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1.
A 1053-year reconstruction of spring rainfall (March-June) was developed for the southeastern United States, based on three tree-ring reconstructions of statewide rainfall from North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. This regional reconstruction is highly correlated with the instrumental record of spring rainfall (r = +0.80; 1887–1982), and accurately reproduces the decade-scale departures in spring rainfall amount and variance witnessed over the Southeast during the past century. No large-magnitude centuries-long trends in spring rainfall amounts were reconstructed over the past 1053 years, but large changes in the interannual variability of spring rainfall were reconstructed during portions of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), Little Ice Age (LIA), and the 20th century. Dry conditions persisted at the end of the 12th century, but appear to have been exceeded by a reconstructed drought in the mid-18th century. High interannual variability, including five extremely wet years were reconstructed for a 20-yr period during the late 16th and early 17th centuries, and may reflect amplified atmospheric circulation over eastern North America during what appears to have been one of the most widespread cold episodes of the Little Ice Age. 相似文献
2.
This study investigates the relationship between North Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SST) and persistent drought in North America using modern observations, proxy paleo-data, and simulations from multiple climate models. The observational results show that persistent droughts in the Great Plains and the southwest North America are closely related to multidecadal variations of North Atlantic SST (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillations, AMO). During the AMO warm (cold) phases, most of North America is dry (wet). This relationship is persistent since at least 1567 AD, as based on proxy SST for the North Atlantic and the reconstructed drought index for North America. On centennial timescales, proxy SST records from the North Atlantic and proxy drought records for North America suggest that major periods of AMO-like warm (cold) SST anomalies during the last 7.0?ka correspond to dry (wet) conditions in the Great Plains. The influence of North Atlantic SST on North American droughts is examined using simulations made by five global climate models. When forced by warm North Atlantic SST anomalies, all models captured significant drying over North America, despite some regional differences. Specifically, dry summers in the Great Plains and the southwest North America are simulated by all models. The precipitation response to a cold North Atlantic is much weaker and contains greater disagreement among the models. Overall, the ensemble of the five models could well reproduce the statistical relationship between the dry/wet fluctuations in the North America and North Atlantic SST anomalies. Our results suggest that North Atlantic SSTs are likely a major driver of decadal and centennial timescale circulation, including droughts, in North America. Possible mechanisms that connect North Atlantic SST with North American drought, as well as interactions between North Atlantic and tropical Pacific SST and their relative roles on drought are also discussed. 相似文献
3.
Tree-Ring Reconstructed Winter Precipitation and Tropical Teleconnections in Durango, Mexico 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Malcolm K. Cleaveland David W. Stahle Matthew D. Therrell José Villanueva-Diaz Barney T. Burns 《Climatic change》2003,59(3):369-388
Earlywood width chronologies from Douglas-fir tree rings were used to reconstruct winter (November–March) precipitation for more than 600 years over Durango, Mexico. The tree-ring data were obtained from two sites of long-lived Douglas-fir in northern and southern Durango and the seasonal climatic precipitation data were regionally averaged from five weather stations well distributed across the state. The averaged earlywood chronology accounted for 56% of the variance in instrumental November–March precipitation 1942–1983. We validated the reconstruction against independent precipitation records. The worst winter drought of the 20th century in Durango occurred 1950–1965. However, the reconstruction indicates droughts more severe than any witnessed in the 20th century, e.g., the 1850s–1860s, and the megadrought in the mid- to late-16th century. Reconstructed winter precipitation 1540–1579 shows 33 of 40 years were dry. Persistent drought may be linked to extended La Niña episodes. The Tropical Rainfall Index (TRI) correlates well with instrumental and reconstructed winter precipitation (r = 0.49 and 0.55, respectively), reflecting the strong ENSO modulation of cool season climate over northern Mexico. The ENSO teleconnection varies through time, with TRI-reconstructed precipitation correlations ranging from 0.78 to 0.27 in five periods 1895–1993. The 1942–1983 winter observed and reconstructed Durango data correlate well with the corresponding seasonalization of the All-Mexico Rainfall Index (AMRI; r=0.68, P<0.0001 and r=0.70, P<0.001, respectively), indicating that both the observed and the reconstructed precipitation often reflect broad-scale precipitation anomalies across Mexico. New long Douglas-fir and baldcypress tree-ring chronologies are now available for central and southern Mexico near major population centers, allowing the exploration of relationships between drought, food scarcity, and social and political upheaval in Mexican history. 相似文献
4.
