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1.
Homogenized samples of raw clays resulting from two (2) different lots of natural clays from Maghnia (Algeria) have been assessed for their potential use in the removal of Pb2+ and Zn2+ ions from industrial liquid wastes (LW). Raw and acid-activated samples have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and used as adsorbents for the removal of Pb2+ and Zn2+ ions from aqueous system using adsorption method under different conditions. The effect of factors including contact time, pH, and dosage on the adsorption properties of Pb2+ and Zn2+ ions onto clays was investigated at 25 °C. The obtained results revealed that the removal percentages of Pb2+ and Zn2+ ions, from both aqueous solution (AS) and LW, were varying between 90 and 98% for 40 min and optimal pH values ranged from 5 to 6 for Pb2+ and Zn2+ ions, respectively. The kinetics of both Pb2+ and Zn2+ ion adsorption fitted well with the pseudo-second-order model. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin adsorption isotherms were used, and their constants were evaluated. The values of thermodynamic parameters, ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG° indicated that the adsorption of Pb2+ and Zn2+ ions was spontaneous and exothermic process in nature. The adsorption and desorption isotherms indicated that Pb2+ and Zn2+ adsorption to raw clays was reversible. The experimental results obtained showed that the raw clays from Maghnia (Algeria) had a great potential for removing Pb2+ and Zn2+ ions from industrial liquid wastes using adsorption method.  相似文献   

2.
Theδ18O (SMOW) values of the Kirkpatrick Basalt (Jurassic) on Mt. Falla, Queen Alexandra Range, vary between +6.3‰ and +8.6‰ The apparent enrichment of these rocks in18O excludes the possibility that they were altered by interaction with aqueous solutions of meteoric origin. Theδ18O values of the flows correlate significantly with the initial87Sr/86Sr ratios and all major elements. These correlations confirm the hypothesis that the basalt magma was contaminated by rocks of the continental crust through which it was extruded. Estimates of the chemical composition of the basalt magma and the contaminant, based on extrapolations of the new oxygen data, generally confirm earlier estimates based on extrapolations of initial87Sr/86Sr ratios. The87Sr/86Sr ratio of the uncontaminated basalt was 0.7093 which indicates that magma may have originated by melting either in old Rb-enriched lithospheric mantle under Antarctica or in the overlying crust, or both.  相似文献   

3.
 We have investigated a well-ordered sample of natural Cr-bearing dickite from Nowa Ruda (Lower Silesia, Poland) using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) at X- and Q-band frequencies (9.42 and 33.97 GHz, respectively) and optical diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The observation of the spin-forbidden transitions at 15500 and 14690 cm−1 allows us to unambiguously identify the major contribution of octahedrally coordinated Cr3+ ions in the optical spectrum. The X- and Q-band EPR spectra show two superposed Cr3+ signals. The corresponding fine-structure parameters were determined at room temperature and 145 K. These results suggest the substitution of Cr3+ for Al3+ in equal proportions in the two unequivalent octahedral sites of the dickite structure. In kaolin group minerals, the distortion around Cr3+ ions (λ≈ 0.2–0.4) in Al sites is significantly less rhombic than that observed around Fe3+ ions (λ≈ 0.6–0.8). Received: 29 June 2001 / Accepted: 22 October 2001  相似文献   

4.
The data on photoluminescence (PL) that precisely detects Eu2+ centers and X-ray luminescence (XL) were compared for plagioclases and potassium feldspars in 21 samples from muscovite pegmatites of the Mama region. The Eu contents determined in 10 samples vary from 10?4 to 10?6 wt %. Europium occurs mainly as bivalent species that replaces Sr2+, Ca2+, and Ba2+. Eu is gained in the products of early crystallization, and its relative amounts decrease by an order of magnitude in the course of pegmatite formation down to complete disappearance in late generations of feldspars. It is shown that Eu2+ can be detected in XL spectra, and the Eu2+ content can be determined in qualitative terms, for instance, by the intensity of radiation band 400–420 nm in plagioclase.  相似文献   

