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1.
The role of the phase equilibrium of water in frost heave was studied for two kinds of soil. The rate of frost heave and the rate of water intake were measured simultaneously under various rates of heat removal. The experimental data revealed a trend common for both soils that the rate of water intake attains its maximum at a certain critical rate of heat removal. The data were analyzed by using equations accurately describing the relation between these rates. The results of the analysis indicate a serious doubt about the validity of phase equilibrium in the system. Alternatively, an assumption was introduced that supercooling occurred between a frost front and an unfrozen part of the soil. It was shown that supercooling could explain the data well under certain conditions. 相似文献
2.
复合填料是以废铸砂、粉煤灰、聚苯乙烯颗粒（EPS）、水泥和水为原料,拌合后形成的一种轻质填筑材料。其中,EPS颗粒含量适当时,能减少或消除复合填料的冻胀和融沉,可作为季节性冻土区的路基填料。假设复合填料中除EPS颗粒外的骨料颗粒、孔隙冰为刚性介质,同时考虑EPS颗粒变形和填料孔隙变形对复合填料冻结过程的影响,在已有的冻土水热耦合分离冰模型的基础上,得到考虑EPS颗粒变形影响的饱和填料一维冻结水热耦合控制方程,进而预测填料的冻胀量。与室内模型试验结果对比表明,本文模型可用于该种具有弹性颗粒复合填料的冻胀量模拟,为工程中冻胀量预测提供依据。 相似文献
3.
The data reflecting the change in density are obtained, with computer tomograph scanning through the sample of freezing soil
section by section at intervals without destruction. Combined with the changing characteristics of water content along the
sample during test, the dynamic coupled process of moisture and density fields under the effect of temperature gradient on
the freezing soil in closed system is discussed. The result reflects the internal process of frost heave improvement resulting
from the transfer of mass and heat.
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49401003). 相似文献
4.
我国是冻土分布大国,寒区铁路轨道普遍遭受地基土冻胀影响。以往的研究偏重地基土的冻胀特征,而对纵向非均匀冻胀变形下铁路与地基土的相互作用关注较少。基于双层弹性地基梁理论,建立铁轨-轨下基础在非均匀冻胀变形作用下的力学模型,给出模型的解析解,结合算例分析夹层弹性系数和冻胀量对轨道位移和内力的影响。结果表明：弹性夹层可以有效减弱铁轨的冻胀变形和应力响应,有利于维护铁轨的运营;铁轨和轨下基础的过渡段长度、凹凸弯折段处的剪力、弯矩随着冻胀位移的增大而增长;夹层弹性系数增大会导致冻胀力对轨下基础的影响逐渐向轨道转移;过渡段的长度只与冻胀量有关。文章提出的计算方法和分析结论可为寒区铁路设计和运营维护提供科学指导。 相似文献
5.
An apparatus has been developed for investigation of hydraulic conductivity of frozen soils. The test procedure is isothermal and involves the passage of water from one reservoir into the frozen sample and out of the frozen sample into a second reservoir. The water in the reservoirs remains unfrozen because it contains dissolved lactose. The concentration of lactose is such that, initially, the water in the reservoirs is in thermodynamic equilibrium with the water in the soil. On application of pressure to one reservoir a known hydraulic gradient is established and flow takes place. Flow is shown to vary linearly with hydraulic gradient. The hydraulic conductivity coefficient depends on soil type and temperature and is related to the unfrozen water content. At temperatures within a few tenths of 0°C the coefficient apparently ranges from 10?5 to 10?9 cm sec?1, and decreases only slowly below about ?0·5°C. Soils known to be susceptible to frost heave are shown to have significant hydraulic conductivities well below 0°C. 相似文献
6.
