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1.
Assessing desertification 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8
It is widely recognized that desertification is a serious threat to arid and semiarid environments—which cover 40% of the global land surface and are populated by approximately 1 billion humans. Given the potential relevance of this problem, it is surprising that there is no consensus on the proper way to assess the desertification status of a piece of land. During the last 70 years, conflicting definitions have produced both different assessment methodologies and divergent estimates. Contrary to conceptual issues on desertification, assessment methodologies have not been reviewed comprehensively. Here, we critically review the most common methodologies to assess desertification, and describe their principal consequences on scientific and social arenas.We show that desertification assessment has shifted from simple appraisals of the interannual movement of desert boundaries to complex multivariate field surveys, to practical methodologies based on indicators of ecosystem functioning, such as rain use efficiency. Although often regarded as an evidence of stagnation and failure, these methodologies reflect the progress that desertification ecology has experienced. Future challenges for properly assessing desertification are (1) the lack of reference situations against which actual desertification could be compared, and (2) the difficulties that appear when desertification operates through structural rather than functional ecosystem changes.The coexistence of conflicting definitions and divergent estimates negatively affects societal perception, leading to scepticism and, ultimately, to a delay of eventual solutions. Societies must recognize the progress desertification ecology has made, leave behind concepts that no longer represent current knowledge, grasp the opportunity to better assess the extent and intensity of the problem, and, for the time being, realize that assessing desertification is an unsolved issue. 相似文献
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A.N.左洛托克瑞林 《干旱区地理》2007,30(6):797-804
根据揭示沙漠化扩张内在规律的相关气候驱动因子的假说,气候作用影响之下的沙漠化是在具反射率-降水正、负反馈特点的气候系统之中的区域干旱化过程与干旱土壤退化过程相互作用的结果。在辐射调节下的地表下垫面温度占主导的条件下,气候成因的沙漠化是由区域气候系统反馈所形成。正反馈的外部调节因子是降水量的变化和极端降水事件(特别是旱灾)的出现频率,降水量减少以及降水频率的降低直接影响沙漠化的程度。20世纪下半叶,人类因素导致的干旱土地退化作为另外的正反馈调节因子,其重要性正在增加。通常正反馈的扩大趋势会被通过蒸腾而进行的地表温度调节的负反馈所抑制。由正反馈到负反馈的转换是通过地球表面与大气层之间的热量交换的调节所确定的,其中非潜热因子处于增加状态。上述情况在反射率和地表温度同时增加的条件下发生。在超出绿色植物生物量及其NDVI指数阈值的条件下,负反馈向正反馈的转换就会发生。人为作用导致的植被退化加快了向绿色植物生物量阈值逼近的进程,从而引起气候因素驱动的沙漠化扩大。一个主要由气候因素影响的荒漠化区域,在大多数情况下,其绿色生物量均在季节变化和年际变化中达到了阈值。在中度的人为影响的植被退化条件下,这些地域一般都包括部分干旱与半干旱土地。然而有时,人类活动也会导致干旱的半湿润土地退化。本文运用Turan和Sahel地区1982-2001年NDVI指数的监测结果,分析了全球变暖和人为作用导致的土地退化。 相似文献
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1 Sandstorm and Damage Over the last twenty years resources exploitation and utilization have been quickened on the one hand and on the other hand the impact has also been exterted on natural eco-environment along with the rapid development of industrial and agricultural production. Resultant sandstorms from aggrevated desertification due to excessive reclamation and overgrazing induced desertification have become a frequent disasterous weather occurred in spring in northern China which tends … 相似文献
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Science and the desertification debate 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
