共查询到16条相似文献，搜索用时 30 毫秒
1.
CISK-rossby wave and the 30-60 Day Oscillation in the Tropics 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The 30-60 day oscillation is an important aspect of the atmospheric variance in the tropical area. A number of works have been done on this phenomenon, this article is a further one. A quasi-geostrophic linear model that consists of a two-layer free atmosphere and a well-mixed boundary layer is used to investigate the instability of intraseasonal oscillation, its propagation and vertical structures. Results show that the dynamical coupling and interaction between the barotropic and baroclinic components via boundary layer convergence / divergence are responsible for the appearance of a new kind of low-frequency wave. Such wave is very different from the traditional tropical Rossby wave. It can propagate westward and eastward. Some behaviours of it appear to resemble the observed 30-60 day oscillation mode in many aspects, such,as vertical structures, zonal and meridional propagations. Now many researchers emphasize the direct relationship between CISK-Kelvin mode and the tropical atmospheric 30-60 oscil 相似文献
2.
《大气与海洋》2013,51(4):405-422
Abstract To develop an understanding of the complex internal tidal phenomena observed near and inside Dixon Entrance, an idealized numerical model was developed for the area, which explores the influence of various topographic features on the scattering of internal tides. The model uses a non‐linear, two‐layered, frictionless finite difference formulation of the shallow water equations and is forced by a barotropic wave over simplified topography. It was found that the main bathymetric features responsible for the generation of semi‐diurnal internal tides are the steep continental slope together with the orientation of Dixon Entrance. The prevalent baroclinic wave pattern, which is similar to the one found by Buchwald (1971), suggests that the western end of Dixon Entrance can be considered as an internal tide generation region for the open ocean. Use of the simple model allows easy identification of the generated waves. When the model is run with a non‐flat channel it reproduces features observed inside Dixon Entrance. 相似文献
3.
The study is motivated by recent findings of the decrease in the momentum transfer from strong winds to sea. The Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (KHI) of a three-fluid system of air, foam and water is examined within the range of intermediately short surface waves. The foam-layer thickness necessary for effective separation of the atmosphere and the ocean is estimated. Due to high density contrasts in the three-fluid system, even a relatively thin foam layer between the atmosphere and the ocean can provide a significant stabilization of the water surface by the wavelength shift of the instability towards smaller scales. It is conjectured that such stabilization qualitatively explains the observed reduction of roughness and drag. 相似文献
4.
Man‐Li C. Wu 《大气与海洋》2013,51(1):150-174
Abstract Global precipitation estimates using satellite data are derived using difference fields of outgoing long‐wave radiation (OLR). The difference fields consist of clear OLR minus cloudy OLR, which is a measure of long‐wave cloud radiative forcing at the top of the earth‐atmosphere system; and clear daytime OLR minus clear night‐time OLR, which is a measure of the diurnal variation of surface heating. All geophysical parameters used to compute OLR are derived from an analysis of the HIRS2/MSU sounding data. The derived global precipitation estimates show good agreement with collocated raingauge data over land. The correlation coefficient between the precipitation estimates derived using difference fields of OLR and raingauge data over land is about 0.65 for the FGGEyear. The correlation coefficient between precipitation estimates derived using difference fields of OLR and the GOES Precipitation Index (GPI) fraction is about 0.914 from 30°S to 30°N for July 1983, and between the precipitation estimates derived using difference fields of OLR and the difference field of atmospheric reflectance is about 0.86. Using one set of coefficients, global precipitation fields are derived for each 10‐day period and each month of the FGGE year (from December 1978 to November 1979). These fields contain rich information on seasonal variations. 相似文献
5.
Abstract A simple gravity wave drag parametriiation over mountainous terrain is tested for its ability to reduce the systematic errors of medium‐range weather forecasts. Following Boer et al. (1984), this parametrization is a function of the low‐level wind speed and stability, the local Froude number, and the variance of the subgrid‐scale orographie features. A comparison study of ten 7‐day forecasts obtained with envelope orography, wave drag or standard orography, shows that wave drag is as effective as envelope orography in reducing the systematic errors. A further comparison where the combined effects of the wave drag and that of a complementary enhanced orography (that is one that includes only the subgrid‐scale elements not treated separately by wave drag) are taken into account shows this latter approach to be the most promising in reducing orographically‐related systematic errors. 相似文献
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Petr Chýlek 《大气与海洋》2013,51(1):83-85
Abstract Long‐term observations of the water balance elements were carried out in the Izhora plateau located in northwest Russia. As a result of these investigations, the average recharge of the Leningrad artesian basin located south of the plateau was calculated. The infiltration to the karstic groundwater table was determined on the basis of groundwater fluctuations in the observations wells. 相似文献
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9.
A revised method for determining the direct and diffuse components of the total short‐wave radiation
John E. Hay 《大气与海洋》2013,51(4):278-287
A relationship, derived by Liu and Jordan (1960), under which the total short‐wave radiation may readily be subdivided into its direct and diffuse components is shown to vary both spatially and seasonally. This variability is attributed to changes in the importance of the multiple reflection of short‐wave radiation between the earth's surface and atmosphere. A revised relationship, which incorporates the influence of this process, is shown to have applicability at a large number of Canadian locations. 相似文献
10.