Stephen Dale Holness 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2004,29(1):91-103
Sediment transport in the scoria areas of Marion Island is primarily the result of needle‐ice‐induced frost creep associated with diurnal soil frost cycles. Clasts move most rapidly in ?ne textured areas (532 mm a?1; SD 382), more slowly in stony areas (161 mm a?1; SD 179), and most slowly in blocky areas (26 mm a?1; SD 23). Movement rates increase with increasing frost susceptibility of sediments, slope angle and altitude. The heave of dowels indicates that frost heave is active in all the scoria areas examined. The depth of effective frost heave increases with increasing altitude, with frost heave being restricted to the upper 100 mm of the soil in low altitude areas (<200 m). The heave of 150 mm dowels at the higher altitude sites provides evidence for segregation ice formation at depths greater than those associated with needle ice and diurnal soil frost cycles. Vertical movement pro?les show a concave downslope pro?le, with sediment movement rates being most rapid at the soil surface and decreasing rapidly with depth. This pro?le shape is typical of areas dominated by diurnal freeze–thaw cycles and needle ice. The capture of sediments moving downslope in troughs and the sampling of material lifted by needle ice, suggest that sediment transport by needle ice under present conditions is extremely effective. Observations suggest that although both ?ne material and clasts are transported downslope, some preferential transport of clasts occurs. Experiment results and observations of soil frost processes suggest that frost creep associated with needle ice activity is the dominant slope process in the scoria areas of Marion Island. Other slope processes such as slopewash and debris ?ows appear to play a relatively minor and localized role in sediment transport. It is suggested that needle ice activity is likely to be the dominant geomorphic agent in other areas of the Subantarctic with similar climatic characteristics to Marion Island. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
The geomorphological characteristics of small debris flows in a maritime sub‐Antarctic environment are described. The morphological and sedimentological characteristics of the debris flows are comparable to debris flows documented for other parts of the world; their initiation appears closely linked to the unusual environment in which they are found. Sediment supply is generated by diurnal frost heave of loamy sediment associated with Azorella selago. The debris flows are triggered by sediment mobilization upon saturation of the frost‐heaved surface gravel and overland flow over the low‐permeability and frost‐susceptible slope materials. Morphological effects of the flows are short‐lived due to obliteration by subsequent frost heave activity. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
8.
以等压热容为例,研究岩石圈中水的临界奇异性及出现的条件,探讨岩石圈中水的临界奇异性与断裂耦合作用触发地震的可能性。岩石圈中水存在一、二级相变,相变时水的物理化学性质将发生明显改变,在临界点处表现出奇异性,如热容、膨胀系数和压缩系数等将趋于无穷大,按照Mie-Grneisen方程((P/T)V=γρCV),热容无穷大时将导致热压也趋于无穷大,压力将瞬时剧增。但水的临界奇异性出现的条件是温、压同时趋于临界值,在岩石圈中温、压是相互关联的,按照正常的地温梯度(15～35℃/km)和地压梯度(0.025～0.03GPa/km)计算,达到水的临界温度和压力的深度分别是24～10km和0.88～0.73km,即在岩石圈中若没有断裂的存在时则不可能同时达到水的临界温度和临界压力,不可能出现临界奇异性。断裂使压力降至水的临界压力,使得在岩石圈中某处温度和压力可同时达到水的临界值而出现奇异性,水的临界奇异性和断裂的耦合导致热压剧增,可能触发地震 相似文献
9.
