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1.
Gypsum-based mortars were widely used during the Mudejar artistic period in Spain from the 12th to 16th century. During restoration works, compatibility between the new repair mortars and the original components is essential for an adequate intervention on the monument. The increasing interest of knowing the properties of the gypsum-lime-based mortars for restoration purposes justifies the research carried out. Different mortars compatible with traditional building materials were elaborated by varying the binder proportions, the type of aggregates, the binder/aggregate ratios and the curing time. The main goal of this paper is to characterize the mechanical behaviour and the pore structure of the mortars as a function of curing time. The influence between the different variables used to prepare the mortars and the development of the carbonation process over time is also considered. Mechanical strength and porosity measurements as well as X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis were performed after curing times of 1, 28 and 90 days. The results obtained confirmed a progressive increase in mechanical strength linked to the carbonation of the mortars prepared. Less lime binder and also aggregate contents showed the highest rise in strength over time, related to the highest initial porosity which favoured the carbon dioxide flow. The use of siliceous aggregates (GL-QS mortars) obtained the best results in the development of physico-mechanical properties over curing time. The knowledge obtained from the studied mortars provides practical information to establish a suitable mortar mixture for restoration works on historic buildings and modern architecture where gypsum-lime-based mortars are used.  相似文献   

2.
A common decay scenario in old and new buildings was simulated: the effects on masonry structures of salt efflorescence or subefflorescence produced by the rise of saline solution. Eight different types of masonry wall each made up of a combination of different construction materials (brick, calcarenite and four types of mortar were combined as follows: pure lime mortar, mortar + air entraining agent, mortar + pozzolana, mortar + air entraining agent + pozzolana) have been tested. These materials have different textures (strong anisotropy in brick, irregular-shaped pores in calcarenite, retraction fissures or rounded pores in mortars which also show a reduction of porosity along the contact area with the stone), different hydric behaviours (under total immersion brick + mortar specimens absorb water faster than calcarenite + mortar specimens) and different pore size distribution (brick shows unimodal pore distribution, whereas calcarenite and mortars are bimodal). In the salt weathering test, mortars interlayered with masonry blocks did not act as sacrificial layers. In fact, they allowed salts to rise through them and crystallize on the brick or calcarenite pieces causing the masonry structure to decay. Only the addition of an air-entraining agent partially hindered the capillary rise of the salt-laden solutions.  相似文献   

3.
The crystallisation of soluble sulphate salts is one of the most important factors of stone monument degradation. The origin of these salts is variable: marine, air pollution, building or restoration material. The lack of certainty about these sources represents a problem for restoration campaigns. The use of sulphur and oxygen isotopic tracers allows to discriminate the origins of materials and some stone deterioration patterns like black crusts (e.g. [Šrámek J., 1988. Sulfur Isotopes in the revealing corrosion mechanism of stones. 6th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone,. Proceedings, ed. J. Ciabach. Nicholas Copernicus University, Torun, Poland, 341–345.]). First results obtained on the Bourges cathedral (France) show that the sulphur and oxygen isotopic composition of sulphates from external (atmospheric pollution) and internal (mortars, plasters and sulphates coming from stone sulphide oxidation) origins constitute well differentiated poles. The isotopic composition of sulphates implied in different stone deterioration patterns is well explained by a combination of these poles. The present study will be extended to other French monuments located in different lithological and hydroclimatic settings where contributions of sea salts and ancient chemical treatments are suspected.  相似文献   

4.
Water (in the solid, liquid and vapour state) is one of the main factors that drive construction materials to deterioration. To assess the quality and durability of a repair rendering mortar, thus ensuring its protective function in the masonry structure, it is fundamental to study the behaviour of this mortar towards water. Mortars were elaborated with a calcitic dry hydrated lime, a calcareous aggregate, a pozzolan, a lightweight aggregate, a water-retaining agent and a plasticiser. The effect of different binder-to-aggregate proportions on the mortars’ hygric behaviour was assessed by performing free water absorption and drying, capillary uptake, hydraulic conductivity and water vapour permeability tests. Another aspect that was considered in the assessment of mortar quality was the drying shrinkage that was measured by means of a non-standardised device. It has been found that a larger amount of water is absorbed by mortars with higher lime content, whilst faster drying and higher permeability to water and water vapour are obtained in mortars with higher aggregate content. The hygric behaviour as well as the drying shrinkage of mortars has been interpreted taking into account the differences in microstructure and pore system between mortars.  相似文献   