5.
The presence of partially oxidized algal organic matter in oil-prone marine source rocks, is the rule rather than the exception. Partially oxidized, algal kerogen can still act as a significant source of liquid hydrocarbons. However, the corresponding peak of C12 + hydrocarbon generation is shifted to a considerably lower maturity level compared with that of the classical Type II kerogen. The extent of primary alteration-oxidation of marine algal kerogen is monitored by means of solid state microfluorescence spectroscopy. A new parameter, the Primary Alteration Factor (PAF) is established, and the relationships between PAF and H/C, O/C, HI, TOC and between PAF and %0δ13C are determined. The present data show large variations in the bulk chemistry of immature marine algal kerogens, and reveal evidence for gradational dehydrogenation/oxidation of the source organic matter. This contrasts with the recently proposed mechanism for kerogen formation. SEM analysis reveals a relationship between the physical breakdown of algal organic matter and the formation of liptodetrinite. FTIR analysis shows that the incorporation of primary oxygen in the kerogen macromolecules is not in the form of carbonyl or carboxyl functionalities. The presence of highly unreactive, stable oxygen, associated with aromatic structures in partially oxidized algal kerogen, is suggested by resistance of the kerogen to graphitization. The FTIR data also suggest the presence of aryl ether oxygen. The present findings raise fundamental questions regarding the mechanisms of kerogen cracking and kerogen formation, and have important implications for petroleum exploration.  相似文献   

6.
Calcite crystals were grown from solution with single-crystal dimensions up to 3 mm and doped up to 0.1 at% with Nd3+ ions. Phase purity was verified by powder X-ray diffraction. The concentration of Nd3+ was measured by energy-dispersive spectrometry and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. Micro X-ray fluorescence mapping of the calcite grains indicates uniform Nd distribution in as-grown crystal grains. X-ray absorption fine structure suggests that Nd3+ is substituted for Ca2+ with local lattice distortion. Temperature-dependent near-infrared spectroscopy of Nd3+ impurities in calcite reveals large inhomogeneous linewidths and smooth line profiles that are characteristic of glassy hosts, though the samples are well crystallized.  相似文献   

7.
A novel complex continuous system of solid solutions involving vauquelinite Pb2Cu(CrO4)(PO4)(OH), bushmakinite Pb2Al(VO4)(PO4)(OH), ferribushmakinite Pb2Fe3+(VO4)(PO4)(OH), and a phase with the endmember formula Pb2Cu(VO4)(PO4)(H2O) or Pb2Cu(VO4)(РО3ОН)(ОН) is studied based on samples from the oxidation zone of the Berezovskoe, Trebiat, and Pervomaisko-Zverevsky deposits in the Urals, Russia. This is the first natural system in which chromate and vanadate anions show a wide range of substitutions and the most extensive solid solution system involving (CrO4)2– found in nature. The major couple substitution is Cr6+ + Cu2+ ? V5+ + M3+, where M = Fe, Al. The correlation coefficients calculated from 125 point analyses are: 0.96 between V and (Fe + Al), 0.96 between Cr and (Cu + Zn),–0.96 between V and (Cu + Zn),–0.97 between Cr and (Fe + Al), and–0.97 between (Fe + Al) and (Cu + Zn). The substitutions V5+ ? Cr6+ (correlation coefficient–0.98) and to a lesser extent P5+ ? As5+ (correlation coefficient–0.86) occur at two types of tetrahedral sites, whereas the metal–nonmetal/metalloid substitutions, i.e., V or Cr for P or As, are minor. The substitution Fe3+ ? Al3+ is also negligible in this solid solution system.  相似文献   

8.
Tetraethylenepentamine-modified sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was prepared to improve its adsorption capacity and selectivity toward Cu2+. Adsorption performances of the modified sorbent for Cu2+ were studied in batch system. Separation of Cu2+ from Pb2+ by the modified sorbent fixed-bed column were studied under dynamic system with initial molar concentration ratio \(\left( {C_{0}^{\text{Cu}} /C_{0}^{\text{Pb}} } \right)\) ranging from 1:1 to 1:100. The amount of Cu2+ and Pb2+ adsorbed on the saturated column was calculated by the elution curve. Batch experimental results showed that the adsorption capacity of the sorbent for Cu2+ increased from 0.12 to 0.21 mmol g?1 after modification. Dynamic adsorption results showed that the modified SCB had higher adsorption affinity toward Cu2+ than Pb2+. 0.07 mmol g?1 of adsorbed Pb2+ was pushed off by Cu2+ during the competitive adsorption process at \(C_{0}^{\text{Cu}} /C_{0}^{\text{Pb}} = {\text{1:1}}.\) The breakthrough curves and adsorption kinetics of Cu2+ in the column could be fitted well by the Yoon–Nelson and modified Yoon–Nelson model, respectively. According to the elution curve, the amount of Cu2+ adsorbed on the fixed-bed column were 0.16, 0.16 and 0.15 mmol g?1, while that of Pb2+ were 0.0016, 0.0051 and 0.0094 mmol g?1 when \(C_{0}^{\text{Cu}} /C_{0}^{\text{Pb}}\) increased from 1:1 to 1:10 and 1:100. Cu2+ could be selectively adsorbed and separated from Pb2+ by using the modified sorbent fixed-bed column.  相似文献   