A 1052-year tree-ring proxy for Alpine summer temperatures 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Ulf Büntgen Jan Esper David C. Frank Kurt Nicolussi Martin Schmidhalter 《Climate Dynamics》2005,25(2-3):141-153
A June–August Alpine temperature proxy series is developed back to AD 951 using 1,527 ring-width measurements from living trees and relict wood. The reconstruction is composed of larch data from
four Alpine valleys in Switzerland and pine data from the western Austrian Alps. These regions are situated in high elevation
Alpine environments where a spatially homogenous summer temperature signal exists. In an attempt to capture the full frequency
range of summer temperatures over the past millennium, from inter-annual to multi-centennial scales, the regional curve standardization
technique is applied to the ring width measurements. Correlations of 0.65 and 0.86 after decadal smoothing, with high elevation
meteorological stations since 1864 indicate an optimal response of the RCS chronology to June–August mean temperatures. The
proxy record reveals warm conditions from before AD 1000 into the thirteenth century, followed by a prolonged cool period, reaching minimum values in the 1820s, and a warming
trend into the twentieth century. This latter trend and the higher frequency variations compare well with the actual high
elevation temperature record. The new central Alpine proxy suggests that summer temperatures during the last decade are unprecedented
over the past millennium. It also reveals significant similarities at inter-decadal to multi-centennial frequencies with large-scale
temperature reconstructions, however, deviating during certain periods from H.H. Lamb‘s European/North Atlantic temperature
history. 相似文献
5.
This paper analyses the role played by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in the creation of drought conditions in a semi-arid
region of north-east Spain (the middle Ebro valley), from 1600 to the year 2000. The study used documents from ecclesiastical
archives for the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. For the twentieth century, instrumental precipitation records
were used as well. A December–August drought index from 1600 to 1900 was compiled from the historical documentary sources
(rogation ceremonies). The index was validated by means of precipitation records between 1858 and 1900 and independent precipitation
data from 1600 reconstructed by means of dendrochronological records. Using instrumental data a drought index was also calculated
(Standardized Precipitation Index, SPI) for the 1958–2000 period. We found that the NAO was important in explaining the droughts
identified in the study area from documents and instrumental data. Positive values of the winter NAO index are prone to cause
droughts in the middle Ebro valley. This finding has been verified since 1600 by means of two independent reconstructions
of the winter NAO index. The same behaviour has been observed during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries by means of instrumental
records. The climatic and geographic factors that explain the high influence of North Atlantic Oscillation on droughts in
this region are discussed in depth. 相似文献
6.
Severe droughts have affected much of Europe over the last 40 years. A limitation to current understanding of droughts is based around drought characteristics (e.g. frequency, severity and duration) as there are limited long series (>100 years) with well documented severe droughts. This is further complicated with future climate projections, and the potential implications that these will have on drought characteristics. This paper presents reconstructed drought series from 1697, 1726 and 1767 to 2011 for three sites in southeast England. Precipitation and temperature series are reconstructed to generate long drought series using the self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index, enabling determination of drought characteristics. The reconstructions identify multiple drought-rich periods, 1730–1760 and 1890-present, with an increasing tendency towards more severe droughts during the latter period. Prolonged rainfall deficiencies are found to be the primary cause of severe droughts, with rising temperatures increasing soil moisture deficit, therefore intensifying drought conditions. Cycles at the 6–10 year period identify a sub-decadal to decadal signal during drought-rich periods. Analysis of the spatial variability of droughts finds that whilst severe events are predominantly regionally coherent, there are notable variations in severity and duration between sites, which are attributed to localised rainfall variability. This study extends the temporal range of previous drought studies and places recent drought events in a longer context improving upon existing ‘benchmark’ drought analyses in southeast England; with far-reaching implications for local, national and continental scale reduction of drought vulnerability and risk. 相似文献
7.