5.
A record of mortar and salt analyses from the last 20 years on various monuments in Saxony demonstrates the close relation between the occurrence of magnesium sulphate salts and the use of dolomitic lime mortars in a regional frame. The regional distribution scheme of dolomitic lime in historic mortars depends on the geological setting of the territory, i.e. the natural occurrence of dolomite deposits. Sulphation of these mortars with the formation of magnesium sulphate and gypsum is mainly due to environmental pollution, as can be shown by sulphur stable isotope analyses. Exposure of the sulphated mortar surfaces to rain leads to the preferential dissolution and advective transport of the novel formed magnesium sulphate salts, which effloresce or subfloresce on the mortar surface or can be accumulated in the structure of adjoining porous building materials like natural stones. These processes may cause severe damages in mortars by the weakening of the binder and in porous stones by salt crystallisation of phases like epsomite and hexahydrite.  相似文献   

6.
The Cathedral of St. Giorgio in Ragusa Ibla (Sicily) is one of the most important Baroque monuments of eastern Sicily. The restoration of the monument underway has put forward notable questions regarding the stone materials used and their state of degradation. The façade appears to be made mainly of a creamy white calcarenite, and of mortars and plasters. However, detailed analysis has highlighted a more complex use of the raw material. The mortar and plaster have a different composition in regards to their architectural use while the natural stone material is distinguished not only by a creamy-white calcarenite but also by a dark coloured bituminous calcarenite (pitch rock), which now appears whiter because of superficial chromatic alterations. This process was reproduced in the laboratory using an accelerated aging technique on samples of bituminous calcarenite, which allowed the cause of the alternation to be identified as photo-oxidation of the asphaltenes. Following this process of photo-oxidation, other forms of chromatic alterations affected the façade (brown–orange-coloured patinas). FTIR, Scanning Electron Microscope and thin section microscopic observation allowed the characterization of also the products of this process to be carried out, highlighting the complex mechanism which the processes underwent.  相似文献   

7.
This paper presents the results of the compositional study of 29 samples of mortar from the so‐called “Garum Shop” (I, 12, 8) at Pompeii in Southern Italy. The characterization of the samples yielded information on the raw materials used in the mixtures, the production technology of mortars, and the building phases. It was carried out through polarized optical microscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction, X‐ray fluorescence, microanalysis energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopic microanalysis, and image analysis through the JMicroVision software. The resultant data show great compositional homogeneity among the samples, suggesting the presence of a principal construction phase, probably associated with the first phase of the house. Apart from this main construction phase, there are some samples that show differences related either to their different function or to the fact that they come from different construction phases or restoration works. The raw materials used are related to the geology of the area and are fully compatible with the pyroclastic deposits of Vesuvius.  相似文献   

8.
The monumental tomb of Jefferson Page, an officer in the American Navy, was built in 1899 and is located in the Non-Catholic Cemetery of Rome (Italy). This study presents complementary diagnostic studies characterizing the stone of the tomb and the weathering and decay phenomena it has undergone. The monument is made of a single type of whitish marble, variously veined and often covered with black patinas. Petrographic, isotopic and LA-ICP-MS analyses attribute the marble to the Carrara district. SEM/EDS and microbiological analyses indicate that the black patinas are due to cyanobacterial autotrophic and fungin heterotrophic colonization. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of organic material on some portions of the tomb, due to undocumented restoration carried out with a mixture of marble powder and a polyester resin.  相似文献   

9.
本文针对新北碚嘉陵江大桥无砟轨道水泥沥青砂浆破损存在的问题,提出了修复的原则,简述了修复的材料和工艺,以及修复工作的实施要点,并就修复工作提出建议。  相似文献   

10.
Several ancient settlements of the Middle Chalcolithic period (c.5200–4750 BC) have been identified in the Asia Minore (Turkey). One of these ancient settlements, the Güvercinkayası settlement, was founded in Central Anatolia, and is the precursor of the castle city model. This study was carried out in order to reveal the basic geological features of the region where Güvercinkayası settlement was established. In addition, it was aimed to define the plaster, mortar and building stones used in settlement, to determine the source areas and to understand the selection and use of building materials in that period.The obtained data show that the Güvercinkayası settlement was established on the Lower Pliocene (5.33–3.60 Ma) Kızılkaya ignimbrite, and mineralogical composition of the ignimbrite consists mainly of tridymite, cristobalite, orthoclase (rarely sanidine), plagioclase, quartz, biotite, and secondary calcite. The Kızılkaya ignimbrite was mainly used as building stones on the walls, and as aggregate in the mortars. Similar to the other Middle Chalcolithic period settlements in the region, it is seen that easily processed materials from nearby sources were chosen as building materials. In addition, the fact that protein and oil are not used as additives and preservatives in mortars and plasters proves that these materials are not widely used yet.  相似文献   

