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1.
近50年新疆天山奎屯河流域冰川变化及其对水资源的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
基于地形图、遥感影像、气象与水文资料,对气候变化背景下奎屯河流域近50 a冰川变化及其对水资源的影响进行了研究。结果表明：1964~2015年该流域冰川面积减小了约65.4 km2,冰储量亏损了约4.39 km3,且2000年后冰川消融与退缩加快。消融期内正积温增大带来的冰川物质支出（消融）高于源自年内降水的冰川物质收入（积累）是造成该流域冰川消融与退缩的主要原因。1964~2010年该流域径流年际变化总体呈上升趋势,1993年后径流增加趋势显著,且周期性丰枯变化发生了改变。52 a间该流域冰储量亏损引发的水资源损失量达39.5×108m3,年均亏损量约占多年平均径流量的12%,且20世纪80年代后冰川融水在径流中所占比重增大。 相似文献
2.
河西走廊沙尘暴及其影响因子的多尺度研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
沙尘暴活跃期具有周期性,这与影响因子的周期变化有关,尝试利用具有多时间尺度和多分辨率特性的小波分析技术对其进行研究。利用Morlet小波对甘肃河西走廊18个气象站多年平均的沙尘暴日数进行分析,发现沙尘暴变化的时间序列具有多尺度振荡的特点,存在7 a、13 a、以及23 a左右的特征时间尺度（周期变化）。通过对大风日数、干旱指数、降水、气温等沙尘暴的影响因子分析,表明沙尘暴的活跃度与大气环流的年际变化和突变有关,特别是与大风日数在时间尺度和主周期等方面具有明显的一致性,7 a左右的年际变化是它们的主周期;干旱指数、降水和气温具有同步的时间序列,13～25 a的年代际变化是它们的主周期,因此,它们对沙尘暴的影响主要体现在大时间尺度上。 相似文献
3.
沙坡头地区气候变化特征及其功能谱分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
论文探讨了沙坡头地区气候要素的年际、年内变化特征,并采用功能谱分析方法,定量分析了气温、降水的周期性变化规律,得出气温年际变化具有８．４ａ、３．５ａ和２．８ａ的周期规律;降水年际变化具有８．４ａ、５￣６ａ、３．５ａ和３ａ的周期性规律。采用交叉功能谱分析方法研究了气温与降水协同变化机制、周期性及其对人工植被的影响,得出降水和气温组合因子具有１０．５ａ、８．４ａ、３．５￣３．８ａ的波动周期。为气候资源 相似文献
4.
论文探讨了沙坡头地区气候要素的年际、年内变化特征,并采用功能谱分析方法,定量分析了气温、降水的周期性变化规律,得出气温年际变化具有8.4
a、3.5 a和2.8 a的周期规律;降水年际变化具有8.4 a、5～6 a、3.5 a和3 a的周期性规律。采用交叉功能谱分析方法研究了气温与降水协同变化机制、周期性及其对人工植被的影响,得出降水和气温组合因子具有10.5
a、8.4 a、3.5～3.8 a的波动周期。为气候资源的利用与人工防护林的稳定发展提供了定量依据。 相似文献
5.
自1997年以来,乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川消融极为强烈,物质平衡呈大幅度亏损,连续12 a都处于强负平衡状态,平均物质平衡达-708 mm,且在2008年物质平衡达到历史最低值-999 mm,然而2009年出现了物质正平衡,物质平衡63 mm,年际变化量达1 062 mm。以2008-2009年物质平衡实测资料为基础,根据该地区的气温和降水资料分析,结果表明,造成这种现象的主要原因是夏季气温（5～8月）的降低,较2008年低1.8℃,致使冰川消融期的开始时间推迟至了7月份,结束时间提前到8月份,大大削弱了冰川的消融强度,其次是2005年以来逐渐增多的连续性降水,增加了冰川的积累量。 相似文献
6.
