors of land use in the TGRR, land use of this region in 2030 was simulated based on four scenarios, including natural growth, food security, migration-related construction and ecological conservation. The results were shown as follows:(1) The areas under ROC curves of land-use types(LUTs) were both greater than 0.8 under the analysis and inspection of binary logistic model. These LUTs include paddy field, dryland, woodland, grassland, construction land and water area. Therefore, it has a strong interpretation ability of driving factors on land use, which can be used in the estimation of land use probability distribution.(2) The Kappa coefficients, verified from the result of land-use simulation in 2010, were shown of paddy field 0.9, dryland 0.95, woodland 0.97, grassland 0.84, construction land 0.85 and water area 0.77. So the results of simulation could meet the needs of future simulation and prediction.(3) The results of multi-scenario simulation showed a spatial competitive relationship between different LUTs, and an influence on food security, migration-related construction and ecological conservation in the TGRR, including some land use actions such as the large-scale conversion from paddy field to dryland, the occupation on cultivated land, woodland and grassland for rapid expansion of construction land, the reclamation of woodland and grassland into cultivated land, returning steep sloping farmland back into woodland and grassland. Therefore, it is necessary to balance the needs of various aspects in land use optimization, to achieve the coordination between socio-economy and ecological environment.  相似文献   

19.
The aim of this study was to analyse wind, temperature and humidity profiles, surface radiation temperature, and eddy correlation fluxes of momentum and heat over a grass field in order to obtain a better parameterisation of exchange processes over such a surface. The study was performed under summer conditions over a formerly cultivated, uniform and well-watered field of tall grass in central Sweden. An unusually low displacement height, d, was found, at 0.25 times the maximum canopy height h. The roughness length for wind speed could be approximated with the relation zou = 0.15(h–d). The relations of d and zou would be closer to the traditional ones if a mean canopy height, which is about half of the height used here, had been used in the analysis. The estimation of the quantity kB–1 required accurate determination of the surface temperature. The radiometric surface temperature was measured by two different radiometers, one collecting thermal radiation at angles 0–45° and measuring effectively at 30° from nadir, and the other having a field of view of 15° and being tilted at 45° from nadir. The detected directional variations in the surface radiation temperature were within ± 1K, and the former radiometer, which was judged to be more accurate, was used for further analysis. The quantity kB–1 was expressed through the roughness-sublayer Stanton number and drag coefficient. Methodologically, the most accurate determination of the Stanton number was to plot the air-surface temperature difference versus the temperature scale multiplied by any other relevant parameter. The quantity kB–1 showed a dependence on the roughness Reynolds number, Reo, and it took the form kB–1 = 0.08 Reo0.5–1.9; its value varied between 0 and 4 for the present range of Reo. These results are judged to be in good agreement with theory, considering the complexity of natural surfaces and the simplifications used in the theoretical deductions.  相似文献   

20.
科尔沁沙地不同沙地景观区植被指数对水热因素响应   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
在全球气候变化背景下,不同尺度下植物对环境条件的响应机制是生态学研究的核心。为了更好理解不同沙地景观区域植被指数(NDVI)对气象水热环境因子的响应机制,以2000-2013年7-9月MODIS遥感影像为数据源,采用3S空间分析技术和通径分析方法,对科尔沁沙地围封保护区、人工造林固沙区和流动沙丘区等3种景观类型区NDVI的变化趋势和影响其变化的同期气象水热因子年降水、关键期降水、关键期最大一次性降水、重要期降水、年均温、关键期均温、关键期最高气温、关键期最低气温等8个因素进行了分析。结果表明:不同景观类型区NDVI整体上呈现增长的态势。降水的影响明显高于气温,且降水主要起正相关作用,气温主要起负相关作用。促进沙地围封保护景观区NDVI增长的气象因子是关键期降水,决策系数最大且为正(0.445);人工造林固沙景观区受到人工造林更新和农业开垦的影响,削弱了水热条件对NDVI的影响,相比较而言,重要期降水影响较大;流动沙丘景观类型区主要受到关键期气温极值的影响,其他因子影响不显著。  相似文献   

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