David S.G. Thomas 《Journal of Arid Environments》1997,37(4):599-608
Desertification is an environmental issue that has major environmental and social dimensions, and which has been controversial in a number of respects. The recent UN Convention on Desertification and Drought places considerable emphasis on the social dimensions of the problem and the role local peoples and NGOs have to play in tackling it. When desertification first became regarded as a major issue in the 1970s, science was seen to have a major role in understanding and solving the problem, but in some circles has been regarded as failing to contribute usefully. This paper explores the nature of scientific contributions, why science may have been seen to fail to serve the needs of policy-makers, and why scientific findings may have been misinterpreted in broader circles dealing with the issue. It concludes by identifying areas where science has still a valuable role to play in an issue that is now perhaps regarded as more political and social than scientific. 相似文献
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Progress in sandy desertification research of China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
WANG Tao 《地理学报(英文版)》2004,14(4):387-400
Desertification is one of the most serious environmental and socio-economic problems facing the world today. Because the rapid expansion of desertification has resulted in serious environmental deterioration, economic loss, locally unsteadiness political situation and social upheaval, it has become a hot-spot issue of worldwide concern. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, as the catastrophic drought in the west Africa greatly accelerated the development of desertification, the desertificati… 相似文献
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中国沙漠化研究进展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
王涛 《地理学报(英文版)》2004,14(4):387-400
Sandy desertification is land degradation characterized by wind erosion mainly resulted from the excessive human activities in arid, semiarid and part of sub-humid regions in northern China. The research on sandy desertification has experienced more than 5 decades of arduous course of the struggle along with the establishment and development of China‘s desert science. Researches in this field have made a great contribution to the national economic construction, and environmental protection. This paper focuses on presenting the major progress and achievements in the sandy desertification research during the last 50 years, including the stages of study on sandy desertification,background environment of sandy desertification and its changes, the conception, causes, process,monitoring and assessment of sandy desertification, the vegetation succession, landscape ecology, plant physiology, impacts on ecosystem, high-effective use of water and land resources and sustainable development in sandy desertified regions, sandy desertification control models and techniques etc. 相似文献
