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1.
地震是造成我国巨大人员伤亡的主要灾害之一,震后人员伤亡的快速评估对于应急抗震救援工作具有重要指导意义。通过分析影响地震灾害人员伤亡的主要因素,调查统计不同使用功能建筑物中人员密度、不同时间段人员在室率及不同结构破坏状态下的伤亡率,建立地震人员伤亡计算模型。基于实验数据所得的地震易损性曲线数据库对建筑物进行结构易损性分析,用研发的中国地震灾害损失评估系统软件（CEDLAS）,对西安市灞桥区进行震后人员伤亡评估,并与汶川地震实际震害数据和其他经验模型对比,验证了该理论方法的可行性及合理性,为震后政府启动地震应急预案和组织开展抗震救灾工作提供参考。 相似文献
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Aiko Furukawa Robin Spence Yutaka Ohta Emily So 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2010,8(2):451-479
Collapse of adobe buildings during an earthquakes with various earthquake intensities is analyzed using the 3-dimensional
distinct element method code developed by the first author. Firstly, we evaluate structural damage with damage index, interior-space
damage with w score, and human casualties in the collapsing buildings with three casualty criteria. Secondly, we investigate
relationships between the earthquake intensity, the structural damage, the interior-space damage, and the casualties. It is
found that the casualties have stronger correlation with the interior-space damage than the structural damage, and three vulnerability
functions, namely, structural, interior-space and casualty vulnerability functions, are proposed. Effects of reinforcing methods
on these functions are also examined. Finally, a series of analytical procedures to develop vulnerability functions and to
estimate casualties using the functions are described. 相似文献
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Recent earthquakes such as the Haiti earthquake of 12 January 2010 and the Qinghai earthquake on 14 April 2010 have highlighted the importance of rapid estimation of casualties after the event for humanitarian response. Both of these events resulted in surprisingly high death tolls, casualties and survivors made homeless. In the Mw = 7.0 Haiti earthquake, over 200,000 people perished with more than 300,000 reported injuries and 2 million made homeless. The Mw = 6.9 earthquake in Qinghai resulted in over 2,000 deaths with a further 11,000 people with serious or moderate injuries and 100,000 people have been left homeless in this mountainous region of China. In such events relief efforts can be significantly benefitted by the availability of rapid estimation and mapping of expected casualties. This paper contributes to ongoing global efforts to estimate probable earthquake casualties very rapidly after an earthquake has taken place. The analysis uses the assembled empirical damage and casualty data in the Cambridge Earthquake Impacts Database (CEQID) and explores data by event and across events to test the relationships of building and fatality distributions to the main explanatory variables of building type, building damage level and earthquake intensity. The prototype global casualty estimation model described here uses a semi-empirical approach that estimates damage rates for different classes of buildings present in the local building stock, and then relates fatality rates to the damage rates of each class of buildings. This approach accounts for the effect of the very different types of buildings (by climatic zone, urban or rural location, culture, income level etc), on casualties. The resulting casualty parameters were tested against the overall casualty data from several historical earthquakes in CEQID; a reasonable fit was found. 相似文献
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京津冀地区1679年曾发生三河－平谷8.0级大地震,造成了严重的人员伤亡,严重影响当时的社会经济。本文对三河－平谷8.0级地震进行原地再现,分析所造成的人员伤亡。首先,基于最新的建筑物竣工面积统计资料更新建筑物公里网格数据,基于普查数据对人口公里网格进行了更新,并采用热力图对人口的时空流动进行了预测,得到了符合当地特征的承灾体的数量和分布。在此基础上,采用分区分类地震易损性模型和人员伤亡评估模型,对京津冀地区遭受三河－平谷8.0级设定地震的人员伤亡进行了分析。分析结果表明:京津冀地区现今的人口数量相对于1679年成百倍增加,但人员伤亡率大幅降低 相似文献