中国典型季风海洋性冰川区"冰川-径流"系统的全球变化敏感性研究 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
分析多种数据和资料,再现海螺沟冰川过去100年来的冰川进退过程,分析发现,冰川末端变化阶段在滞后期的基础上,与北半球和中国气温变化的阶段相对应。运用水量-物质平衡法恢复海螺沟冰川45年来的物质平衡变化情况,通过相关性检验发现,物质平衡变化与北半球和中国同期(1960~2004年)气温变化表现出显著负相关。20世纪80年代全球加速变暖,海螺沟冰川冰舌段消融速率为7.86 m/a,冰川河径流量年际和季节变化表明流量主要贡献者是冰雪融水。分析表明,全球变暖是冰川后退、持续亏损及径流量增加的主要原因。 相似文献
7.
根据1987/1988年度表面物质积累资料,对Mizuho(瑞穗)高原该年度物质平衡的分布规律及其变化进行了讨论,同时还对年内短期天气过程及地形变化对物质平衡的影响进行了分析。研究发现1987/1988年度物质平衡的空间分布与多年平均状况存在较大区别:海拔550m以下的沿海地带表现为负物质平衡状态。从S_16点向内陆80km范围内为高值物质平衡区。年平均净物质平衡量达0.84m雪层深;80km到瑞穗高原内陆的瑞穗站之间为低值物质平衡区,年平均物质平衡量仅0.14m雪层深。在瑞穗高原,表面物质平衡水平表现为低积累,低支出的特征。此外,年内短期气候和地形变化对物质平衡的影响均大于多年平均状态,在高值物质平衡区,气候变化对物质平衡的影响大于地形变化的影响;而在低值物质平衡区,地形变化对物质平衡的影响则大于气候变化对物质平衡的影响。 相似文献
8.
为认识全球变暖背景下中国西部大陆性冰川与海洋性冰川物质平衡变化及其对气候响应，本研究以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川和藏东南帕隆94号冰川为例，结合大西沟与察隅站气象资料，对1980 — 2015年两条冰川的物质平衡变化特征及差异进行了分析。结果表明：36 a来乌源1号冰川与帕隆94号冰川物质平衡总体上均呈下降趋势，累积物质平衡达-17102与-8159 mm w.e.，相当于冰川厚度减薄19与9.01 m，且分别于1996、2004年左右发生突变。同期两条冰川所处区域年均温呈显著上升趋势，而降水量却表现出不同的变化态势；二者年内气温分配相仿，但降水分配差异较大。初步分析认为气温上升是导致乌源1号冰川与帕隆94号冰川物质亏损的主要原因，冰川区气温和降水变化幅度的差异和地性因子（坡度、冰川面积）的不同使得乌源1号冰川对气候变化响应的敏感性高于帕隆94号冰川，由于目前海洋性冰川物质平衡监测时段相对较短，为深入研究中国西部冰川物质平衡变化及过程仍需加强对冰川的持续观测。 相似文献
9.
《干旱区地理》2016,(4)
干燥度指数作为潜在蒸散量和降水量之比,是表征气候干湿状况的重要指标。基于1960-2014年华北平原59个站点逐日气象数据,通过Morlet函数、Mann-Kendall检验、主成分分析等方法探讨了华北平原干燥度指数的时空分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)区域多年平均干燥度在0.97~3.50之间,呈现出自西向东、自北向南、自西北向东南逐渐减少的空间特征。(2)时间上,干燥度年际线性变化趋势不明显,但存在周期结构性,主周期为15 a左右;年内季节变化为冬季春季秋季夏季;空间上,河南省大部分地区干燥度指数呈减小趋势,而河南外大部分地区呈增加趋势。(3)1960-2014年华北平原干燥度指数不存在显著的突变点。(4)干燥度指数的气象影响因子分析表明,水分因子对干燥度影响最大,且呈负作用;其次为日照时数和风速,呈正作用;空气冷热状况对干燥度影响最小,呈正作用。 相似文献
10.