9.
Carbonatites host some of the largest and highest grade rare earth element (REE) deposits but the composition and source of their REE-mineralising fluids remains enigmatic. Using C, O and 87Sr/86Sr isotope data together with major and trace element compositions for the REE-rich Kangankunde carbonatite (Malawi), we show that the commonly observed, dark brown, Fe-rich carbonatite that hosts REE minerals in many carbonatites is decoupled from the REE mineral assemblage. REE-rich ferroan dolomite carbonatites, containing 8–15 wt% REE2O3, comprise assemblages of monazite-(Ce), strontianite and baryte forming hexagonal pseudomorphs after probable burbankite. The 87Sr/86Sr values (0.70302–0.70307) affirm a carbonatitic origin for these pseudomorph-forming fluids. Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of strontianite, representing the REE mineral assemblage, indicate equilibrium between these assemblages and a carbonatite-derived, deuteric fluid between 250 and 400 °C (δ18O + 3 to + 5‰VSMOW and δ13C ? 3.5 to ? 3.2‰VPDB). In contrast, dolomite in the same samples has similar δ13C values but much higher δ18O, corresponding to increasing degrees of exchange with low-temperature fluids (< 125 °C), causing exsolution of Fe oxides resulting in the dark colour of these rocks. REE-rich quartz rocks, which occur outside of the intrusion, have similar δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr to those of the main complex, indicating both are carbonatite-derived and, locally, REE mineralisation can extend up to 1.5 km away from the intrusion. Early, REE-poor apatite-bearing dolomite carbonatite (beforsite: δ18O + 7.7 to + 10.3‰ and δ13C ?5.2 to ?6.0‰; 87Sr/86Sr 0.70296–0.70298) is not directly linked with the REE mineralisation.  相似文献   

10.
 The magnetic behavior of the Jahn-Teller structure braunite, (Mn2+ 1−yM y )(Mn3+ 6− x Mx)SiO12, is strongly influenced by the incorporation of elements substituting manganese. Magnetic properties of well-defined synthetic samples were investigated in dependence on the composition. The final results are presented in magnetic phase diagrams. To derive the necessary data, ac susceptibility and magnetization of braunites with the substitutional elements M = Mg, Fe, (Cu+Ti) and Cu were measured. Whereas the antiferromagnetic ordering temperature, T N , of pure braunite is hardly affected by the substitution of nonmagnetic Mg, it is rapidly suppressed by the substitution of magnetic atoms at the Mn positions. Typically for a concentration (x, y) ≥ 0.7 of the substituted elements, a spin glass phase occurs in the magnetic phase diagrams. Additionally, for the braunite system with Fe3+ substitutions, we observe in the concentration range 0.2 < x< 0.7 a double transition from the paramagnetic state, first to the antiferromagnetic state, followed by a transition to a spin glass state at lower temperatures. The unusual change of the magnetic properties with magnetic substitution at the Mn positions is attributed to the peculiar antiferromagnetic structure of braunite, which has been resolved recently. Received: 19 April 2001 / Accepted: 6 September 2001  相似文献   

11.
A model is proposed for a fragment of the chemical structures of the geopolymers based on elemental analysis and the study of the composition of the pyrolysis products of kerogen from the Upper Jurassic and Devonian formations in the East European Platform. The Sorg/C ratio in kerogen from oil shales from J3v2 is 0.4 or higher, and this kerogen belongs to type II-S, while kerogen from the Domanik rocks does not contain S and belongs to type II. The composition of the pyrolysis products of the Upper Jurassic kerogen testifies to the presence of polysulfur-bound structures in this geopolymer, whose thermolysis results in disulfuric cyclic compounds. No structures of this type are contained in Domanik kerogen. Oxygen-bearing groups in J3v2 kerogen are thought to be partly concentrated on simple-ether bonds, whereas D3dm kerogen is likely dominated by compound-ether and carboxyl structures. Nitrogen-bearing structures in kerogen from Upper Jurassic and Domanik formations are of different genesis: while nitrogen-bearing structures in Jurassic kerogen are mostly aminoacids, Domanik kerogen contains chitin derivatives.  相似文献   

