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黄土高原小流域土地利用系统结构优化与生态设计 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
改善和优化土地利用方式和结构是综合治理黄土高原人为加速侵蚀的关键。本文以陕北米脂县泉家沟流域为例，探讨了黄土丘陵沟壑区以小流域为基本单元的土地利用系统的优化设计模式，主要过程包括小流域土地利用系统分析；土地资源综合评价；土地利用系统结构优化；土地利用优化模型空间面积分配；土地利用系统生态设计等。 相似文献
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黄土丘陵区小流域土壤表面特性变化规律研究 总被引：6，自引：7，他引：6
土壤表面特性是建立流域土壤侵蚀模型的重要参数，为建立适合黄土高原的流域侵蚀模型，采用随机糙率仪、微型粘结力仪及常水头滴定法，系统研究了黄土丘陵区大南沟小流域不同土地利用条件下，地面随机糙率、土壤粘结力和土壤团粒稳定性的时空变化规律，结果表明受农事活动，植物及其根系分布、有机质含量等因素的影响，流域内土壤表面特性变化显著，在流域水土保持措施配置时应预支以充分考虑。 相似文献
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《山地学报》2015,(5)
在2010年和2011年,采集长江上游川中丘陵区万安沟小流域塘库沉积泥沙、河床沉积泥沙、不同土地利用类型的表层土壤,应用δ13C技术研究小流域土地利用变化和泥沙来源。结果表明:森林坡地、弃耕坡地和耕种梯田的表层土壤δ13C值分别是-26.40‰,-25.91‰和-25.81‰,非常相近,说明土壤有机物δ13C主要是占主导地位C3植物的残留物,而C4植物玉米对土壤有机物δ13C值几乎没有影响。结合δ13C值和土地利用变化分析,土壤和沉积泥沙δ13C值是土地利用状况的良好指示因子,较低δ13C值(-26‰)表明丘陵坡地森林覆盖率较高,而较高δ13C值(-24.30‰)则说明森林覆盖率较低。δ13C技术只有在沉积泥沙主要来源是土壤有机物的条件下,才能定量评价沉积泥沙的不同来源。由于当地沉积泥沙有机物是土壤有机物、生物碎屑和生活污水的混合物,采用δ13C指标示踪泥沙来源的可靠性受到影响,但可以肯定地说,δ13C技术对定量评价沉积泥沙的来源是有帮助的。 相似文献
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乡村转型背景下山-坝系统土地利用景观耦合与协调演变以贵州省6个山-坝系统为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《山地学报》2021,(2)
开展土地利用景观耦合与协调研究是土地利用优化的重要路径之一。当前相关研究多集中在地形平坦且经济发达的中国东部,对地形崎岖和经济欠发达山区的乡村土地利用转型的研究相对较少,且缺乏深入揭示山区坝地景观格局与土地利用的耦合研究。本文对西南山地山-坝系统的定义、类型进行探讨,总结山-坝系统土地利用景观耦合演变模式、土地利用景观差异化演变过程和多样化演变路径,并以贵州省6个典型的山-坝系统进行实证探讨,结果发现:(1)山-坝系统按照土地利用主导类型可划分为工业主导型、农业主导型、商旅服务型和综合发展型等四类;(2)山-坝系统景观耦合演变模式可分为强协同山-坝系统景观耦合模式、中度协同山-坝系统景观耦合模式、弱协同山-坝系统景观耦合模式;(3)工业主导型、农业主导型、商旅服务型和综合发展型山-坝系统的景观与土地利用类型演变路径和发展阶段特征各异,同一类型山-坝系统因山坝组合差异,其演变路径存在差异性和多样性的同时,山坝间又相互联系、相互作用。研究结果提供了贵州典型山-坝系统土地利用景观耦合与协调演变案例,对推动西南山区乡村振兴和可持续发展具有重要的理论及现实意义。 相似文献
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水土流失对山地旅游地水体观光功能影响研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
水土流失影响山地旅游景观质量,成为当前山地旅游地普遍性的环境问题之一.通过土壤与水体浊度模拟实验表明,水土流失以改变水体浊度从而影响景观观光质量,20NTU浊度可作为次降雨水土流失对水体景观影响的临界值.以浙江省天台县石梁景区实证研究得到,不同流域降雨侵蚀对水体浊度影响具有差异性,同一流域次降雨侵蚀对观光水体浊度影响受流域降水强度与降水量共同作用. 相似文献
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长江上游输沙尺度效应研究 总被引：15，自引：4，他引：11
利用长江上游DEM、降雨、土地利用、土壤类型数据库,计算出通用土壤流失方程中代表影响侵蚀产沙的各因子,建立这些因子以及流域面积与长江上游268个水文站以上流域输沙模数回归关系,探讨上游侵蚀输沙的尺度效应。结果显示长江上游输沙模数与流域面积之间呈负幂函数单元回归关系,而且这一关系主要产生于降雨侵蚀力因子和土壤可蚀性因子随流域面积的变化。长江上游输沙模数随流域面积增大而降低主要发生在大约1×104~1.58×105km2之间。在考虑了影响侵蚀产沙因子对输沙模数的作用后,输沙模数与流域面积之间呈正幂函数相关,反映出上游输沙近源沉积的特征。分析还发现长江上游各主要支流输沙模数变化与流域尺度大小的关系和原因有明显不同。 相似文献
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官厅水库妫水地区土壤侵蚀较为严重。为控制妫水地区的土壤流失非点源污染,本文建立了一个参数较少、便于应用的分布式土壤侵蚀和泥沙输移子模型。该模型由USLE模型和泥沙输移模型组成。首先,本研究确定了USLE中各因子的计算公式,用该模型计算土壤流失。然后,将流域概化为河网,利用曾提出的应用于经Laplace变换和逆变换求得的一维水质迁移转化方程的解中的面积汇污系数和S曲线之间的关系,推导得到了分布式泥沙输移模型。最后,从妫水河流域土壤图、土地利用图中提取地理信息,以DEM为依据,研究了该模型在妫水河流域的应用。结果表明,该模型不仅可用于研究非点源泥沙污染,而且可用于研究流域内土壤侵蚀的空间分布,为实现农业最佳管理提供科学依据。妫水流域土壤流失主要来自坡度较大、地表植被覆盖差的丘陵和山地,控制土壤流失应该将重点放在该流域内的丘陵和山地上。 相似文献
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川中丘陵区和三峡地区小流域侵蚀产沙的塘库沉积137Cs断代 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