Norikazu Matsuoka 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2005,30(1):41-58
This paper describes up to ten years of continuous monitoring of frost heave, creep and associated parameters on high mountain crest slopes in the Japanese and Swiss Alps, aiming to evaluate spatial and interannual variations in the rates and controls of soil movement. Shallow frost creep re?ecting diurnal frost heave activity dominates the crest slopes that lack a vegetation mat and have a thin debris mantle with good drainage. Seasonal frost heave activity can induce slightly deeper movement where ?ne soil exists below the depth reached by diurnal freeze–thaw penetration, although the shallow bedrock impedes movements below 20 cm depth. As a result, downslope velocity pro?les display strong concavity with surface velocities of 2–50 cm a?1. The frost creep rates vary spatially, depending on the soil texture, slope gradient, frequency of temperature cycling across 0 °C and moisture availability during freeze–thaw periods. Soil movements recur in every freeze–thaw period, although with some interannual variations affected by the length of seasonal snow cover and the occurrence of precipitation during freeze–thaw periods. The Swiss Alps encounter more signi?cant interannual variations than the Japanese Alps, re?ecting the large variability of the annual snow regime. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
Cold room physical modelling of periglacial solifluction processes on an experimental slope of 12° is described, and data on soil temperatures, surface frost heave, thaw consolidation, downslope soil movement and porewater pressures over seven freeze–thaw cycles are presented. These data are analyzed in the context of laboratory determination of the rheometry of the experimental soils at high moisture contents. It is concluded that the observed thaw-induced solifluction represents pre-failure soil shear strain and results from loss of strength due to the combined effects of raised porewater pressures during thaw consolidation and upward seepage pressures as water flows towards the surface away from the thaw front. An investigation of the rheometry of thawing soils offers the prospect of an analytical model to predict rates and depths of periglacial solifluction. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
In this article we craft process‐specific algorithms that capture climate control of hillslope evolution in order to elucidate the legacy of past climate on present critical zone architecture and topography. Models of hillslope evolution traditionally comprise rock detachment into the mobile layer, mobile regolith transport, and a channel incision or aggradation boundary condition. We extend this system into the deep critical zone by considering a weathering damage zone below the mobile regolith in which rock strength is diminished; the degree of damage conditions the rate of mobile regolith production. We first discuss generic damage profiles in which appropriate length and damage scales govern profile shapes, and examine their dependence upon exhumation rate. We then introduce climate control through the example of rock damage by frost‐generated crack growth. We augment existing frost cracking models by incorporating damage rate limitations for long transport distances for water to the freezing front. Finally we link the frost cracking damage model, a mobile regolith production rule in which rock entrainment is conditioned by the damage state of the rock, and a frost creep transport model, to examine the evolution of an interfluve under oscillating climate. Aspect‐related differences in mean annual surface temperatures result in differences in bedrock damage rate and mobile regolith transport efficiency, which in turn lead to asymmetries in critical zone architecture and hillslope form (divide migration). In a quasi‐steady state hillslope, the lowering rate is uniform, and the damage profile is better developed on north‐facing slopes where the frost damage process is most intense. Because the residence times of mobile regolith and weathered bedrock in such landscapes are on the order of 10 to 100 ka, climate cycles over similar timescales result in modulation of transport and damage efficiencies. These lead to temporal variation in mobile regolith thickness, and to corresponding changes in sediment delivery to bounding streams. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
Interaction study of permafrost and highway along Qinghai-Xizang Highway 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：14
Qinghai-Xizang Highway crosses permafrost areas, sporadic permafrost areas and seasonal frozen soil areas. It is very important to study the engineering geology of frozen soil in construc-tion of cold regions engineering, and the choices of engineering st… 相似文献
14.
Vladimír Čermák Věra Vaňková Milan Matolín Jiří Bartošek Reviewer A. Janáčková 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1977,21(1):70-80
Summary The paper discusses the obvious experimental relation between the laboratory determinations of total gamma-ray activity, expressed in equilibrium uranium concentration, and heat production due to radioactive decay. The heat production data were calculated by means of the concentrations of uranium, thorium and potassium determined spectrometrically, together with the conversion factors into the rate of heat generation. The obtained relation may help define the typical heat production for characteristic surface rocks and estimate their contribution in heat flow study. Between the gamma-ray activity recorded during aeroradiometric mapping and the laboratory radiometric measurements of surface rock samples, there is also an experimental relation, which can be used further in estimating the value of surface heat production at a chosen locality. 相似文献
15.