基于多源遥感数据的玛纳斯河流域冰川物质平衡变化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
冰川物质平衡变化是连接气候和水资源的重要纽带,对河川径流有重要的调节功能。本文采用MOD11C3和TRMM 3B43等多源遥感数据驱动度日模型,模拟了2000—2016年玛纳斯河（简称玛河）流域冰川物质平衡过程,并分析了冰川融水对径流的补给规律。结果表明： ① 通过构建气温及降水反演模型能有效校正气象遥感原数据的精度,且经降尺度后能较精细刻画冰川区气候变化特征。冰川区年均气温和降水量分别为-7.57 ℃和410.71 mm,海拔4200 m处为气候变化剧烈地带,气温直减率以其为界上下分别为-0.03 ℃/100 m和-0.57 ℃/100 m,降水梯度分别为-2.66 mm/100 m和4.8 mm/100 m,海拔大于4700 m后降水又以5.17 mm/100 m递增。② 研究期内流域冰川持续呈负平衡状态,累积物质平衡达-9811.19 mm w.e.,年均物质平衡介于-464.85~-632.19 mm w.e.之间。垂向物质平衡在消融区和积累区分别以244.83 mm w.e./100 m、18.77 mm w.e./100 m递增。2000—2002年、2008—2010年冰川消融减缓,2002—2008年、2010—2016年消融加剧,其中2005—2009年期间冰川亏损最为强烈。③ 年内河川径流对冰川物质平衡变化响应强烈,尤以7月、8月物质平衡亏损最为严重占全年总量的75.4%,使得同期河川径流量占全年径流总量的55.1%。年际冰川融水补给率波动于19%~31%之间,可能是不同年份降水和积雪融水补给率差异较大所致。玛河与天山北坡其他河流冰川融水贡献率非常接近,也进一步证实了本研究物质平衡估算结果的可靠性。本研究可为其他流域冰川物质平衡研究提供借鉴和参考。 相似文献
11.
12.
H. Conway L.A. Rasmussen & H.-P. Marshall 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》1999,81(4):509-520
Mass changes of Blue Glacier, USA are calculated from topographic maps made from vertical aerial photography in late summer of 1939, 1952, 1957, and 1987, along with laser altimetry flown in June 1996. Changes in elevation between maps were adjusted for seasonal variations in the snow cover, and to account for the ablation between the date of photography and 1 October. Topography obtained from the laser altimetry was adjusted for snow thickness and glacier motion to estimate topography of 1 October 1995. The mass of Blue Glacier has changed less than 7 m (water equivalent) during this 56 year period which is minor compared with other glaciers in the region and elsewhere in the world. Glacier-average annual mass balances, beginning in 1956, have been calculated either from stake measurements and probing of late-season snow, or from a regression analysis using late-season measurements of the equilibrium line altitude. A comparison with the changes derived from surface maps shows values obtained from field measurements are too positive by about 0.4 m a?1 , indicating that considerable caution is needed when interpreting time series of mass balance. Two alternative time series of mass balance consistent with the long-term mass changes are created by making simple adjustments: (1) a single constant is subtracted from each value so that the series is consistent with the 1957–95 mass change; (2) one constant is subtracted from each value over 1957–87 and another is subtracted from each value over 1987-95 so that the series is consistent with both the 1957–87 and 1987–95 mass changes. The mass balance of Blue Glacier was generally positive until the mid-1970s and negative since. The fluctuations of mass balance closely resemble those of snowfall on the glacier as estimated from the joint distribution of temperature and precipitation. The climate in western Washington was cooler and wetter during the decade before the mid-1970s, but the trend since has been towards warmer and drier conditions. 相似文献
13.