选择川中丘陵区和三峡地区四川盐亭、南充和重庆开县的4个小流域,采集塘库沉积泥沙137Cs样品,确定了1963年以来塘库淤沙量,并据此分析了流域输沙模数和侵蚀模数。研究表明,开县春秋沟的淤沙模数最高,为1869t.km-2.a-1;盐亭武家沟和集流沟分别为701t.km-2.a-1和710 t.km-2.a-1;南充天马湾沟为566 t.km-2.a-1。对小流域地貌特征的分析和谷地水田取样结果表明,除塘库淤积区外,各小流域谷地内基本无泥沙淤积。因此,除南充天马湾沟按现有水面面积作为淤积面积求算的淤沙模数明显偏小外,其他小流域的塘库淤沙模数基本可以表征各研究小流域的侵蚀模数。对研究小流域侵蚀产沙影响因素的分析表明,除降雨和土地利用状况外,地形起伏、土壤抗蚀性及岩层产状也是三地侵蚀程度差异的重要原因。 相似文献
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岷江上游近50a土地覆被的变化趋势 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
本文的目的是通过典型区的研究，揭示我国西南山地系统土地利用/覆被变化的规律。本文通过对岷江上游大量历史材料和数据的分析确定：耕地大幅度增加和林地内部结构的剧变是50a来岷江上游土地利用/覆被变化的最主要特点。本文在对二者变化过程进行分析的基础上，总结了岷江上游山地系统土地利用/覆被变化的规律，有以下结论：（1）研究区土地覆被变化受山地自然条件控制，将继续以林地与草地为主体；（2）通达性的改善往往是山区土地利用/覆被大规模变化的开端；（3）土地覆被变化存在一个演替序列；（4）土地利用效益增长潜力较大的土地覆被类型快的速度增长。此结合可指导研究萄生态重建工作。 相似文献
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坡耕地增长对沟谷发育的影响——以四川西昌大箐梁子为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了研究近50 a来土壤加速侵蚀的状况和原因,收集了四川西昌大箐梁子1957年、1979年、2000年航空影像,应用立体像对获取高程信息生成DEM,并利用DEM纠正航片获取正射影像。同时,利用三期正射影像获取土地利用变化和沟谷变化信息,通过野外调查与验证,分析了沟谷形成、发育特点及与坡耕地增长的密切关系。研究表明,西昌大箐梁子沟谷发育,到1957年已形成部分稳定或半稳定冲沟,1970年代后期,大量草地被开垦为耕地,且多为坡耕地,土壤抗蚀能力降低,土壤侵蚀由此加剧,沟蚀增强,人为加速了沟谷侵蚀的发育。 相似文献
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深入开展乡村地域土地利用变化和聚落发展规律的研究对于探究乡村地域系统优化、推进城乡融合与乡村可持续发展具有重要意义。论文以延安市碾庄流域为例,基于ENVI和GIS等软件技术,结合Landsat卫星影像、马尔科夫链模型和实地调查,从土地利用转移与交换变化、建筑用地空间转移、社会响应等角度探讨了黄土丘陵沟壑区典型村域土地利用变化特征以及对区域乡村发展转型的影响。研究表明：① 在一系列生态工程措施作用下,碾庄流域生态覆被发生明显改观,主要表现为大量的坡耕地及稀疏生态用地转化为林地,其中,林地面积占比由32.34%(2009年)增加至50.88%(2018年);② 在社会经济发展和延安新城“边缘效应”的影响下,碾庄建设用地呈现向流域的东南和西南方向拓展的趋势,10 a间建设用地面积增加了近75%;③ 在人类活动的主导作用下,黄土丘陵沟壑区的乡村正在朝着生态化和集约化的方向转型发展。研究结果有望为深入理解黄土丘陵沟壑区乡村地域系统结构和优化提供新参考。 相似文献
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50年来东北黑土区土地利用变化对沟蚀的影响——以克东地区为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以位于东北典型黑土区的克东地区作为研究区,以1965年的Corona、2005年的SPOT5和2015年高分一号影像作为数据源,通过目视解译获取研究区对应年份的侵蚀沟分布状况;以1954年地形图和1975年的Landsat/MSS、2005年和2015年的Landsat/TM影像为数据源分别获取1965年、2005年和2015年土地利用数据;以侵蚀沟裂度为指标从土地利用变化角度分析研究区近50年来沟蚀变化状况。结果表明：黑土区沟壑侵蚀状况日益严重,耕地中侵蚀沟面积最大、侵蚀沟裂度增长速度最快;耕地、草地和建设用地上沟蚀状况的加剧伴随着林地和未利用地的开垦;耕地和草地相互转换裂度变化最大,退耕还林还草短期内侵蚀沟裂度仍然很高,但随着近10年来“退耕还林”的推行和用地状况的改善,沟蚀虽仍在发展但速度趋于缓慢。 相似文献
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LIU Jiyuan ZHANG Zengxiang XU Xinliang KUANG Wenhui ZHOU Wancun ZHANG Shuwen LI Rendong YAN Changzhen YU Dongsheng WU Shixin JIANG Nan 《地理学报》2010,20(4):483-494
Land use and land cover change as the core of coupled human-environment systems has become a potential field of land change science (LCS) in the study of global environmental change. Based on remotely sensed data of land use change with a spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km on national scale among every 5 years, this paper designed a new dynamic regionalization according to the comprehensive characteristics of land use change including regional differentiation, physical, economic, and macro-policy factors as