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1.
元古代蛇绿岩及铬铁矿 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
本文总结了国外典型元古代蛇绿岩的岩石组合、野外产状、地球化学资料以及成矿特征,并与显生宙蛇绿岩进行了对比,继而探讨元古代板块构造演化和铬铁矿成因。资料表明,早元古代和中-新元古代均有蛇绿岩的存在,但前者较少,仅见于Canadian地盾的Cape Smith Belt中的Prutuniq蛇绿岩(2. 05～2. 0Ga)和芬兰Fennoscandian地盾的Outokumpu和Jormua蛇绿岩(时代为1. 97～1. 96Ga),而中-新元古代的蛇绿岩则见于世界许多地区,如埃及东部沙漠区(～750Ma)和非洲东北部地区(ca.900～800Ma)等。与显生宙蛇绿岩相比,这些老蛇绿岩具如下特征:(1)它们均为被肢解的蛇绿岩,大多与"弧火山岩"和(或)混杂岩伴生,经历不同程度的变形和变质(具绿片岩相-角闪岩相组合);(2)岩石组合大多较齐全,壳层组合发育,以镁铁-超镁铁岩(堆晶岩)、辉长岩、镁铁质席状岩床(墙)杂岩、火山岩为代表;层状镁铁-超镁铁岩的韵律层以及矿物的隐晶变化等均提示了岩浆多期次活动及开放岩浆房的特征;(3)元古代蛇绿岩中既有高铝型铬铁矿,也有高铬型铬铁矿,且主要寄主于纯橄岩(或蛇纹岩)中;高铝型和高铬型直接受控于熔体的熔融程度及含水流体的参与,反映了铬铁矿形成于俯冲带演化的不同阶段;铬铁矿规模均较小,且均以低TiO 2为特征,均为岩浆分异作用的产物,明显区别于显生宙熔融残余成因的豆荚状铬铁矿;(4)元古代蛇绿岩常伴有硫化物Cu-Co-Zn-Au矿,且铬铁矿含Zn较高(Zn=0. 11%～0. 18%)(如芬兰Outokumpu蛇绿岩);橄榄岩及铬铁矿中常含较高的MnO (高达1. 79%,如埃及东部的Wizer蛇绿岩);(5)元古代蛇绿岩具多种成因:主要为俯冲带成因(如埃及蛇绿岩、北东非蛇绿岩、芬兰Outokumpu蛇绿岩),少量为洋中脊成因(加拿大Purtuniq蛇绿岩)及裂谷成因(芬兰Jormua蛇绿岩)等。 相似文献
2.
Nodules and xenocrysts dominated by high-A1 orthopyroxene occurin Proterozoic basaltic dikes that cut the Nain anorthositecomplex, Labrador. This pyroxene (En73–68, Al2O3 = 6.5–4.5)lacks exsolution and occurs both as anhedral xenocrysts up to10 cm in diameter and with euhedral plagioclase (An55) in ophiticnodules. Rarely, olivine (Fo70) occurs with orthopyroxene andAl-spinel with plagioclase. Scarce, more Fe-rich nodules containtwo pyroxenes (orthopyroxene + pigeonite and pigeonite+augite)and coarse intergrowths of ilmenite and Ti-rich magnetite. Pyroxenepairs yield temperatures of 1250? to 1170 ?C; coexisting oxidelamellae yield temperatures between 1145? and 1120 ?C. The highsubsolidus temperatures of the nodules contrasts with the lowtemperature of the host anorthosite at the time of dike emplacementand indicates a deep source for the nodules. Coexisting olivine(Fo70) and plagioclase (An54) suggest a maximum pressure ofabout 11 kb.The dominant orthopyroxene in these nodules is nearlyidentical in composition to the high-Al orthopyroxene megacrystswith exsolved plagioclase (HAOM) found in most Proterozoic anorthosites,and the ophitic nodules have textures similar to ophitic occurrencesof HAOM in anorthosite. Rafting of cotectic nodules from thelower crust can explain occurrences of HAOM in shallow levelanorthosites.The nodules and xenocrysts have compositions consistentwith crystallization from magmas that were parental to the anorthosites.They lend support to models which derive anorthosites by fractionalcrystallization of basaltic magma near the base of the crust. 相似文献
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Late Proterozoic African glacial era 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
N. M. Chumakov 《Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation》2011,19(1):1-20
A series of large-scale glaciations occurring in the second half of the Late Riphean and Vendian are referred to as the African
Glacial Era (Glacioera), which was separated from the preceding Huronian Glacioera by an interglacial of 1.5 Gyr. Six large