Recent global-scale analyses of the CMIP3 model projections for the twenty-first century indicate a strong, coherent decreased
precipitation response over Central America and the Intra-America Seas region. We explore this regional response and examine
the models’ skill in representing present-day climate over this region. For much of Central America, the annual cycle of precipitation
is characterized by a rainy season that extends from May to October with a period of reduced precipitation in July and August
called the mid-summer drought. A comparison of the climate of the twentieth century simulations (20c3m) with observations
over the period 1961–1990 shows that nearly all models underestimate precipitation over Central America, due in part to an
underestimation of sea surface temperatures over the tropical North Atlantic and an excessively smooth representation of regional
topographical features. However, many of the models capture the mid-summer drought. Differences between the A1B scenario (2061–2090)
and 20c3m (1961–1990) simulations show decreased precipitation in the future climate scenario, mostly in June and July, just
before and during the onset of the mid-summer drought. We thus hypothesize that the simulated twenty-first century drying
over Central America represents an early onset and intensification of the mid-summer drought. An analysis of circulation changes
indicates that the westward expansion and intensification of the North Atlantic subtropical high associated with the mid-summer
drought occurs earlier in the A1B simulations, along with stronger low-level easterlies. The eastern Pacific inter-tropical
convergence zone is also located further southward in the scenario simulations. There are some indications that these changes
could be forced by ENSO-like warming of the tropical eastern Pacific and increased land–ocean heating contrasts over the North
American continent. 相似文献
8.
Tree-ring reconstructed rainfall variability in Zimbabwe 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Matthew D. Therrell David W. Stahle Lydia P. Ries Herman H. Shugart 《Climate Dynamics》2006,26(7-8):677-685
We present the first tree-ring reconstruction of rainfall in tropical Africa using a 200-year regional chronology based on samples of Pterocarpus angolensis from Zimbabwe. The regional chronology is significantly correlated with summer rainfall (November–February) from 1901 to 1948, and the derived reconstruction explains 46% of the instrumental rainfall variance during this period. The reconstruction is well correlated with indices of the El Niño-southern oscillation (ENSO), and national maize yields. An aridity trend in instrumental rainfall beginning in about 1960 is partially reproduced in the reconstruction, and similar trends are evident in the nineteenth century. A decadal-scale drought reconstructed from 1882 to 1896 matches the most severe sustained drought during the instrumental period (1989–1995), and is confirmed in part by documentary evidence. An even more severe drought is indicated from 1859 to 1868 in both the tree-ring and documentary data, but its true magnitude is uncertain. A 6-year wet period at the turn of the nineteenth century (1897–1902) exceeds any wet episode during the instrumental era. The reconstruction exhibits spectral power at ENSO, decadal and multi-decadal frequencies. Composite analysis of global sea surface temperature during unusually wet and dry years also suggests a linkage between reconstructed rainfall and ENSO. 相似文献
9.
D. W. Stahle D. J. Burnette J. Villanueva Diaz R. R. Heim Jr. F. K. Fye J. Cerano Paredes R. Acuna Soto M. K. Cleaveland 《Climate Dynamics》2012,39(6):1431-1446
A new tree-ring reconstruction of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) for Mesoamerica from AD 771 to 2008 identifies megadroughts more severe and sustained than any witnessed during the twentieth century. Correlation analyses indicate strong forcing of instrumental and reconstructed June PDSI over Mesoamerica from the El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Spectral analyses of the 1,238-year reconstruction indicate significant concentrations of variance at ENSO, sub-decadal, bi-decadal, and multidecadal timescales. Instrumental and model-based analyses indicate that the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation is important to warm season climate variability over Mexico. Ocean-atmospheric variability in the Atlantic is not strongly correlated with the June PDSI reconstruction during the instrumental era, but may be responsible for the strong multidecadal variance detected in the reconstruction episodically over the past millennium. June drought indices in Mesoamerica are negatively correlated with gridded June PDSI over the United States from 1950 to 2005, based on both instrumental and reconstructed data. Interannual variability in this latitudinal moisture gradient is due in part to ENSO forcing, where warm events favor wet June PDSI conditions over the southern US and northern Mexico, but dryness over central and southern Mexico (Mesoamerica). Strong anti-phasing between multidecadal regimes of tree-ring reconstructed June PDSI over Mesoamerica and reconstructed summer (JJA) PDSI over the Southwest has also been detected episodically over the past millennium, including the 1950–1960s when La Ni?a and warm Atlantic SSTs prevailed, and the 1980–1990s when El Ni?o and cold Atlantic SSTs prevailed. Several Mesoamerican megadroughts are reconstructed when wetness prevailed over the Southwest, including the early tenth century Terminal Classic Drought, implicating El Ni?o and Atlantic SSTs in this intense and widespread drought that may have contributed to social changes in ancient Mexico. 相似文献
10.