60-year changes and mechanisms of Urumqi Glacier No. 1 in the eastern Tianshan of China,Central Asia
ZhongQin Li HuiLin Li ChunHai Xu YuFeng Jia FeiTeng Wang PuYu Wang XiaoYing Yue 《寒旱区科学》2020,12(6):380-388
Worldwide examination of glacier change is based on detailed observations from only a small number of glaciers. The ground-based detailed individual glacier monitoring is of strong need and extremely important in both regional and global scales. A long-term integrated multi-level monitoring has been carried out on Urumqi Glacier No. 1 (UG1) at the headwaters of the Urumqi River in the eastern Tianshan Mountains of Central Asia since 1959 by the Tianshan Glaciological Station, Chinese Acamedey of Sciences (CAS), and the glaciological datasets promise to be the best in China. The boundaries of all glacier zones moved up, resulting in a shrunk accumulation area. The stratigraphy features of the snowpack on the glacier were found to be significantly altered by climate warming. Mass balances of UG1 show accelerated mass loss since 1960, which were attributed to three mechanisms. The glacier has been contracting at an accelerated rate since 1962, resulting in a total reduction of 0.37 km2 or 19.3% from 1962 to 2018. Glacier runoff measured at the UG1 hydrometeorological station demonstrates a significant increase from 1959 to 2018 with a large interannual fluctuation, which is inversely correlated with the glacier's mass balance. This study analyzes on the changes in glacier zones, mass balance, area and length, and streamflow in the nival glacial catchment over the past 60 years. It provides critical insight into the processes and mechanisms of glacier recession in response to climate change. The results are not only representative of those glaciers in the Tianshan mountains, but also for the continental-type throughout the world. The direct observation data form an essential basis for evaluating mountain glacier changes and the impact of glacier shrinkage on water resources in the interior drainage rivers within the vast arid and semi-arid land in northwestern China as well as Central Asia. 相似文献
14.
Sanjaya Gurung Bikas C. Bhattarai Rijan B. Kayasth Dorothea Stumm Sharad P. Joshi Pradeep K. Mool 《寒旱区科学》2016,8(4):311-318
Although Himalayan glaciers are of particular interest in terms of future water supplies, regional climate changes, and sea-level rises, little is known about them due to lack of reliable and consistent data. There is a need for monitoring these glaciers to bridge this knowledge gap and to provide field measurements necessary to calibrate and validate the results from different remote sensing operations. Therefore, glaciological observations have been carried out by the Cryosphere Monitoring Project(CMP) since September 2011 on Rikha Samba Glacier in Hidden valley, Mustang district in western Nepal in order to study its annual mass balance. This paper presents the first results of that study. There are 10 glaciers in Hidden Valley, named G1, G2, G3, up to G10. Of these, G5 is the Rikha Samba Glacier, which has the largest area(5.37 km2) in this valley and the highest and lowest altitudes(6,476 and 5,392 m a.s.l., respectively). The glacier mass balance discussed in this paper was calculated using the glaciological method and the equilibrium line altitude(ELA). The glacier showed a negative annual point mass balance along the longitudinal profile of its lower part from September 10, 2011 to October 3, 2012. Stake measurements from October 4, 2012 to September 30, 2013 indicated a negative areal average of annual mass balance-0.088±0.019 m w.e. for the whole glacier. Based on these observations, the ELA of the Rikha Samba Glacier is estimated at 5,800 m a.s.l. in 2013. This negative balance may be due to rising air temperatures in the region, which have been incrementally rising since 1980 accompanied by little or no significant increase in precipitation in that period. The negative mass balance confirms the general shrinking trend of the glacier. 相似文献
15.
As a solid reservoir, a glacier can regulate regional water resources. The annual net mass balance directly reflects the
fluctuation of the glacier and climate variability. Based on 51 years of mass balance observation data, the mass balance of
Tianshan Mountains Urumqi Glacier No. 1 experienced a nine times positive balance fluctuation and nine times negative
balance fluctuation. There were 35 and 16 negative and positive balance years, respectively. From 1996/97 to 2008/09, 12
consecutive negative balance years were observed at Tianshan Mountains Urumqi Glacier No. 1. These results demonstrate
that the Urumqi Glacier No. 1 is experiencing a strong negative balance, and the strongest negative balance, -931
mm w.e. (mm water equivalent), during the observation period occurred in 2008. In addition, the cumulative mass balance
reached 13,709 mm w.e. in 2008. However, in 2009, the mass balance was positive at 63 mm w.e. The equilibrium-line altitude
changes with the fluctuation in the mass balance, and the effective mass balance gradient is 7.4 mm/m. In this paper,
the headwaters of the Urumqi River were analyzed using meteorological data from 1958 to 2009, including the average
seasonal temperature and precipitation. The results showed that the main factor associated with the mass balance variation
of Glacier No. 1 is the fluctuation in the summer air temperature, followed by changes in the precipitation. 相似文献
16.