11.
周辉  郑俊  胡大伟  张传庆  卢景景  高阳  张旺 《岩土力学》2019,40(7):2469-2477
不同于地上混凝土结构,隧洞衬砌结构会受到碳酸性水环境的影响,其劣化机制与大气环境中碳化作用存在明显的差异。为揭示碳酸性水环境作用下隧洞衬砌结构的劣化机制,开展了大气环境和碳酸性水环境下水泥砂浆室内加速侵蚀试验研究,研究结果表明：碳酸性水环境中水泥砂浆的碳化深度明显小于大气环境中的碳化深度,其碳化系数仅为大气环境中的0.18倍;大气环境下碳化作用导致水泥砂浆中孔体积减小,其单轴抗压强度和弹性模量均有明显提高,而碳酸性水环境加剧Ca元素流失,其碳化作用导致碳化层中Ca元素含量较低,从而破坏了水泥砂浆孔隙结构,导致水泥砂浆孔体积增加,最终碳酸性水环境导致水泥砂浆单轴抗压强度和弹性模量均降低,其中弹性模量降低幅度较大。研究结果揭示了碳酸性水环境会加速隧洞衬砌结构中Ca元素流失,造成孔隙增加而强度降低,最终导致隧洞衬砌结构劣化,从而影响隧洞衬砌结构长期安全运行。  相似文献   

12.
The gaseous state and chemical inert behavior of radon make it important tracer for the radon transport study through the building materials. The radon resistant property of building construction materials is important parameter to control the indoor radon levels in living and workplaces. The materials with higher radium content can be made less severe by the use of some building materials of low diffusion coefficient and diffusion length. This makes the study of radon diffusion through building material more important along with the study of exhalation and radioactivity content. Keeping this in mind the radon diffusion study was carried out through different building construction materials used for wall and floor by active and passive techniques. The diffusion coefficient from these building materials measured by passive methods varied from (0.9 ± 0.5) × 10?7 to (22.95 ± 13.19) × 10?6 m2s?1 and radon diffusion length varied from 0.21 to 3.31 m for cement, soil, sand, wall putty and plaster of Paris (POP) etc. The radon diffusion coefficient measured by active technique varied from 1.93 × 10?10 to 1.36 × 10?7 m2s?1 for samples with definite geometry like paper, polyethylene, marble, granite etc. The radon diffusion coefficient and diffusion length depend upon the porosity and density of materials for powder samples.  相似文献   

13.
The purpose of this study was to measure, compare, and analyze the air concentration of radon that was emitted to the atmosphere from construction materials such as cement brick, tile, red clay tile, and gypsum tile. The study method was to use continuous radon monitoring equipment (RTM 1688-2) to measure concentrations of radon and thoron contained in brick, tile, red clay tile, and gypsum tile. According to the measurement results, the cement brick among the four samples showed the highest measurement value for radon, while the red clay tile showed the highest measurement value for thoron. When the radon emission concentration was estimated based on materials required for construction per unit area (3.3 m2) in an actual construction, the cement brick had the highest measurement values for radon and thoron. This study confirmed the degree of radon emission from construction materials. The purpose of this study was also to suggest a method to examine the effects of radon and reduce the dose of personal radiation exposure. It is believed that the government should be active in publicizing and managing use of construction materials that have lower levels of radon emission.  相似文献   

14.
Several studies have shown that the degradation of architectural monuments constructed using Tuffeau stones from Val de Loire region of France over a period of time are often related to use of mortars that are not compatible with the Tuffeau stones. For this reason, it is important to ensure physico-chemical compatibility between Tuffeau and the mortar. To alleviate differences in compatibility characteristics, a mortar is prepared from hydrated lime and aggregates obtained from the crushing of Tuffeau stone and used in this study. The key parameters that influence the strength and durability characteristics such as mechanical resistance, water transfer properties, and physico-chemical properties were identified and studied. Based on these studies, recommendations are offered for the preparation of a more compatible mortar that can be used in the construction and restoration of monuments using Tuffeau stone.  相似文献   