discrete glacial events (glacioperiods) repeating each 30–50 Myr, occurred during the African Glacioera. The following glacioperiods
(in geochronological succession) are recognized: Kaigas, Rapitan, Sturtian, Marinoan, Gaskiers, and Baykonur. Most glacioperiods
included several discrete glaciation episodes. Glaciations were accompanied by repeated biosphere change and crises. The dynamic
coevolution of climate and biosphere at the end of the Proterozoic facilitated an accelerated development of Earth’s biota,
which culminated in the appearance and divergence of multicellular and skeletal fauna. The African Glacioera terminated the
Proterozoic and was the time when the Phanerozoic climatic system and the biosphere were forming on the Earth. 相似文献
6.
碳同位素与早元古代地层对比 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文首次较详细地研究了早元古代碳酸盐地层的碳同位素组成，样品采自华北早元古代标准地层单元──山西五台地区滹沱群，结果表明碳同位素组成随地质时代有明显的变化，并与地层层位有很好的对应关系。作者认为，碳同位素对于早元古代碳酸盐地层的对比是很有用的。 相似文献
7.
This paper compares the 1.67–1.47 Ga rapakivi granites of Finland and vicinity to the 1.70–1.68 Ga rapakivi granites of the Beijing area in China, the anorogenic 130 Ma granites of western Namibia, and the 20–15 Ma granites of the Colorado River extensional corridor in the Basin and Range Province of southern Nevada. In Finland and China, the tectonic setting was incipient, aborted rifting of Paleoproterozoic or Archean continental crust, in Namibia it was continental rifting and mantle plume activity that led to the opening of southern Atlantic at 130 Ma. The 20–15 Ma granites of southern Nevada were related to rifting that followed the Triassic–Paleogene subduction of the Farallon plate beneath the southwestern United States. In all cases, extension-related magmatism was bimodal and accompanied by swarms of diabase and rhyolite–quartz latite dikes. Rapakivi texture with plagioclase-mantled alkali feldspar megacrysts occurs in varying amounts in the granites, and the latest intrusive phases are commonly topaz-bearing granites or rhyolites that may host tin, tungsten, and beryllium mineralization. The granites are typically ferroan alkali-calcic metaluminous to slightly peraluminous rocks with A-type and within-plate geochemical and mineralogical characteristics. Isotope studies (Nd, Sr) suggest dominant crustal sources for the granites. The preferred genetic model is magmatic underplating involving dehydration melting of intermediate-felsic deep crust. Juvenile mafic magma was incorporated either via magma mingling and mixing, or by remelting of newly hybridized lower crust. In Namibia, partial melting of subcontinental lithospheric mantle was caused by the Tristan mantle plume, in the other cases the origin of the mantle magmatism is controversial. For the Fennoscandian suites, extensive long-time mantle upwelling associated with periodic, migrating melting of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, governed by heat flow and deep crustal structures, is suggested. 相似文献
8.