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Sandy desertification is land degradation characterized by wind erosion mainly resulted from the excessive human activities in arid, semiarid and part of sub-humid regions in northern China. The research on sandy desertification has experienced more than 5 decades of arduous course of the struggle along with the establishment and development of China's desert science. Researches in this field have made a great contribution to the national economic construction, and environmental protection. This paper focuses on presenting the major progress and achievements in the sandy desertification research during the last 50 years, including the stages of study on sandy desertification, background environment of sandy desertification and its changes, the conception, causes, process, monitoring and assessment of sandy desertification, the vegetation succession, landscape ecology, plant physiology, impacts on ecosystem, high-effective use of water and land resources and sustainable development in sandy desertified regions, sandy desertification control models and techniques etc. 相似文献
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近40年坝上后山地区沙漠化因子主分量的耦合波动 总被引：4，自引：5，他引：4
利用EOF (经验正交函数 )方法对河北坝上和内蒙古后山地区近 4 0年降水、年风速、大风日数、气候因子、牲畜头数和气候产量等 6个沙漠化波动因子主分量进行了计算 ,表明沙漠化诸因子尽管受降水的影响有同步波动的一面 ,但又可分解为风、畜、水三个相对独立变化的系列。由此将年大风日数、气候因子、牲畜头数和气候产量确定为影响沙漠化的主要波动因子 ,并以生物学年度将其按牧区和农牧交错区两类进行等权重耦合。结果表明 ,近 4 0年全区沙漠化因子主分量的耦合度经 3年滑动平均后 ,在 2 5 %～ 10 0 %间变化 ,196 5年至今一直维持在 75 %上下波动 ,196 7～ 1977年为耦合度最高的阶段。 80年代中期多雨段沙漠化的持续蔓延 ,充分证明了人类不合理活动在坝上后山地区沙漠化发展中的主导作用。 相似文献
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毛乌素沙地土地沙漠化评价 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
基于遥感监测反演数据,以多等级土地沙漠化转化度为评价指标,研究构建了毛乌素沙地土地沙漠化转化度模型,并对20世纪80年代末到90年代末期间毛乌素土地沙漠化转化情况和转化机理进行了系统评价和分析。评价发现,毛乌素沙地土地沙漠化情况为:东部区沙漠化发展的转化度为12.113%,逆转的转化度为9.639%,所以该区沙漠化呈现加重的态势;中部区沙漠化发展的转化度为14.551%,逆转的转化度为18.954%,但强烈发展所占比例较大,可见该区土地沙漠化呈现面积缩小、程度加重的特点;西部区沙漠化发展的转化度为8.731%,逆转的转化度为7.298%,说明该区土地沙漠化发展略大于逆转,沙漠化面积扩大,但分析发现该区重度、极重度沙漠化土地逆转的转化度很高,总和为6.483%,约为发展转化度总和的两倍,所以该区土地沙漠化程度整体减轻。 相似文献
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荒漠化分类分级理论的初步探讨 总被引：17，自引：1，他引：16
简要回顾了二十多年来联合国荒漠化代表性分类分级理论的发展,评价了1977年、1984年、1992年和1997年提出的最有代表性分类分级理论,归纳出目前三种分类分级理论的评价思想:以指标体系为基础的绝对退化评价,生产力与经营水平相结合的相对退化评价和以生态系统中植被土壤地形差异退化为依据的多样性评价。在对比分析的基础上,针对各体系存在的问题,指出通过荒漠化退化生态基准的恢复和确定可提高分类分级理论的科学性与权威性,并提出确定时间尺度和空间类型的初步建议。 相似文献
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荒漠化是全球性的环境问题,威胁到人类的生存和发展,中国是受荒漠化严重危害的国家之一。依据历史文献的记载和现代学者研究成果,分秦汉魏晋南北朝时期、隋唐宋元时期和明清时期三个历史阶段,梳理了中国沙质荒漠化的演变过程。研究表明：秦汉魏晋南北朝时期,中国沙质荒漠化主要集中在西北地区,如鄂尔多斯高原、河西走廊和新疆地区;隋唐宋元时期,荒漠化扩展到东北地区,如呼伦贝尔沙地、科尔沁沙地等;明清时期,政府通过修筑长城和封禁政策,客观上抑制了边疆地区的垦殖开荒,但在人口压力下,明朝后期和清朝后期北部边疆的农垦快速发展,加速了鄂尔多斯高原、科尔沁沙地等地区的荒漠化进程。因此,数千年来的气候变化和人类活动,特别是滥垦、滥牧、滥樵采等不合理土地利用方式,致使我国北方干旱和半干旱区的荒漠化日趋严重。 相似文献
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中国深受荒漠化危害,长期以来把防沙治沙作为保护国土生态安全的重要发展战略。北方沙漠化地区现已形成一些成功的治理模式,但是对于具有共性特征的模式类型,缺少系统地分类归纳与特征提炼,研究多关注点上的治理,缺乏从宏观战略层面上的整合与梳理,导致分类结果对实践应用的指导性不强。我们运用文献分析法和归纳法,基于国家防沙治沙战略重点及沙产业发展目标,将中国北方沙漠化治理模式划分为草原生态保护与生态建设综合治理模式、生态固沙措施与节水农业技术结合型模式、特色沙产业与林果产业一体化发展模式、农-林-牧-草多元复合型生态农业模式、庭院生态经济与生态庄园开发模式等五大类型,详细阐明不同模式的技术要点、基本特征、产业结构及实施效果,指出传统研究方法及研究视角等方面存在的不足,进而提出未来应理清不同模式分类研究视角之间的相互关系和内在联系、细化防沙治沙治理模式的定量化分类的研究方法、凝练与总结区域适宜的沙漠化治理模式类型与路径特征,为完善防沙治沙政策提供参考。 相似文献
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The area that the railway will cross is a region with the main physiognomies of desert and Gobi, with a most fragile ecological environment. It is also a region that is highly susceptible to man-made disturbance. The construction of railway will intensify soil erosion along the railway line to a certain degree. The map of soil erosion conditions in the section from Liugou to Dunhuang City in the range of 10 km each side along the line was compiled by using the techniques of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS). Based on analysis of the status of desertification and the influence of the railway construction projects, the changes of the types, intensities and the total amount of the soil erosion caused by the construction were predicted. 相似文献
