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1.
Two important areas of Roshydromet activity are considered: the development of the space observation system and the creation of the system of ground-, air-, and space-based geophysical monitoring. The investigation, monitoring, and forecasting of the state of the Earth, its climate, severe weather events, catastrophes, and emergencies requires the extended usage of space observation methods. The current state is considered of hydrometeorological space system included in the Roshydromet space observation system. The space- and ground-based segments of this system are briefly described. The ground segment is based on the national space monitoring system which was developed in 1992—2010 and is geographically distributed. The works are reviewed on the formation of the Roshydromet geophysical monitoring system using ground-based, airborne, and space-based observations.  相似文献   

2.
The present-day state of the Roshydromet agrometeorological observation subsystem is analyzed. Structural changes in the agrometeorological observational network over the last 30 years are estimated. The necessity in developing a new strategy of agrometeorological monitoring of agricultural lands based on complexing surface agrometeorological observations, data on space and air sounding of the Earth’s surface as well as on estimated interpretative and prognostic methods is emphasized. A conceptual organizational structure of functioning of a subsystem of agrometeorological monitoring of agricultural lands is suggested, basic areas of development of the active observational network are defined.  相似文献   

3.
The main stages are considered of the process of Roshydromet forecast technologies modernization that started in the 1990s, especially those related to the use of supercomputers for operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) and to the development of supercomputer technologies for NWP with different lead times. Some outcomes of the modernization are presented.  相似文献   

4.
An optimization scheme is considered of the method of instrumental determination of soil moisture used within the Roshydromet system. The scheme enables to reduce the volume of instrumental operations by 2.5–3 times using the empirical statistical dependences between the water content in different layers of the soil profile. Efficiency of the filtration of outliers in the data sample is studied on the basis of the analysis of regression residuals when deriving the regression equations.  相似文献   

5.
The physical-synoptic principles of the automated method of summer precipitation forecasting introduced into operational prognostic practice in 2006 by the decree of the Central Methodical Commission of the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet) are presented. Beside that, improved modifications of this method, which are automatically updated, are shown. Validation of those updates based on observational data collected in 2004 has shown improvement of all major criteria of forecasts efficiency. The performed improvement is based on the more detailed quantitative realization of mechanism of various showers formation (including heavy rainfalls).  相似文献   

6.
Main principles are considered of formation of special files on observed hazardous hydrometeorological phenomena (HHP) and adverse weather, along with experience of Roshydromet in standardization of registration and reports on their damaging effects. The first base is designed on the basis on hazardous phenomena registered by the hydrometeorological stations according to authorized criteria regardless the damaging effects on economy and population; these data are collected and stored in the State Data Foundation. These are special climatic data series on HHP from the stations; they are used in the studies of extreme and hazardous weather. The second base collects information on adverse and hazardous weather causing economic and social damage, irrespective of the HHP criteria reached or not. Distribution is presented of total case number of hazardous hydrometeorological phenomena causing social and economic damage during 1991–2008.  相似文献   

7.
The substantiation is given of the need to develop the scientific works on the regular generalization of hydrological characteristics in the Russian Federation by means of the preparation of scientific and applied reference books and/or Territorial Construction Standards on the Determination of Basic Design Hydrological Characteristics on the territory of responsibility of the Territorial Administrations for Hydrometeorological and Environmental Monitoring (TAHEMs) of Roshydromet. The methodology, technical support, and the need in the regular recomputation of maximum design water discharges for operating hydraulic structures are considered. The ways of solution of the major current problem in the field of engineering hydrological computations on the territorial generalization of hydrometeorological information in all TAHEMs and in the State Hydrological Institute are outlined.  相似文献   

8.
Demonstrated is the experience of developing a model of the integrated system of hydrological modeling based on the use of the operational data of the Roshydromet automated observational network and of the prognostic data of weather models. The system is based on the Open Modeling Interface (OpenMI). The major blocks of the system are data sources, hydrometeorological models, and spatial data on the catchment needed for predicting the river runoff formation process in the real-time mode. To construct the components of the data support, modern standards and techniques in the area of hydrology are used. It is demonstrated that this approach is a promising technical solution and opens up good possibilities for obtaining new scientific results.  相似文献   