宜居地球、地外生命探索以及资源勘查等的需求使真核生物的早期溯源和演化趋势研究成为国际热点.根据已发现实体化石、分子化石和分子钟证据,将元古宙真核藻类演化划分为环境准备(2.45～1.70 Ga)、缓慢发展(1.70～0.80 Ga)、剧烈波动(0.80～0.64 Ga)、快速辐射(0.64～0.54 Ga)四个阶段.元古宙真核生物的出现、演化和辐射进程与地球氧化和极端气候事件(如冰期)的发生具耦合性,表现出早期生命与地球表层环境的协同演化.真核藻类在1.70～0.80 Ga期间的缓慢演化可能与长期较低的大气氧含量(约为现今水平的1％～10％PAL)有关.低的大气-海洋氧化程度不仅限制了真核藻类生存空间,也通过对氮、磷等营养元素的供应约束,限制了真核藻类初级生产力水平.因此,地球表层氧化可能是地球宜居演化,并孕育出真核生物等各种复杂生命的主要原因.从地球系统形成与演变的角度探索生物圈演化或能对生命的过去和未来给出更为可靠的答案. 相似文献
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Proterozoic ministromatolites with radial-fibrous fabric 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Small digitate stromatolites with diameters in the range of 0·2–20 mm (ministromatolites) are common in Early and Middle Proterozoic carbonate sequences, and extend stratigraphically from the Archaean to the Holocene. An occurrence of columnar and stratiform types exhibiting a primary or early diagenetic radial-fibrous fabric and microscopically crinkled (microcrenate) lamination is described from the ? 1·9 Gyr old Belcher Supergroup (McLeary Formation) in southeastern Hudson Bay, Canada. The structures, which can be considered to be a variety of tufa, are unusually well preserved because of early diagenetic silicification. Columnar types are referable to Pseudogymnosolen (Asperia), and are morphologically similar to other occurrences of these taxa in coeval dolostones in northwestern and eastern Canada, where the fabric is normally preserved by a secondary mosaic of dolomite. The textural evidence of angulate cross-sections and rectilinear divergent patterns indicates that the radial-fibrous fabric represents primary or very early diagenetic precipitation, and that pseudogymnosolenids with mosaic dolomite originally also had radial-fibrous structure. The precipitation may have been within, or on, microbial mats. 相似文献
11.
末元古系-寒武系底Sr、C同位素对比 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
测定了云南永善肖滩前寒武系-寒武系界限Sr同位素组成及湖北省三峡 剖面震旦系碳酸盐岩Sr、C同位素组成,并与蒙古、 加拿大、西伯利亚和纳米 比亚的末元古系Sr和C同位素数据进行了比较,得出末元古纪海水87Sr/86Sr和 δ13C值的演变图。通过该演变图,可以对全球末元古系地层进行对比。 相似文献
12.
Calculations of fractional crystallization (FC) and assimilation fractional crystallization (AFC) at 11 kb for a variety of primitive magmatic compositions and a mafic assimilant demonstrate that none of them has a bulk composition suitable to be parental to massif anorthosites. Mafic compositions thought to be parental to massif anorthosites have Mg′ values of 0.6 to 0.4 and form coherent arrays with moderately steep slopes on plots of TiO2, K2O, and P2O5 versus Mg′. The calculated liquid lines of descent (LLD) of basaltic magmas undergoing FC or AFC processes pass through the arrays of anorthosite parent magma compositions with much shallower slopes than the natural arrays, which indicates that the arrays of natural parental magmas were produced by a process other than FC/AFC. Also, by the time most crystallizing basaltic magmas with or without assimilation reach plagioclase saturation, their residual liquids have Mg′ values that are too low to be parental to anorthosites. MORB-like olivine tholeiites and high-aluminum olivine tholeiites (HAOT) from convergent plate margins do reach plagioclase saturation while sufficiently magnesian, but their Wo (Wollastonite) contents are too high such that they reach plagioclase saturation coexisting only with augite and do not reach orthopyroxene saturation (if at all) until Mg′ is too low. Calculations show it is not possible to produce a high-Al melt from typical mantle peridotites that has sufficient TiO2 to make andesine-type anorthosite.