In the frame of this paper a heat wave that resulted in record high temperatures in Athens Greece is analysed. Namely the analysis focuses in the ability of three widely used planetary boundary layer parameterisations to reproduce the heat wave temperatures. The simulations were performed with the Pennsylvania State University – National Center for Atmospheric Research MM5 model that is also used for operational weather forecasting at the National Observatory of Athens since 2002. The 2-m temperature at a grid increment of 1-km over the highly complex terrain of the Athens Area is statistically verified against the available surface station observations. The results of the analysis showed that the two nonlocal schemes, namely Blackadar and MRF succeeded much better than the local scheme ETA to reproduce the heat wave 2-m temperature although they considerably underestimated the maximum observed temperatures. In addition, it was found that the model grid points characterised by “urban” land-use provided better statistical verification results, with reduced cold bias. Further, in order to study the role of the initial skin temperature conditions on the 2-m temperature forecasts, satellite observed skin temperatures have been used to initialise the high resolution simulations. This sensitivity test showed that when using the satellite observed skin temperature in the model initial conditions, the simulation of the 2-m temperature is positively affected during the early stages of the simulation while later on the model physical parameterisations are decisive for the time evolution of temperature. 相似文献
11.
The three-dimensional nonlinear quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity equation is reduced to a linear form in the stream function in spherical coordinates for the permanent wave solutions consisting of zonal wavenumbers from 0 to n and rn vertical components with a given degree n. This equation is solved by treating the coefficient of the Coriolis parameter square in the equation as the eigenvalue both for sinusoidal and hyperbolic variations in vertical direction. It is found that these solutions can represent the observed long term flow patterns at the surface and aloft over the globe closely. In addition, the sinusoidal vertical solutions with large eigenvalue G are trapped in low latitude, and the scales of these trapped modes are longer than 10 deg. lat. even for the top layer of the ocean and hence they are much larger than that given by the equatorial β-plane solutions. Therefore such baroclinic disturb-ances in the ocean can easily interact with those in the atmosphere.Solutions of the shallow water potential vorticity equation are treated in a similar manner but with the effective depth H = RT / g taken as limited within a small range for the atmosphere.The propagation of the flow energy of the wave packet consisting of more than one degree is found to be along the great circle around the globe both for barotropic and for baroclinic flows in the atmosphere. 相似文献
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Summary Using ECMWF and NCEP/NCAR analysis and reanalysis data sets, 6–9 day wave-like oscillations have been described in the African and tropical Atlantic troposphere during the summers of 1981 and 1985. In spite of several kinematic analogies, their structure was quite different from the African waves. In this paper we study the connection between the 6–9 day oscillations and the cloud cover with help of the ISCCP-Cl data set. The largest cloud cover oscillation (±30%) occurs in the 800–680 hPa layer, a maximum (minimum) is connected with a cyclonic (anticyclonic) circulation. The influence of the 6–9 day oscillation on horizontal water vapor flux and temperature is also displayed.With 8 Figures 相似文献
14.
The extra-tropical response to El Niño in a “low” horizontal resolution coupled climate model, typical of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change fourth assessment report simulations, is shown to have serious systematic errors. A high resolution configuration of the same model has a much improved response that is similar to observations. The errors in the low resolution model are traced to an incorrect representation of the atmospheric teleconnection mechanism that controls the extra-tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs) during El Niño. This is due to an unrealistic atmospheric mean state, which changes the propagation characteristics of Rossby waves. These erroneous upper tropospheric circulation anomalies then induce erroneous surface circulation features over the North Pacific. The associated surface wind speed and direction errors create erroneous surface flux and upwelling anomalies which finally lead to the incorrect extra-tropical SST response to El Niño in the low resolution model. This highlights the sensitivity of the climate response to a single link in a chain of complex climatic processes. The correct representation of these processes in the high resolution model indicates the importance of horizontal resolution in resolving such processes. 相似文献
15.
Kieran R. Hickey 《Climatic change》2011,106(3):483-506
The sustained hourly gale record from Valentia Observatory, SW Ireland over the time period from 1874–2006 shows very significant
variations including high values in the 1920s, 1940s, 1960s and 1980s but a decline since then down to the lowest recorded
levels at present. Most gales occur in winter and in particular in December and January. An analysis of the wind duration
and speed data shows that there has been increased variability in the duration of gales over the last 20 years and despite
an overall decline in mean wind speed there is no indication that gale strengths have changed in any systematic way. This
gale data is strongly in contrast to the outputs and predictions from the various scenarios in the ECHAM4 models which predict
at worst no changes in cyclonicity of depressions below 1,000 hPa but significant increases in cyclonicity of severe depressions
below 940 hPa. At present the actual data is running contrary to the model outcomes at Valentia and elsewhere in Ireland.
The sustained gales have given rise to wave heights in excess of 30 m and this documentary evidence is verified by more recent
satellite and marine buoy data. 相似文献
16.
The present study aims at studying the role played by high-frequency wind variability, wave reflection and easterly wind anomalies in the western Pacific in the onset, growth and termination phases of the 1997–1998 El Niño using the Trident intermediate coupled model and observations. While the anomalous strength of the trade winds in 1996 favored the initiation of a warm event in 1997 (via western Pacific boundary Rossby wave reflection), the actual timing of the onset and the amplitude of the event resulted from the large March 1997 wind event. Once initiated, high-frequency westerly winds strongly contributed to the rapid growth of the warm event and to the displacement of the eastern edge of the warm-pool. Moreover, both easterly and westerly high-frequency wind variability in 1997–1998 contributed to the amplitude of the event, set the evolution of the warm event and potentially influenced the equatorial Pacific conditions at least one year after the El Niño event. In addition, eastern boundary reflection also significantly contributed to the amplitude and duration of the warm event, whereas its termination was a combination of various factors: reflection of upwelling Rossby waves at the western boundary and large easterly wind anomalies observed in the western Pacific from November 1997 to early 1998. These factors were sufficient to terminate the event and to switch temperature anomalies from warm to cold. To conclude, understanding the coupling between the high- and low-frequency wind variability, i.e., studying ENSO as a multi-scale phenomenon, will certainly lead to a better comprehension of the diversity of its behavior and potentially to an improvement of its predictability. 相似文献