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The seismic risk analysis evaluation in the Mediterranean area is one of the main tasks for the preservation of Cultural Heritage and for the sustainable development of Mediterranean cities. The Mediterranean area is characterised by a medium–high level of seismic risk, so that earthquakes are the major cause for the destruction of monuments, residential and industrial buildings. A case history regarding the seismic risk analysis for the city of Catania (Italy) is presented, since the city has been heavy damaged in the past by strong earthquakes such as the 1169 earthquake (XI MCS), the 1542 earthquake (IX MCS), the 1693 earthquake (XI MCS) and the 1818 earthquake (VIII MCS) etc., which caused several thousands of deaths. Fault modelling, attenuation laws, synthetic accelerograms, recorded accelerograms and site effects are considered for the evaluation of the seismic action. Vulnerability of physical environment, related to the presence of cavities and to seismic-induced landslides and liquefaction has been analysed, with special reference to the new modelling of such phenomena and to the application of models to given areas. Soil–structure Interaction has been analysed for some geotechnical works, such as shallow foundation and retaining wall, by means of physical and numerical modelling. The paper deals with the vulnerability of physical environment (landslides, liquefaction, etc.), while the road map continues with the analysis of vulnerability of monuments and buildings, with the aim of the estimation of the seismic resistance required to defend against the seismic action given by the scenario earthquake. For the mitigation of seismic risk, structural improvements of R.C. buildings with different methodology and techniques have been analysed, as well as the guideline for the strengthening of buildings. The work shows that the seismic risk of the city is not a summation of the seismic risk of each building, because the vulnerability of the urban system plays an important role on the seismic risk evaluation of a given city. To this aim the vulnerability of the road infrastructures, lifelines, and urban framework have been also analysed in the project. 相似文献
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汶川地震都江堰市人员伤亡研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
都江堰市在汶川地震中人员伤亡严重,文中主要研究了该市所辖地区人员伤亡的时空分布特征及影响人员伤亡数的各种因素,希望对城市防震减灾具有参考意义。根据都江堰地区各乡镇的烈度及人员伤亡数据,分析了地震烈度及人口密度对人员死亡率的影响,并给出了死亡率与烈度及人口密度的经验关系式,结果表明死亡率与烈度具有较明显的正相关性。研究了死亡率随断层距的变化规律,分析表明死亡率与断层距的相关性比与烈度的相关性更明显。采用断层距估计人口死亡率在一定程度上减小了烈度评定中人为等因素带来的不确定性,因而更具客观性。定量分析了报道死亡人数随时间的变化规律,定性讨论了救援效率与报道死亡人数的关系,报道死亡人数占总死亡人数的比例与救援效率成正比。总结了造成人员伤亡的几种因素,认为房屋破坏和倒塌是造成人员伤亡的主要原因,而且不同结构类型房屋破坏造成的人员伤亡率相差甚大,这是在人员伤亡评估中需要注意的问题。 相似文献
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地震是造成人员死亡最严重的自然灾害之一,震后对人员死亡等灾情的快速评估是地震应急响应和救援的关键。总结经验发现,在地震前进行预评估工作是提高震后灾情快速评估精度和时效性的有效手段。通过对62次发生在我国西南地区的历史震例分析后发现,当地震震级小于4.5级时,基本不会造成人员死亡情况。本研究利用我国云南和四川部分区县的实地调研数据,发现地震人员死亡数与震级存在指数函数关系,由此构建了针对各个区县的地震人员死亡人数指数函数估算模型,并计算了回归系数。基于该模型,获得了5.0～8.0级地震人员死亡数查找表(以0.5级为间隔),用于辅助震后快速评估工作。 相似文献
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本文在对西藏东南部各县的建筑类型、数量、易损性调查的基础上,对不同类型的建筑建立了模式类向量,使用三维图像模式识别技术估计了各类型建筑在西藏东南部各县市的数量分布,建立了不同建筑物的结构易损性和人口易损性模型,并且估算了西藏东南部各县在遭遇一次设定地震时的损失分布和基于危险性的未来50年可能的损失分布情况.本文研究表明,若曲松—桑日发生7.5级地震,可能造成拉萨、山南两市较重的人员伤亡,其中曲松县和乃东区伤亡最重.西藏东南部未来50年建筑地震风险最高的地区是拉萨市区、林芝市区和错那县,其中拉萨市区的建筑财产损失风险最高. 相似文献
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为提高地震人员伤亡预评估的准确性,完善地震灾害损失评估模型,科学评估地震地质灾害可能造成的人员伤亡数量,以2014年鲁甸MS6.5地震滑坡人员死亡数据为样本,建立了一种基于公里网格单元的地震滑坡人员死亡率logistic回归模型。采用F检验法对所建模型的合理性进行检验,计算得到的F值无限接近于1,表明模型无限接近于完全模型,具有极好的数学统计意义。根据模型评估的死亡率反演得到鲁甸地震灾区滑坡致死人数为233人,比实际少17人,总精确度为93.20%,实际死亡人数与模型识别人数在空间上也有很好的一致性,说明计算得到的地震滑坡人员死亡率是实际死亡人数的良好指标。 相似文献
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Earthquake Damage Scenarios of the Building Stock of Potenza (Southern Italy) Including Site Effects 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Mauro Dolce Angelo Masi Maria Marino Marco Vona 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2003,1(1):115-140
Damage scenarios relevant to the building stock of the town of Potenza, Southern Italy, are presented. A procedure for the
preparation of scenarios has been purposely set up. In the first step, the inventory of the building stock has been made.