Calculation of partial melting for an average mafic crustal composition at 11 kbar provides a much closer match to the array of natural parental compositions in terms of minor element concentrations and proportions of mineral components. However, accounting for the entire array requires a more magnesian source composition. Such compositions exist in several crustal xenolith localities. Similar results were obtained using the bulk composition of the Stillwater Complex, which is used as a model mafic source (here the premise is that overdense crustal intrusions might sink back into the mantle). As with the terrain composition, this particular layered intrusion composition is not sufficiently magnesian, however, the fit improves when mixtures of early and late stage portions of the complex (i.e., the denser portions) were run as potential source regions. 相似文献
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The operation and extent of modern-style plate tectonics in the Archean and Paleoproterozoic are controversial, although subduction and terrane accretion models have been proposed for most Archean cratons in the world, including both the Yilgarn and Pilbara Cratons of Western Australia. The recognition of ancient island arcs can be used to infer convergent plate margin processes, and in this paper we present evidence for the existence of several intraoceanic island arcs now preserved in Australia. Beginning in the Archean, Australia evolved to its present configuration through the accretion and assembly of several continental blocks, by convergent plate margin processes. In Australia, possibly the best example of an Archean island arc (or primitive continental arc) is preserved within the Mesoarchean (ca. 3130–3112 Ma) Whundo Group in the Sholl Terrane of the West Pilbara Superterrane. Two younger, Neoarchean, island arc terranes, and associated accretion, have also been proposed for the Yilgarn Craton: the Saddleback island arc (ca. 2714–2665 Ma) in the southwest Yilgarn Craton and the Kurnalpi island arc (ca. 2719–2672 Ma) in the eastern Yilgarn Craton. In the early Proterozoic, in the Central Zone of the Halls Creek Orogen, northern Western Australia, the Tickalara Metamorphics (ca. 1865–1850 Ma) have been interpreted to represent an island arc. In the southwest Gawler Craton in South Australia, the St Peter Suite (ca. 1631–1608 Ma), of juvenile I-type calcalkaline tonalite to granodiorite, possibly represents an island arc. In the Musgrave Province in central Australia, age and geochemical constraints are poor due to later overprinting tectonic events, but felsic orthogneisses (ca. 1607–1565 Ma) possibly represent juvenile felsic crust which was emplaced though subduction-related processes into an oceanic island arc. The arcs are volumetrically insignificant, but important, in that they separate much larger tracts of, usually older, continental crust, often of different composition and geological history. The arcs were sutured to continental crust during arc–continent collisional events, which eventually resulted in the assembly of much of present-day Australia. The arcs, thus, indicate lost oceanic crust. The recognition of island arcs in the ancient rock record indicates that subduction processes, similar in many ways to modern day processes at convergent plate margins, were operating on Earth by at least 3100 Ma ago. 相似文献
15.
José Caruso M. Danni Reinhardt A. Fuck Othon H. Leonardos 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1982,71(1):291-317
The following main units have been recognized as Archaean basement rocks in central Brazil: a) High-grade granite-gneiss terrain composed predominantly by granodioritic and tonalitic gneisses; these rocks are cut by amphibolite dykes and present several nucleii locally surrounded by an array of Archaean greenstone belts, b) Greenstone belts presenting basal komatiitic ultramafic-mafic lavas with abundant spinifex textures, followed by basalts and chemical sediments such as cherts, limestones and graphitic pelites, that are often interbedded with acid and intermediate volcanics; metamorphism is within greenschist facies. Granulite mobile belt, including the granulitized mafic-ultramafic complexes of Barro Alto, Niquelândia and Brava. The Lower Proterozoic is represented by: a) metasedimentary sequences overlying the granite-greenstone terrains, with several tin bearing granite intrusions. b) Gabbro-anorthosite layered plutons and their associated mafic volcanics which are followed by acid and intermediate volcanics and ocean floor sediments. c) Mafic-ultramafic layered intrusions in the granulite terrain.