9.
In February–March 2014 the Winter Olympic Games will be held in Sochi. Sharp weather contrasts and high spatiotemporal variability are typical of the region of the Sochi-2014 Games. The complex mountain terrain and the intricate mixture of marine subtropical and Alpine conditions make the weather forecasting in this region extremely challenging. Although all lead times of the forecast are important for the Games, primary needs for these sport events are associated with the nowcasting and the short-range weather forecasting. The complexity of the Sochi region stimulates the development of high-resolution mesoscale modeling as a backbone of the Olympic meteorological services. Presented are the main branches of the current research in this area carried out in Roshydromet.  相似文献   

10.
Results are reviewed of the studies aimed at the development of current techniques for estimation of bioclimatic potential of Russia to provide agrometeorological support to the agrarian sector of economy under the present-day conditions. Problems are considered of estimating and accounting the effects of the climate changes on productivity and long-term stability of agriculture. Results are presented of using the satellite information for operative monitoring of condition and productivity of agriculture. It is shown that the studies carried out at All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Meteorology (VNIISKhM) allow creating a complex system for operative agrometeorological monitoring on the basis of the modern models of the agro-ecosystem productivity. The system will allow regular estimating of conditions, expected harvest and total yield in the times specified by Roshydromet and presenting a set of their probability estimates as dependent on the predicted weather. As a result, all levels of the agriculture, from the farmers to the Ministry of Agriculture, will be provided with agrometeorological and agroclimatic information.  相似文献   

11.
The following data was used: the archives of measurements of available water capacity carried out at Roshydromet network of stations and satellite measurements of relative humidity of the upper soil layer from ASCAT data (from the MetOp satellites). The statistical structure of the field of available water capacity in the upper 10- and 20-cm soil layers is assessed. The correlations between the Earth remote sensing data and data from agrometeorological stations are revealed. The procedure of automatic data checking from ground-based observations is developed. The algorithm is suggested for statistically optimal conversion of the Earth remote sensing data to the estimate of moisture content in the upper soil layer.  相似文献   

12.
The actinometric system installed aboard the Yak-42D "Roshydromet" research aircraft is presented. It is designed to study radiation processes in the troposphere. The system is based on standard Kipp&Zonen actinometric instruments for measuring solar, thermal, and ultraviolet radiation fluxes as well as on specially developed radiation models with high-precision methods for solving radiative transfer equations (Monte Carlo, k-distribution, and line-by-line calculations). The combination of actinometric measurements and detailed simulation of radiative transfer in the atmosphere allows examining the radiation balance components throughout the troposphere using in situ measurements at the aircraft location. Some results of studying radiation fluxes obtained during the flights over the Arctic region of the Russian Federation are presented. The data of measurements carried out using the presented system are useful for validating radiation codes utilized in general atmospheric circulation models and for processing satellite remote sensing data.  相似文献   

13.
The analysis is given of the present situation and current preparedness of available approaches to the implementation of the Roshydromet concept of the improvement of environmental pollution monitoring system taking into account differences in goals and objectives that different components of this system should achieve at the federal, regional, and local levels. The structure and functional scheme of the National environmental pollution monitoring system is discussed. The approximate allocation of functions is put forward among the monitoring system components of different levels as well as the distribution of responsibilities and powers among stakeholders to ensure the implementation of these functions. The key issues of establishing an integrated monitoring system are discussed. The network-centric approach to the system management organization is proposed. Specific goals, objectives, and strategies can be set for different components of this system which may differ in terms both of algorithms and actual parameters. The development of the main technological components of the integrated environmental monitoring system (monitoring networks and information systems) is considered.  相似文献   

14.
Synoptic analysis of monthly and daily mean total ozone fields is carried out using ground-based (Roshydromet) and TOMS measurements. Large interannual changes in the evolution of the stratospheric polar vortex and the North Pacific anticyclone influence the formation and dynamics of the winter-spring ozone fields in the stratosphere of high northern latitudes. The analysis shows considerable variations in the direction of zonal ozone transport from the sector of ozone inflow from low latitudes and accumulation in the Far East depending on the winter polar stratosphere temperature and the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) phase. In years with the easterly QBO phase and the warm polar stratosphere, ozone at the end of winter is transported to northeastern Canada and Atlantic. In years with the easterly phase and cold polar stratosphere, ozone transport is directed to northern Eurasia. These characteristics will be verified on extensive observational data.  相似文献   