well. Spatial pattern of land use change and its driving forces were investigated in China in the early 21st century. To sum up, land use change pattern of this period was characterized by rapid changes in the whole country. Over the agricultural zones, e.g., Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, the southeast coastal areas and Sichuan Basin, a great proportion of fine arable land were engrossed owing to considerable expansion of the built-up and residential areas, resulting in decrease of paddy land area in southern China. The development of oasis agriculture in Northwest China and the reclamation in Northeast China led to a slight increase in arable land area in northern China. Due to the “Grain for Green” policy, forest area was significantly increased in the middle and western developing regions, where the vegetation coverage was substantially enlarged, likewise. This paper argued the main driving forces as the implementation of the strategy on land use and regional development, such as policies of “Western Development”, “Revitalization of Northeast”, coupled with rapidly economic development during this period. 相似文献
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21世纪初中国土地利用变化的空间格局与驱动力 总被引：33，自引：15，他引：18
Land use and land cover change as the core of coupled human-environment systems has become a potential field of land change science (LCS) in the study of global environmental change. Based on remotely sensed data of land use change with a spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km on national scale among every 5 years, this paper designed a new dynamic regionalization according to the comprehensive characteristics of land use change including regional differentiation, physical, economic, and macro-policy factors as well. Spatial pattern of land use change and its driving forces were investigated in China in the early 21st century. To sum up, land use change pattern of this period was characterized by rapid changes in the whole country. Over the agricultural zones, e.g., Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, the southeast coastal areas and Sichuan Basin, a great proportion of fine arable land were engrossed owing to considerable expansion of the built-up and residential areas, resulting in decrease of paddy land area in southern China. The development of oasis agriculture in Northwest China and the reclamation in Northeast China led to a slight increase in arable land area in northern China. Due to the "Grain for Green" policy, forest area was significantly increased in the middle and western developing regions, where the vegetation coverage was substantially enlarged, likewise. This paper argued the main driving forces as the implementation of the strategy on land use and regional development, such as policies of "Western Development", "Revitalization of Northeast", coupled with rapidly economic development during this period. 相似文献
16.