Location and characteristics of buildings have been obtained from a survey carried out after the 1990 Potenza earthquake and
further updated in 1999. In the second step, the absolute vulnerability of the buildings has been evaluated. A hybrid technique
has been used, where typological analyses and expert judgement are combined together. Beyond the classes of vulnerability
A, B and C of the MSK scale, the class D of EMS98 scale, for the less vulnerable buildings, has been considered. The third
step has been the selection of the reference earthquakes by including also local amplification effects. Two events with 50
and 475 years return periods have been chosen as representative, respectively, of a damaging and of a destructive seismic
event expected in Potenza. The sites that may exhibit important amplification effects have been identified using the first
level method of the TC4 Manual. Damage scenarios of dwelling buildings have been prepared in the fourth step and reported
in a GIS. They are relevant to the selected reference earthquakes, taking into account or not site effects. The generally
low vulnerability of buildings results in a limited number of damaged buildings for the lower intensity earthquake, and of
collapsed buildings, for the higher intensity earthquake. The influence of site effects on the damage distribution is significant.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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7度区典型框架教学楼抗震加强措施效果对比 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
由于汶川地震导致大量中小学校建筑倒塌,造成巨大伤亡,住建部、中国工程院和中国地震局分别提出了不同的校舍抗震设计加强要求,但这些加强措施的实际抗倒塌效果尚缺乏定量研究.本文采用纤维梁模型,并选择合适的钢筋约束混凝土本构,对汶川地震7度区典型钢筋混凝土框架结构教学楼进行了基于IDA的倒塌率分析,研究了不同抗震加强措施的防倒... 相似文献
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通过云南M≥7．6级地震震亡分布的统计,研究大地震的伤亡分布规律,寻找影响伤亡的主要原因。结果表明,震亡人数主要分布在Ⅷ度以上烈度区,这一区域的震亡人数占震亡总数的94％以上,其中极震区占到70％以上。调查分析认为：在震级相近的情况下,震区地质构造、地形地貌是影响地震烈度的因素;房屋、人口密度、发震时间是震亡人数的重要影响因素;在未来的大地震中,人口密度大的断裂带及其附近是应急救援和医疗救护的重点区域,在断裂带及其附近盆地内的震亡人数比非盆地震亡人数多,要投入更多的救援和医疗救护力量。 相似文献
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三层BP神经网络地震灾害人员伤亡预测模型 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
选择地震发生时刻、震级、震中烈度、建筑物倒塌和严重破坏率、抗震设防水准、人口密度、地震预报等7个评价指标,以20次严重地震灾害为示例（其中,17个作训练样本,3个作验证样本）,建立了三层BP神经网络地震灾害人员伤亡预测模型。基于MATLAB6,5BP神经网络训练,得出的预测结果与各个示例的实际数值比较吻合。验证样本的训练结果表明,该模型适用于地震灾害人员伤亡评估。通过对评价指标的权重计算,确认人口密度、建筑物倒塌与严重破坏率、震中烈度是影响地震灾害人员伤亡的主要因素,地震预报、抗震设防水准、地震发生时刻和震级次之。作为人为可控预测指标,减少人口密度特别是城市人口密度,提高建（构）筑物抗震能力及预测预报水平,对于减少地震灾害人员伤亡起更重要的作用。 相似文献
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B.K. Rastogi H.K. Gupta Prantik Mandal H.V.S. Satyanarayana M. Kousalya R. Raghavan Richa Jain A.N.S. Sarma N. Kumar C. Satyamurty 《Journal of Seismology》2001,5(4):609-615
A large destructive earthquake occurred on 26 January 2001 in the region of Kutch, Gujarat, in Western India, with magnitude Mw 7.7. The earthquake caused very heavy damage and a large number of casualties with more than 20,000 deaths. A preliminary study of ground deformation, damage pattern and aftershock distribution is presented. 相似文献