15.
Considered is a possibility of specifying the forecast of volcanic aerosol distribution in the atmosphere using the data of ground-based actinometric measurements. To simulate the aerosol distribution, the FlexPart software (Norwegian Institute for Air Research) was used. Using the FlexGraph software (Planeta Research Center for Space Hydrometeorology), the visualization and interactive analysis were carried out of aerosol concentration fields at different time moments. The prognostic concentration of volcanic ash from Grímsvötn volcano (May 2011) is bound to the results of measurements of aerosol optical depth in Hamburg at one of the points of AERONET global network. The comparison of the corrected aerosol concentration with the measurements at other AERONET points demonstrated the competence of the proposed approach. To specify the aerosol cloud distribution forecast on the territory of Russia, the Roshydromet actinometric network data can be used.  相似文献   

16.
Presented are the stages of the formation and development of the system of monitoring and studying the atmospheric pollution in the cities for the 50-year period (since 1963). In this time period, important information on the quality of the air has been collected by monitoring network and has been published in yearly Roshydromet editions. Using the observational data, the trend is assessed of variations of the air pollution level in the largest cities of Russia for the long-term period. Demonstrated is the need in taking account of climatic conditions of the spread of atmospheric pollutants coming to the atmosphere with anthropogenic emissions for the decision-making on the air protection. Stated are the results of recent studies of the atmospheric chemical activity and effects of the air temperature and total solar radiation on the formation of secondary pollutants.  相似文献   

17.
Observational data from the Roshydromet hydrometeorological stations for 1978–2017, global meteorological network, and objective analysis and reanalysis (NOAA) are used to study the interannual variability of sea surface temperature and air temperature in the coastal and marine areas of the Okhotsk, Japan, Yellow, East China, and South China seas at the modern stage of the warming. Based on the EOF, cluster, and correlation analysis, the spatiotemporal pattern of temperature variations is analyzed and the zoning of sea areas according to the features of modern climate change is performed. The possible cause-and-effect relationships between these changes and the variations in wind components and climate indices are investigated. The studies revealed, specified, and quantified the modern trends and regional features of interannual variability of thermal conditions in the distinguished areas.  相似文献   

18.
The participation of Russian specialists in the international programs on balloon investigations of the ozone layer in the Arctic and in midlatitudes has been carried out since 1991. The specialists of Roshydromet took part in the organization and implementation of investigations in the Arctic and in midlatitudes within 11 projects as well as in tropical balloon campaigns. During this period, 42 balloon flights of different types were organized on the territory of Russia for the purpose of the measurement of atmospheric characteristics, of the validation of satellite device data, of the test of prototypes of future satellite meters. Besides, the investigations of ozone, water vapor, and aerosol content were carried out in various geographical zones (Hayes and Dickson islands, Salekhard, Yakutsk) using the small-volume balloons. The optical fluorescent hygrometer of the Central Aerological Observatory (CAO) is considered as one of the best instruments to measure the atmospheric humidity. Taking account of the reliability and accuracy of the measurements carried out, the values of the water vapor mixing ratio in the winter polar cyclone obtained with this hygrometer can be considered as the reference data.  相似文献   

19.
Presented are the recommendations for the content of the national segment of the Global Framework for Climate Services based on the long-term interaction with the users of climatological information. The “Research Studies” section includes the method assessing the risk of credibility to the climatic fore casting. Discussed are the methods of disaster risk computation, risk management, and adaptation to the climate change. It is asserted that normative parameters are mainly taken into account by operational services of technical sectors. Analyzed are the normative documents of the Russian Federation that are up dated and agreed with Eurocodes and worked out in partnership with Roshydromet. To build up the capacity of climate ser vices, it is recommended to use up-to-date training facilities for graduate students and further education courses. Considered are the ways of interaction between users and climatologists.  相似文献   

20.
Some results of activities on cloud seeding operations to modify the weather conditions over metropolises are given. The main objective of these activities was to dissipate the clouds and to decrease or to stop the precipitation on the territory under protection during the political, cultural, or sporting events. Up to 12 aircraft specially equipped with the measuring equipment needed to carry out the cloud seeding, with the Land-Aircraft-Land radio data transmission system, and with the cloud seeding means were used to fulfill the works on the weather modification. The liquid nitrogen, “dry ice”, silver iodide, and coarse-dispersion powder were used as the reagents for the cloud seeding. To control the aviation works and the results of the cloud seeding, the ground-based automated meteorological radar systems were used. The results of more than 40 large-scale operations on the improvement of weather conditions carried out since 1995 in different regions of Russia and near abroad indicate the efficiency of the methods and technical means of cloud seeding developed by the specialists of Roshydromet to modify the atmospheric precipitation.  相似文献   

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