Zusammenfassung Im zentralen Brasilien wurden folgende Haupteinheiten als Archaischer Sockel erkannt: a) hochmetamorphes Granit-Gneis-Gebiet mit vorwiegend granodioritischen und tonalitischen Gneisen; diese Gesteine werden von amphibolitischen Gängen durchschlagen. Sie bilden einzelne Kerne, die von Zonen Archaischer Grünsteingürtel umgeben werden. b) Grünsteingürtel, die basale komatiitische ultramafitische bis mafischen Laven representieren mit häufig auftretenden Spinifex-Gefügen. Diesen folgen Basalte und chemische Sedimente wie Kieselschiefer, Kalke und graphitische Pelite, in die häufig saure und intermediäre Vulkanite eingeschaltet sind. Die Metamorphose liegt in der Grünschiefer-Fazies. c) Mobiler Granulit-Gürtel, der die granulitisierten mafisch-ultramafischen Komplexe von Barro Alto, Niquelândia und Cana Brava einschließt.Das untere Proterozoikum wird durch folgende Einheiten vertreten: a) Metasedimentfolgen, die die Granit-Grünstein-Serien überlagern und die einige zinnführende GranitIntrusionen aufweisen. b) Lagige Gabbro-Anorthosit-Plutone mit dazugehörenden mafischen Vulkaniten, die von sauren und intermediären Vulkaniten und ozeanischen Sedimenten gefolgt werden. c) Mafisch-ultramafische Intrusionen innerhalb des Granulit-Gebietes.
Resumo As seguintes unidades geológicas principais foram reconhecidas no embasamento da região central do Brasil: a) Terrenos granito-gnáissicos constituídos dominantemente por gnaisses de composição granodiorítica e tonalítica cortados por diques de anfibolito e mostrando vários núcleos graníticos localmente envolvidos por seqüências vulcano-sedimentares do tipo greenstone belt. b) Cinturões arqueanos de rochas verdes apresentando na base lavas komatiíticas com abundantes texturas tipo spinifex, seguidas de basaltos almofadados e de sedimentos químicos tais como chert, calcário e pelitos grafitosos, frequentemente intercalados com vulcânicas intermediárias e ácidas; o metamorfismo é de facies xisto verde. c) Cinturão móvel granulítico incluindo os complexos granulitizados de Barro Alto, Niquelândia e Cana Brava. Proterozóico Inferior é representado por: a) Seqüências sedimentares sobrepostas aos terrenos granito-greenstone, localmente intrudidas por granitos estaniferos; b) Plutões gabro-anortosíticos acamadados; c) Intrusões máfico-ultramáficas alojadas nos terrenos granulíticos.-- : ) - ; , , ) , . , , , , , . ; ) , - Barro Alto, Niguelandia Brava. : ) , - , , ; ) -- , ; ) - .相似文献
16.
The cratonic blocks of South America have been accreted from 2.2 to 1.9 Ga, and all of these blocks have been previously involved in the assembly and breakup of the Paleoproterozoic Atlantica, the Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic Rodinia, and the Neoproterozoic to Phanerozoic West Gondwana continents. Several mineralization phases have sequentially taken place during Atlantica evolution, involving Au, U, Cr, W, and Sn. During Rodinia assembly and breakup and Gondwana formation, the crust-dominated metallogenic processes have been overriding, responsible for several mineral deposits, including Au, Pd, Sn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Pb, U, P2O5, Ta, W, Li, Be and precious stones. During Rodinia breakup, epicontinental carbonate-siliciclastic basins were deposited, which host important non-ferrous base metal deposits of Cu–Co and Pb–Zn–Ag in Africa and South America. Isotope Pb–Pb analyses of sulfides from the non-ferrous deposits unambiguously indicate an upper crustal source for the metals. A genetic model for these deposits involves extensional faults driving the circulation of hydrothermal mineralizing fluids from the Archean/Paleoproterozoic basement to the Neoproterozoic sedimentary cover. These relations demonstrate the individuality of metal associations of every sediment-hosted Neoproterozoic base-metal deposit of West Gondwana has been highly influenced by the mineralogical and chemical composition of the underlying igneous and metaigneous rocks. 相似文献
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Compilation of geochronological data from southeastern Sweden indicates widespread anorogenic intrusive activity between 1.40 and 1.35 Ga ago. This activity was part of a major igneous event in a belt extending from Siberia and the Urals in the U.S.S.R. across southern Scandinavia, southern Greenland, and Labrador to western North America. It was characterized by high-level granites, sometimes rapakivilike, intruded under anorogenic conditions. The source granite melts were probably derived by the fusion of lower crust, i.e. older calc-alkaline Proterozoic granitoids, by mantle magma. These composite melts were mixed at the time of intrusion and gave rise to granitoids showing mixed I- and S-type features. The causes for the igneous activity were probably related to changes in the configuration of the continents with ensuing rifting and associated igneous activity. The 1.40-1.35 Ga old intrusions reset older isotope systems, especially the K---Ar one in southeastern Sweden. Between 1.25 and 1.20 Ga ago, there was a second event of smaller magnitude, characterized by the intrusion of acid and basic dykes. These dykes probably correspond to an initial stage of the Grenvillian (Sveconorwegian) orogeny soon to be followed by a 90° rotation of the Baltic shield. 相似文献
19.