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中国南方湿润区“荒漠化”问题讨论 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
荒漠化是当今世界所面临的严重的环境与社会经济问题,推进荒漠化研究工作对于保护生态环境,促进区域可持续发展具有重要意义。本文在对荒漠化内涵进行系统回顾的基础上,认为除了人为干扰叠加气候性干旱作用导致的荒漠化之外,南方湿润区因水土流失叠加物理性干旱作用导致的极端土地退化也是一种荒漠化,并从物质基础、气候条件、影响因子、形成营力、核心作用和地表过程方面进行比较,最后以南方红层区特殊的"红层荒漠化"为案例,利用实地调查和TM影像的植被覆盖度指标VFC对1992-2013年红层土地退化进行分析。结果显示,在人为反复干扰和其他自然因素作用下地表植被持续退化、群落干旱趋势明显,表土层流失,岩石风化加剧,以致形成类似"荒漠"景观的现象。红层区的退化过程可类比于喀斯特石漠化、红壤山地丘陵退化,但这类极端土地退化现象可否视为"荒漠化",有待于进一步的深入研究。 相似文献
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IntroductionSongnenSandyLand,locatedinnorthWestofNortheastChinaplain,belongstosub-htaldmeedow-chemozemzoneanditSthedamntallandformisthefluvialplaincoveredbydunes.ThelinefromtheSecondSonghuamvernmningtbrOughtothelowerreachesoftheHuolinmver(i.e.Taolaizhao-Qian'an-Taonan)isthenasthesouthboundaryofthesandylandwhichisnearthenoItheaStofHorqinSandyLandWhilethelinealongNehe1indha-AndaThaomp-TaolaitheoistakenastheeaStboundary.Withalengthof38okinfromnorthtosouthtalwidthof26okInfromwesttoeasLth… 相似文献
16.
Ecological compensation for desertification control: A review 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Desertification control is a crucial way to enhancing the ecological conditions of arid and semi-arid regions, and maintaining sustainable development globally. Designing and improving an ecological compensation mechanism for desertification control has great significance related to achieving balance amongst the needs of different economic subjects and the assurance of a sustained and stable supply of desert ecosystem services. In this paper, (1) the theoretical bases of ecological compensation for desertification control were re-analyzed; (2) the research status and challenges of three important topics related to ecological compensation for desertification control were systemically discussed, including compensation standards, ecosystem service supply-consumption process and multi-scale effects, and resource- environment basis and policy orientation; (3) a research framework of ecological compensation for desertification control based on the process of desert ecosystem service supply–flow–consumption was proposed; (4) and finally, seven priority research issues were discussed, which aimed to support ecological compensation policy-making and ecological engineering implementation for desertification control. 相似文献
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1 Introduction UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification) defines desertification as land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities (Agenda 21… 相似文献
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古尔班通古特沙漠南缘荒漠化过程演变的景观格局特征分析 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
荒漠化过程是荒漠化研究的核心问题。以1977年MSS,1990年、2010年TM和2001年ETM+四个时期为遥感影像数据源,研究了近40 a古尔班通古特沙漠南缘荒漠化过程演变的景观格局特征。结果表明:(1)近40 a古尔班通古特沙漠南缘荒漠化过程演变经历了微弱逆转-加剧-逆转变化,荒漠化处于正逆交替动态变化中,总体上呈逆转趋势。(2)不同时期荒漠化过程演变格局特征呈波动性变化,以2001年为分水岭。近40 a来轻度和中度始终为主导作用,且有增强趋势。(3)年降水量与归一化植被指数(NDVI)相关系数达0.805,有明显正相关关系。年降水量对荒漠化具有显著作用,且其影响明显大于年均气温。(4)荒漠化过程景观格局特征对年降水量有明显响应。不同时期荒漠化过程演变中斑块密度随着降水量的增加总体呈减小趋势,年降水量达到184.4 mm,斑块密度趋于稳定,景观破碎度和景观异质性趋于稳定。随着降水的增加,轻度荒漠化类型破碎度呈逐渐减小趋势;中度荒漠化土地破碎度呈波动式变化;重度荒漠化破碎度波动下降趋势。(5)近40 a来气候变化是古尔班通古特沙漠的荒漠化与景观格局演化主要因素,但人为因素不容忽视,预示着未来干旱区荒漠化处于继续逆转趋势中。 相似文献