Soil and bedrock distribution estimated from gully form and frequency: A GIS-based decision-tree model for Lebanon 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Torrential rainfall and relatively sparse vegetation in the Mediterranean region result in the development of gully systems and land degradation, notably on lands with specific types of soil and bedrock. This paper proposes a decision-tree model to predict the distribution of soil and bedrock susceptible to gully erosion (white Rendzinas and marly rocks) from the form and frequency of gullies. The study area is located in Lebanon and the model is linked to GIS. V-fold cross-validation of the pruned model indicates that gully features including cross-section size and shape, network frequency, types of meandering, and catchment area can explain 80% of variance in soil/rock properties. The overall accuracy of the soil/rock map was estimated to be ca. 87%. The proposed model is relatively simple, and may also be applied to other areas. It is particularly useful when information about soil and rock obtained from conventional field surveys is limited. 相似文献
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克拜东部黑土区侵蚀沟遥感分类与空间格局分析 总被引：13，自引：6，他引：7
近百年来,东北黑土区侵蚀沟的大量发育带来了一系列严重的社会经济问题,弄清侵蚀沟的类型、数量及分布情况是进行水土流失治理和生态环境建设的前提条件。以黑龙江省克拜东部黑土区作为典型研究区,采用2005年SPOT-5高分辨率卫星影象,结合野外调查,根据侵蚀沟的活跃程度,将黑土区的侵蚀沟分为活跃性、半活跃性和稳定性三种类型,阐述了不同类型侵蚀沟的影象特征和遥感分类方法,为利用遥感手段在区域尺度上对侵蚀沟进行快速调查提供了一种新途径。在对侵蚀沟进行信息提取和空间插值后,形成研究区不同类型侵蚀沟密度图,探讨了克拜东部黑土区侵蚀沟分布的空间格局特征及其影响因素,认为地貌发育过程中的“分水岭迁移”现象是造成该地区侵蚀沟密度东西差异的重要原因。 相似文献
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River channel response to short-term human-induced change in landscape connectivity in Andean ecosystems 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
Veerle Vanacker Armando Molina Gerard Govers Jean Poesen Gerd Dercon Seppe Deckers 《Geomorphology》2005,72(1-4):340-353
The drainage basin of the Deleg River (88 km2), located in the southern Ecuadorian Andes, was studied to assess the geomorphic and hydrologic response of a fluvial system to human-induced environmental change in its contributing area. Historical data on land use, channel morphology and sedimentology were collected, based on a spatial analysis of aerial photographs (1963–1995) and a field survey (2002). Analysis of channel cross-sectional profiles and sedimentological data revealed a major change in morphology and sedimentology of the Deleg River during the past four decades: (i) the active river channel narrowed by over 45%, (ii) the riverbed incised on average by over 1.0 m and (iii) the median grain size of the bed surface decreased from 13.2 cm to 4.7 cm. The spatial pattern of land cover within the Deleg catchment also changed considerably: highly degraded agricultural land in the low-lying areas was abandoned and partially afforested for timber and wood production, whereas secondary upland forest was increasingly cleared for expansion of cropland and pastures. Notwithstanding large changes in the spatial organization of land use within the catchment, the overall land use did not change significantly during the past four decades. This suggests that the response of the Deleg River to land-use change not only depends on the overall land-use change, but also on the spatial pattern of land-use/cover change within the catchment. Although forestation and regeneration of bare gully slopes and floors throughout the catchment only represented a minor part of the total land-use change, these land-use/cover changes had a major impact on the hydrological and sediment connectivity in the landscape. 相似文献
19.
Land use change and its eco-environmental responses are foci in geographical research. As a region with uneven economic development, land use change and eco-environmental responses across Jiangsu Province are relevant to China’s overall development pattern. The external function of regional land use changes during different stages of economic development. In this study, we proposed a novel classification system based on the dominant function of land use according to “production-ecology-life”, and then analyzed land use change and regional eco-environmental responses from a functional perspective of regional development. The results showed that from 1985 to 2008, land use change features in Jiangsu were that productive land area decreased and ecological and living land areas increased. Land use changes in southern Jiangsu were the most dramatic. In southern and central parts of Jiangsu the agricultural production function weakened and urban life service function strengthened; in northern Jiangsu, the mining production function’s comparative advantage highlighted that the rural life service function was weakening. Ecological environmental quality decreased slightly in Jiangsu and its three regions. The maximum contribution rate to ecological environmental change occurred in southern Jiangsu and the minimum rate was located in the north. Eco-environmental quality deteriorated in southern and central Jiangsu, related to expanding construction land in urban and rural areas. Ecological environmental quality deterioration in northern Jiangsu is probably due to land development and consolidation. The main reason for improvements in regional ecological environments is that agricultural production land was converted to water ecological land across Jiangsu. 相似文献
20.
秦巴山区中山地小流域土地持续利用模式探讨--以柞水县薛家沟流域为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在分析薛家沟流域土地利用现状、持续利用条件和限制因素的基础上 ,依据流域立体分异特性 ,提出川平地以粮食种植、坡地以经济果木和防护林为主导的山地林果药菌立体开发的土地利用模式 相似文献