15.
La Chabola de la Hechicera, a Neolithic collective tomb which was first used at ca. 3850 B.C., has been re‐excavated for interpretation and stabilization. Information about the sources, handling, and placement of building materials allowed determination of the methods used to construct the dolmen monument. All of the rocks used in the structure are local Miocene sandstones, and the slabs were probably taken directly from the base of natural slopes near the monument. The chamber slabs were not carved, but some passage slabs were retouched to level the cover slabs. Fragments for the tumulus were obtained by mechanical fracturing. All of the slabs are imbricated, making it possible to determine the order in which they were placed. Thus, the identification of building materials and their mode of placement allows for the reconstruction of each stage of the building of the monument, providing unusually rich data for understanding the geoarchaeology and building archaeology of a dolmenic structure.  相似文献   

16.
孙洪艳田明中  武法东 《地质论评》2007,53(4):486-490,I0003
内蒙古自治区克什克腾世界地质公园的花岗岩臼自发现以来,曾有过学者从冰川论（冰臼论）和风蚀论（壶穴论）的角度分别对其成因进行过研究。笔者等通过详细调查,将该地区的这种肚大口小、内壁具平行波状纹的花岗岩臼按其发育程度分为5类：萌芽型、初具外形型、发育中期型、成熟型和衰亡型。根据发育程度,结合岩石特征、构造条件、气候、地理位置等综合分析,认为该地区的花岗岩臼的形成经历了从萌芽→初具外形→发育中期→成熟→衰亡5个阶段,且北方高寒地区的花岗岩臼发育都受上述综合因素影响：花岗岩自身是一种易风化的岩石,在有水的条件下,特殊气候环境的差异风化作用促使花岗岩臼的萌芽,萌芽态的花岗岩臼在水、冻融作用、风蚀作用参与的差异风化下进一步发展,从初具外形到中期基本成型的岩臼,风蚀作用、冻融作用等物理风化是促使其进一步发展到完全成熟型的主要营力。  相似文献   

17.
四平市矿业产业结构调整原则与优化浅析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
闫德荣  郭真 《吉林地质》2001,20(1):79-84
四平市已发现矿种48种，其中探明储量23种，已开发利用19种，依据矿业产业结构存在的主要问题，建议做如下调整；建立以省内优势矿产资源（银、锌、硫、玻璃用砂、玻璃用白云岩、硅灰石、膨润土）为龙头，以能源（石油、天然气、煤）为保证，以建材原料（水泥用灰岩、砖瓦用粘土、建筑石材）为骨干，其它矿产资源为辅的矿业产业结构体系，实现矿业增长方式的根本转变，以保持与四平市近期中长期地方国民经济发展规划中提出的增长速度同步。  相似文献   

18.
Repair mortars with different B/Ag (binder/aggregate) ratios and natural stone were studied in order to understand the influence of limestone aggregate on the properties of mortar and to check the compatibility of repair mortar with a porous limestone. Three different types of mortars with three different aggregate contents were evaluated by using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and water saturation method (WSM). Changes in density and uniaxial compressive strength as a function of aggregate content were also recorded. For comparison the properties of the porous limestone were also tested, since it is used in monuments and also as aggregate in the mortar. Tested mortars had average porosities of 27.0 % (±2.0), while oolitic limestone has higher average porosity of 32.2 % (±1.9). The limestone has mainly medium and large pore radii (1–100 μm) while the repair mortars even with high aggregate content has predominantly smaller pores. All but one pure repair mortars have higher uniaxial compressive strength than that of the oolitic limestone. The strength decreases while porosity increases with increasing aggregate content.  相似文献   

19.
Textile industry has become an essential part of modern society, and waste production is an inevitable outcome of the developmental activities. Present paper outlines a direct approach toward a real problem of managing spinney waste fibers generated during textile industry. Simultaneously, shortage in landfill disposal space is another trouble associated with dumping of these hazardous wastes. Direct incorporation of these wastes into cementitious materials faces some disadvantages, so a partial oxidative degradation treatment was performed for those wastes in laboratory-scale experiments. Slurry resulted from the degradation process was incorporated into a mixture of cement/sand as hydrating agent to produce a mortar composite. Mechanical integrity and weight stability of the mortar composite produced were evaluated at the end of setting and hardening period under different variables. Based on the experimental results, the nominated mortar composite could be considered as an added-value product suitable for various applications, for example inert matrix for immobilization of some low and intermediate levels radioactive wastes, decorative tiles, building bricks, light concrete.  相似文献   

20.
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