Unprecedented low twentieth century winter sea ice extent in the Western Nordic Seas since A.D. 1200
M. Macias Fauria A. Grinsted S. Helama J. Moore M. Timonen T. Martma E. Isaksson M. Eronen 《Climate Dynamics》2010,34(6):781-795
We reconstructed decadal to centennial variability of maximum sea ice extent in the Western Nordic Seas for A.D. 1200–1997
using a combination of a regional tree-ring chronology from the timberline area in Fennoscandia and δ18O from the Lomonosovfonna ice core in Svalbard. The reconstruction successfully explained 59% of the variance in sea ice extent
based on the calibration period 1864–1997. The significance of the reconstruction statistics (reduction of error, coefficient
of efficiency) is computed for the first time against a realistic noise background. The twentieth century sustained the lowest
sea ice extent values since A.D. 1200: low sea ice extent also occurred before (mid-seventeenth and mid-eighteenth centuries,
early fifteenth and late thirteenth centuries), but these periods were in no case as persistent as in the twentieth century.
Largest sea ice extent values occurred from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries, during the Little Ice Age (LIA),
with relatively smaller sea ice-covered area during the sixteenth century. Moderate sea ice extent occurred during thirteenth–fifteenth
centuries. Reconstructed sea ice extent variability is dominated by decadal oscillations, frequently associated with decadal
components of the North Atlantic Oscillation/Arctic Oscillation (NAO/AO), and multi-decadal lower frequency oscillations operating
at ~50–120 year. Sea ice extent and NAO showed a non-stationary relationship during the observational period. The present
low sea ice extent is unique over the last 800 years, and results from a decline started in late-nineteenth century after
the LIA. 相似文献
11.
全球不同空间尺度陆地年降水的年代尺度变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于1951~2010年GPCC（Global Precipitation Climatology Centre）的逐月降水数据,利用集合经验模分解法（Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition,简称EEMD法）对全球、东西半球、五个大陆和四个典型干旱半干旱区等不同空间尺度年降水量的年代尺度特征进行了研究,区分了不同空间尺度上降水的年代际变化及其长期趋势。结果发现:（1）全球陆地平均降水既存在年代际的周期振荡,又存在长期变化的趋势,降水的年代际周期振荡的强度远大于降水的长期趋势,两者的共同作用使得全球陆地平均降水呈现以年代际周期振荡为主的特征。（2）在半球尺度,2000年以前,东、西半球具有明显相反的年代尺度变化特征,东半球变干（降水减少）,西半球变湿（降水增加）。（3）1951~2010年,欧亚大陆和非洲大陆与北美、南美和澳洲大陆的年代际振荡和趋势存在着一个近似反位相的关系;干旱化与干旱时段是完全不同的两个过程,两者所处的时段也不同;近10年（2001~2010年）全球五个大陆可能将进入一个相对湿润的时段。（4）四个典型干旱半干旱区降水的年代尺度变化具有明显的区域差异。总体来说,华北和北非与北美和中亚降水在长期趋势及年代际振荡上具有反位相的特征。华北和北非的年代际振荡具有近似的位相。在最近几十年,北美和中亚同处于湿润时段,但前者开始于1975年,后者开始于1985年。此外,中亚的第一个湿润时段（1959~1968年）却对应北美的干旱时段。 相似文献
12.