12.
The effect of CaO, Na2O, and K2O on ferric/ferrous ratio in model multicomponent silicate melts was investigated in the temperature range 1450–1550?°C at 1-atm total pressure in air. It is demonstrated that the addition of these network modifier cations results in an increase of Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio. The influence of network modifier cations on the ferric/ferrous ratio increases in the order Ca?<?Na?<?K. Some old controversial conceptions concerning the effect of potassium on Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio in simple model liquids are critically evaluated. An empirical equation is proposed to predict the ferric/ferrous ratio in SiO2–TiO2–Al2O3–FeO–Fe2O3–MgO–CaO–Na2O–K2O–P2O5 melts at air conditions.  相似文献   

13.
The variations in 238U/235U values accompanying mobilization of U by fracture waters from uranium-bearing rocks, in which U occurs as a fine impregnation of oxides and silicates, were studied by the high-precision (±0.07‰) MC–ICP–MS method. Transition of U into the aqueous phase in the oxidized state U(VI) is accompanied by its isotope fractionation with enrichment of dissolved U(VI) in the heavy isotope 238U up to 0.32‰ in relation to the composition of the solid phases. According to the sign, this effect is consistent with the tendency of the behavior of 238U and 235U upon interaction of river waters with rocks of the catchment areas [11] and with the effect observed during oxidation of uraninite by the oxygen-bearing NaHCO3 solution [12].  相似文献   

14.
The problem associated with multi-metals contaminated soils has generated increasingly more attention. Thus, it is necessary within the field to study the mutual influence of environmental factors on competitive adsorption. The majority of studies carried out to date have concentrated on the variation of adsorption capacity or the removal efficiency, with only a single factor changed (including pH, ionic strength, and metal concentration). However, the interaction effect among various environmental factors was ignored in these studies. The purpose of this study was mainly aimed toward the investigation of the interaction of two influential factors, as well as the influential degree of each factor (such as the initial pH, ionic strength, initial metal concentration, and the competitive metal concentration) on competitive adsorption using the response surface method. These results demonstrated that the influential degree of each factor studied on the competitive adsorption of Zn2+ and Cd2+ followed the trend of having the initial concentration of the target metal?>?initial pH?>?concentration of competitive metal?>?ionic strength. When the metal concentration was held constant, we found that the competitive adsorption of Zn2+ initially increased, followed by a decrease with increasing initial pH. However, this was found to change minimally with increasing ionic strength. When the initial pH or ionic strength was held constant, the competitive ability was observed to increase with increasing Zn2+ concentration. However, with increasing Zn2+ or Cd2+ concentrations, the variation degree of the competitive adsorption was found to become smaller. These results provide novel information toward a better understanding of the effect of multifactors on the competitive adsorption of Zn2+ and Cd2+.  相似文献   

15.
A series of biomarkers is used to explore the bio-inputs of source rocks and oils. Oils from the Dongtai sag of the Subei Basirr are characterized by abundant gammacerane and 4-methyl steranes. Both Ef4 and Ef2 source shales contain type-II1 kerogen. Ef4 is different from Ef2 in biomarker distribution and generated oil. The former has higher Pr/Ph and 4-methyl sterane/sterane ratios, but the latter has more abundant β-carotane. The presence of immature oils and source rocks in the Hai’an depression indicates that the immature oils are of commercial value.  相似文献   

16.
The results are presented of the first studies to be carried out on 4He retention under mechanical deformation of isoferroplatinum (Pt3Fe) from a unique placer deposit at the Konder and Uorgalan rivers and from indigenous shows of the alkaline–ultrabasic Konder Massif (Khabarovsk krai, Russia). It was found that the deformation of Pt3Fe of the Pm-3m cell resulted in structural transformations with the appearance of domains and subsequent conversion into native platinum (Pt, Fe) of the Fm-3m cell.  相似文献   