中国元古代碳酸盐岩微亮晶构造及形成的沉积环境约束 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
微亮晶构造(Microspar,Molar-Tooth Structure,简称MT)发育于全球各稳定克拉通的中、新元古代盖层碳酸盐岩中。微亮晶构造碳酸盐岩也发育于中国大部分地区的中、新元古代地层中。全球范围的中、新元古代微亮晶构造都表现显著一致的岩石学和沉积学特征。微亮晶构造呈肠状褶皱状等复杂形态。微亮晶由5~15μm的均匀、等粒状,规则或不规则多边形方解石或白云石组成。宿主沉积岩相岩石主要含有少量陆源碎屑物质的碎屑灰岩。微亮晶构造在阴极发光(CL)和背散射(BS)显微镜下显示,每个微晶方解石个体内部发育似棱形的晶核,其外为叠置的微晶方解石晶簇,说明微亮晶构造是围绕微晶核"增生"加大的集合体。微亮晶和宿主围岩电子探针测试表明,微亮晶Ca含量38%~40%,Mg、Al、Si、P、K、Fe含量小于0.2%,基质中粘土矿物含量和Si和Al的含量较高。微亮晶宿主岩相主要砂屑、粉屑和泥屑灰岩(白云岩)与含铁含泥灰质泥页岩,垂向岩相序列表现为向上变浅、变薄,其中频繁发育冲刷、充填和硬底(hardground)与压溶构造,以及平行层理,各种规模斜层理、波状层理-水平层理、粒序层理、同沉积揉皱构造和变浅与暴露构造等,反应了微亮晶构造碳酸盐岩的形成严格受沉积环境和微沉积岩相的约束,无一例外地发育于浅潮下带-潮上带(环潮坪)环境。微亮晶构造碳酸盐岩不仅是环潮坪沉积环境的指相标志,也是全球元古代时期特殊与重要沉积岩石类型,其形成受控于全球古地理和古海洋地球化学条件与背景,是中、新元古代时期全球变化的沉积记录,有益于全球对比和元古代古地理、大地构造重建。 相似文献
20.
大民屯凹陷元古宇储集层特征及控制因素 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
大民屯凹陷元古宇为主要的油气产层,主要分布于凹陷的西部和北部,呈北东走向、由西南向北东呈阶梯状分布的格局,目前已建成了静安堡北、平安堡、安福屯油田。综合研究认为,中上元古界长城系的大红峪组和高于庄组储集层主要为碳酸盐岩和石英岩类,并将两组地层分7个沉积旋回18个小层。总结了不同岩性、不同小层的储集层特征,认为储集空间主要有裂缝、孔隙和洞3类,并以高角度裂缝为主。白云岩多为裂缝型储层;石英砂岩以裂缝为主,晶孔、晶洞、晶缝为辅型储层。结合测井资料,对含油气储层进行了识别和综合评价。对影响储集性能的因素进行了分析,认为受岩性、断裂、古风化、岩溶等条件综合控制,储集空间复杂,非均质性较强。 相似文献