在全球气候变暖的背景下,持续的干旱事件将对生态系统和人类社会产生不利影响。尽管存在多源卫星遥感资料及多种干旱指数,然而区域和全球尺度干旱事件的监测仍具有挑战。采用TRMM（Tropical RainfallMeasuring Mission）数据量化降水异常、MODIS（Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）和陆表温度（Land Surface Temperature,LST）数据表征植被生长异常,构建了一种兼顾降水异常和植被生长状况异常的多传感器陆表干旱严重程度指数（Multi-sensorsDrought Severity Index,MDSI）。结果表明:MDSI 能够准确检测准全球范围（50°S～50°N,0°～180°～0°）的气象干旱事件,如亚马逊流域2005 和2010 年干旱、中国川渝地区2006 年干旱、中国云南2010 年干旱、非洲东部2011 年干旱、2012 年美国中部干旱等;MDSI 与PDSI（Palmer Drought Severity Index）呈现出大致相同的干湿空间格局,并且MDSI 有助于湿润地区干旱程度的检测。 相似文献
13.
Annual surface temperature variations, 1602 to 1961, averaged over 77 United States and southwestern Canadian stations, are reconstructed from 65 aridsite tree-ring chronologies of western North America. Annual sea-level pressure reconstructions averaged over the North Pacific sector including North America and eastern Asia are inversely related to the temperature variations. Both the instrumental and reconstructed North American temperature averages are well correlated with Northern Hemisphere average temperatures during the early 20th-century warming but the correlation diminishes after the mid-1940s. The 1918 to 1947 interval is reconstructed to have been the warmest and 1877 to 1906 the coolest. The correlations between the temperature record and other high resolution temperature series from the Northern Hemisphere are generally insignificant. However, significant correlations are noted for certain 30-yr time periods. North American temperatures appear to have been out of phase with temperatures in Europe during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Significant variations in the 30-yr mean temperatures are noted in several of the North American series. The warming early in the 20th century is the most marked followed by warming from 1717 to 1723 and from 1850 to 1866. Significant cooling occurs from 1810 to 1821 and from 1659 to 1669. 相似文献
14.
利用我国地面606个气象观测台站1951—2006年的逐日降水量和平均气温资料, 使用《气象干旱等级》国家标准中推荐使用的综合气象干旱指数（IC）, 分析了近半个世纪以来全国及不同地区干旱变化情况。结果表明:总体而言, 全国干旱面积在近50年没有显著增加或减少的趋势, 但不同地区差异较大; 其中东北和华北地区干旱化趋势显著, 特别是20世纪90年代后期至21世纪初, 上述地区发生了连续数年的大范围严重干旱, 在近半个世纪中十分罕见; 东北、华北和西北地区东部的大部分地区在近50年中持续时间最长的干旱事件多发生在1980年以后的20多年中, 而且上述地区在近20多年来干旱发生得更加频繁。另外, 我国干旱化趋势最显著的地区与增暖幅度最大的地区有很大的一致性, 表明区域增暖在干旱变化中起着一定作用。 相似文献
15.
近500年的厄尔尼诺事件 总被引：32，自引：2，他引：32
根据南美洪水、澳大利亚干旱、印度尼西亚干旱、登陆我国台风次数、东亚冷夏,用我国旱涝恢复的南方涛动指数,用北美树木年轮恢复的南方涛动指数,用北美树木年轮恢复的南方涛动指数等资料初步确定了1470年以来的厄尔尼诺事件。 相似文献
16.
Summary Tropical North African climate variability is investigated using a Sahel rainfall index and streamflow of the Nile River in
the 20th century. The mechanisms that govern tropical North Africa climate are diagnosed from NCEP reanalysis data in the period 1958–1998:
spatially – using composite and correlation analysis, and temporally – using wavelet co-spectral analysis. The Sahelian climate
is characterised by a decadal rhythm, whilst the mountainous eastern and equatorial regions exhibit interannual cycles. ENSO-modulated
zonal circulations over the Atlantic/Pacific sector are important for decadal variations, and create a climatic polarity between
South America and tropical North Africa as revealed through upper-level velocity potential and convection patterns. A more
localised N–S shift in convection between the Sahel and Guinea coast is associated with the African Easterly Jet. 相似文献
17.