Liss M. Andreassen 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》1999,81(4):467-476
Storbreen glacier is situated in the western part of Jotunheimen, a mountain area in central southern Norway. Annual mass balance data have been recorded since 1949. In addition, detailed topographical maps at the scale 1:10,000 exist from the years 1940, 1951, 1968, 1984 and 1997. In this paper, volume change calculated from maps is compared with annual mass balance data. The volume change was in reasonable agreement with the measured cumulative mass balance for the periods 1940–1951 and 1968–1984; however, for the periods 1951–1968 and 1984–1997, the mass balance measurements showed larger negative values than obtained from map comparisons. One obvious reason for this is the inaccuracy of the contour lines in the upper areas of the glacier on maps from 1940 and 1951. Other factors influencing the result are tested, and also suggestions are given for improving the techniques for mapping glacier volume changes. 相似文献
17.
新疆塔河流域洪水量级、频率及峰现时间变化特征、成因及影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用塔里木河流域（塔河流域）8个水文站及相应气象站数据,全面分析了洪水发生量级、频率和峰现时间等特征,研究洪水发生成因及其影响。结果表明：1980s中后期塔河流域气温与降水持续增加,整个塔河流域年及季节洪峰流量普遍呈上升趋势,大部分在1980s中后期发生突变。1980s中期以后塔河流域年及季节洪峰流量呈持续增加或者显著增加趋势,量级位于整个观测时期均值之上,处于洪水“丰富”期。“丰富”期暴雨型和升温型洪水发生次数及造成的灾害损失均呈显著增加趋势,引起严重洪灾损失的洪水也集中在这一时期,且多由暴雨型洪水引发。大量级洪水（最大三场洪水及重现期大于10年的洪水）多集中发生在1990年之后,并且易引发多个水文站点同时出现。 相似文献
18.
Mass Balance Methods on Kongsvegen, Svalbard 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
J.O. Hagen K. Melvold T. Eiken E. Isaksson & B. Lefauconnier 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》1999,81(4):593-601
On the glacier Kongsvegen (102 km2) in northwest Spitsbergen, Svalbard, traditional mass balance measurements by stake readings and snow surveying have been conducted annually since 1987. In addition, repeated global positioning system (GPS) profiling, shallow core analysis and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveying have been applied. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the input from the different methods, especially the GPS profiling, using the results from the traditional direct method as a reference. The annual flow rate on Kongsvegen is low (2 ? 3 m a?1), and the emergence velocity is almost negligible. Thus the geometry changes of the glacier, i.e. the change in altitude per distance from the head of the glacier, should reflect the change in net balance of the glacier. The mean annual altitude change from the longitudinal, centreline GPS profiles was compared to the direct stake readings and showed a very good agreement. On Kongsvegen the measured actual ice flux is so low that the mass transfer down-glacier at the mean equlibrium line altitude is less than 10% of what is needed to maintain steady-state geometry. This is clearly shown in the changing altitude profiles. GPS profiling can be used on large glaciers in remote areas to monitor geometry changes, ice flow and net mass balance changes. However, it requires that the centreline profile changes are representative for the area/altitude intervals, i.e. that the accumulation and ablation pattern is evenly distributed. For this purpose the GPR surveying quickly gave the snow distribution variability over long distances. Shallow cores drilled in different altitudes in the accumulation area were analysed to detect radioactive reference layers from the fallout after the Chernobyl accident in 1986, and showed very good agreement to the direct measured net balance. Thus older reference horizons from bomb tests in 1962 could be used to extend the net balance series backwards. 相似文献