17.
U-Pb systems were examined in samples (ranging from 4 to 10 cm3 in volume) of ore material taken from along a 3.5-m profile across a zone of U mineralization exposed in an underground mine at the Strel’tsovskoe U deposit in eastern Transbaikalia. The behaviors of two isotopic U-Pb systems (238U-206Pb and 235U-207Pb) are principally different in all samples from our profile. While the individual samples are characterized by a vast scatter of their T(206Pb/238U) age values (from 112 to 717 Ma), the corresponding T(207Pb/235U) values vary much less significantly (from 127 to 142 Ma) and are generally close to the true age of the U mineralization. The main reason for the distortion of the U-Pb system is the long-lasting (for tens of million years) migration of intermediate decay products in the 238U-206Pb(RD238U) in the samples. This process resulted in the loss of RD238U from domains with high U concentrations and the subsequent accommodation of RD238U at sites with low U concentrations. The long-term effect of these opposite processes resulted in a deficit or excess of 206Pb as the final product of 238U decay. The loss or migration of RD238U are explained by the occurrence of pitchblende in association with U oxides that have higher Si and OH concentrations than those in the pitchblende and a higher +6U/+4U ratio. The finely dispersed character of the mineralization and the loose or metamict texture of the material are the principal prerequisites for RD238U loss and an excess of 206Pb in adjacent domains with low U concentrations. Domains with low U contents in the zone with U mineralization serve as geochemical barriers (because of sulfides contained in them) at which long-lived RD238U(226Ra, 210Po, 210Bi, and 210Pb) were accommodated and subsequently caused an excess of 206Pb. The 235U-207Pb system remained closed because of the much briefer lifetime of the 235U decay products. This may account for the significant discrepancies between the T(206Pb/238U) and T(207Pb/235U) age values. RD238U was most probably lost via the migration of radioisotopes at the middle part and end of the 238U family (starting with 226Ra). The heavy Th, Pa, and U radioisotopes (234Th, 234Pa, 234U, and 230Th) that occur closer to the beginning of 238U decay, before 226Ra, only relatively insignificantly participated in the process. Our results show that the loss and migration of RD238U are, under certain conditions, the main (or even the only) process responsible for the distortion of the U-Pb system.  相似文献   

18.
Potassium has been extracted successfully from biotite by Ba2+/K+ ion exchange. The potassium release rate increased along S-curve versus reaction time. The maximum of potassium release rate was about 96 %. Powder X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the obtained samples to reveal the exchanging behavior and structural transformation. The results showed that after treated with Ba(NO3)2 four times the original biotite transformed to vermiculite-type hydrated Ba-mica. The (001) basal plane was expanded from 1.000 nm of biotite to 1.221 nm of hydrated Ba-mica. Because of the “vacancy effect,” the Ba2+ has two different statuses, causing the structural water vibration of vermiculite-type hydrated Ba-mica split. The edge of vermiculite-type hydrated Ba-mica was crimped compared with the flat edge of original biotite. The (001) basal plane of dehydrated Ba-mica was also split, supporting the “vacancy effect.”  相似文献   

19.
In this work, the studies on the formation of zeolites from expanded perlite waste and their use in the sorption process of Cd2+ ions will be reported. Such approach is innovative and has not been investigated elsewhere. The results of the synthesis of zeolites from aluminosilicate waste using hydrothermal method were presented. By-product from the process production of expanded perlite was used as the starting material. Theoretical and practical aspects of Cd2+ ions sorption process onto material synthesized in selected conditions (a material with good sorption capacity can be obtained by 24 h reaction of 1 g of perlite waste in 10 mL of 4.0 M NaOH solution with at 70 °C) will be presented. The atomic absorption spectroscopy has been used as the main method, from which the effective cation exchange capacity as well as the proportion of ion exchange to chemisorption in the sorption process have been determined. Structural analyses of the sample before and after sorption process have been also carried out by the mid-infrared spectra measurement, especially pseudolattice range of the spectra was analyzed in detail in which changes caused by ion exchange of non-tetrahedral ions have been observed.  相似文献   

20.
This paper determined the fixed-ammonium (NH4 +) contents of lamprophyres in the Zhenyuan gold orefield, Yunnan Province, China. The results show that the NH4 + contents of minettes in the orefield range from 120 × 10−6 to 469 × 10−6 and those of kersantites from 74.3 × 10−6 to 136 × 10−6. These values are higher than those of other mantle-derived rocks (less than 50 × 10−6), but lower than those of carbonaceous wall rocks in the orefield (from 1200 × 10−6 to 1343 × 10−6). Combining with the Sr isotopic composition, this paper suggested that lamprophyres in the orefield with high NH4 + contents relative to other mantle-derived rocks would not have resulted from the primary magma contaminated by crustal materials in the process of rising or in the magma chamber, but from mantel metasomatism. This research project was financially supported jointly by the State Key Basic Research Program of the People’s Republic of China (No. G1999043203) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Knowledge-Innovation Program (No. KZCX3-SW-125).  相似文献   

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