18.
本文利用1948～2001全球陆地月降水资料(PREC／L)，研究了全球、北、南半球及欧亚、非洲、澳洲、北美、南美和南极大陆6个大尺度区域12～2月的降水趋势变化及早涝气候变化。结果表明：全球、南、北半球的12～2月的陆面降水有明显的年代际变化，全球12～2月降水量从1975年开始有明显的下降趋势，回归系数约为-0．017mm／a。北半球有明显的降水减少，约为-0．028mm／a，南半球12～2月降水表现为极微弱的下降趋势，且在统计上是不显著的。划分出了全球、南北半球、全球6个大尺度区域12～2月旱涝年，指出全球及北、南半球12～2月的旱涝有明显的年代际变化。70年代中期以前是全球洪涝多发期，80年代到90年代为全球干旱多发期。北半球旱涝特征与全球特征相近，南、北半球12～2月的旱涝没有明显的联系。12～2月大尺度区域中：欧亚大陆、北美洲、南极大陆旱涝年的分布有明显的年代际特征，并指出全球大部分地区的旱涝年降水量有显著的差异。6个大尺度区域12～2月的降水相关关系中，欧亚大陆和非洲大陆的相关系数最高，为-0．35，北美大陆与欧亚大陆，南美洲和澳洲的12～2月降水也有较高的相关关系。 相似文献
19.
Estimating the Impact of Global Change on Flood and Drought Risks in Europe: A Continental, Integrated Analysis 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
Bernhard Lehner Petra Döll Joseph Alcamo Thomas Henrichs Frank Kaspar 《Climatic change》2006,75(3):273-299
Most studies on the impact of climate change on regional water resources focus on long-term average flows or mean water availability,
and they rarely take the effects of altered human water use into account. When analyzing extreme events such as floods and
droughts, the assessments are typically confined to smaller areas and case studies. At the same time it is acknowledged that
climate change may severely alter the risk of hydrological extremes over large regional scales, and that human water use will
put additional pressure on future water resources. In an attempt to bridge these various aspects, this paper presents a first-time
continental, integrated analysis of possible impacts of global change (here defined as climate and water use change) on future
flood and drought frequencies for the selected study area of Europe. The global integrated water model WaterGAP is evaluated
regarding its capability to simulate high and low-flow regimes and is then applied to calculate relative changes in flood
and drought frequencies. The results indicate large ‘critical regions’ for which significant changes in flood or drought risks
are expected under the proposed global change scenarios. The regions most prone to a rise in flood frequencies are northern
to northeastern Europe, while southern and southeastern Europe show significant increases in drought frequencies. In the critical
regions, events with an intensity of today's 100-year floods and droughts may recur every 10–50 years by the 2070s. Though
interim and preliminary, and despite the inherent uncertainties in the presented approach, the results underpin the importance
of developing mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change impacts on a continental scale. 相似文献
20.
Based on the Multi-Scale Standardized Precipitation Index (MSPI), extreme severe drought events in China during 1961-2010 were identified, and the seasonal, annual, and interdecadal variations of the clustering extreme drought events were investigated by using the spatial point process theory. It is found that severe droughts present a trend of gradual increase as a result of the significant increase and clustering tendency of severe droughts in autumn. The periodicity analysis of the clustering extreme droughts in different seasons suggests that there is a remarkable interdecadal change in the occurrence of clustering extreme droughts in winter. Meanwhile, it is revealed that the clustering extreme drought events exhibit greatly different annual mean spatial distributions during 1961-2010, with scattered and concentrated clustering zones alternating on the decadal timescale. Furthermore, it is found that the decadal-mean spatial distributions of extreme drought events in summer are correlated out of phase with those of the rainy bands over China in the past 50 years, and a good decadal persistence exists between the autumn and winter extreme droughts, implying a salient feature of consecutive autumn-winter droughts in this 50-yr period. Compared with other regions of China, Southwest China bears the most prominent characteristic of clustering extreme droughts. 相似文献