Quantitative study of a rapidly weathering overhang developed in an artificially wetted sandstone cliff 
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下载免费PDF全文 Those factors controlling the weathering and erosion of sandstone on the field scale are still not well understood. In this study, a specific sandstone overhang (and its surroundings) with artificially induced and extremely high erosion rates was subjected to a complex investigation. Contrast between the erosion rate of the wet and dry portions of the same cliff enabled isolation of the factors responsible for rapid sandstone retreat. Erosion rates, moisture, and salt content, as well as suction were monitored in the field. Mineral phases and water chemistry were analyzed. The measurement of tensile strength, laboratory frost weathering tests, and numerical modeling of stress were performed. The acquired data show that an increase of moisture content in pores in the area of the studied overhang decreased tensile strength of the sandstone to 14% of its dry value, and increases the sandstone weathering and erosion rate, by nearly four orders of magnitude, compared to the same sandstone under natural moisture conditions outside of the cliff area. Consequently, frost weathering, in combination with wetting weakening was found to play a major role in weathering/erosion of the sandstone cliff and overhang. Frost weathering rate in both the laboratory and field increases up to 15 times with decreasing gravity‐induced stress. The results also indicate that sandstone landforms in temperate climates may potentially develop very rapidly if the pore space is nearly saturated with water, and will later remain relatively stable when the moisture content decreases. As a general implication, it is suggested that overhangs in Central Europe (and elsewhere) might be the result of rapid frost weathering of nearly saturated sandstone during the Last Glacial. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
为了解冻融作用对黄土湿陷性的作用效果,以Q3黄土为研究对象,采用增(减)湿法配制不同含水量黄土试样,测试黄土在无补水条件下受温度影响的冻融变形、压缩变形和湿陷变形;对原状黄土进行颗粒分析及基本物理力学参数试验。分析表明:(1)黄土是否产生冻胀取决于其含水量是否超过"临界冻胀含水量"。(2)冻融黄土与原状黄土相比压缩变形量较大,把部分浸水湿陷变形转化为压缩变形,冻融作用使黄土的湿陷性弱化。(3)冷冻黄土在相同温度下,含水量越大,湿陷系数越小;在同一含水量下,冻结温度愈低湿陷系数愈小。 相似文献
17.
Data on fluorine concentration in water in the Middle Klyaz’ma Basin during summer low-water period have been obtained. Fluorine background concentration has been determined in streams (Klyaz’ma R., small rivers, and creeks), water bodies (drainage ditches, lakes), and subsoil waters. Anthropogenic fluorine hydrochemical anomalies have been determined and localized with respect to urbanized industrial areas. An assumption has been made and experimentally substantiated, according to which fluorine concentration in subsoil water is governed by the processes of its distribution between water and host rocks. It has been established that the interaction of soils with snowmelt water and alluvial deposits with river water in neutral and acid media is accompanied by fluorine removal from solution, while in a weakly alkaline medium, fluorine passes from solid phase into solution. The effect of dissolved organic matter on the process of fluorine leaching from rock minerals also depends, primarily, on the equilibrium pH value: in weakly alkaline media, the presence of organic acids contributes to fluorine mobilization, while in weakly acid media, it reduces mobilization rate. 相似文献
18.
应用二维云分辨模式，数值研究了热带地区的对流活动，并诊断了热量和水汽的收支，发现在垂直温度平流和凝结潜热释放之间、垂直水汽平流和降水之间都维持着大体平衡，推断出质量加权平均温度及可降水分的局地变化分别由热量及水汽方程中的剩余项决定.机制研究表明，深对流与浅对流在热量及水汽循环中存在较大差异，深对流中水汽的凝结及潜热释放起着主导作用，而大尺度垂直平流的加湿和冷却在浅对流中发挥主导作用.最后讨论了对流触发后热量及水汽循环的调整机制. 相似文献
19.
Joshua J. Roering 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2004,29(13):1597-1612
The movement of unconsolidated materials near the Earth's surface is often driven by disturbances that occur at a range of spatial and temporal scales. The nature of these disturbances ranges from highly variable, such as tree turnover, to periodic and predictable, such as frost heave or creep. To explore the effect of probabilistic disturbances on surface processes, we formulated a granular creep model with analogy to rate process theory (RPT) used for chemical reactions. According to the theory, individual particles must be energized to a height greater than adjacent particles in order for grain dilation and transport to occur. The height of neighbouring particles (which is akin to activation energy in chemical reactions) varies with slope angle such that energy barriers get smaller in the downslope direction as slopes steepen. When slopes approach the friction‐limited angle of repose, the height of energy barriers approaches zero and grains ?ow in the absence of disturbance. An exponential function is used to describe the probability distribution of particle excitation height although alternative distributions are possible. We tested model predictions of granular dynamics in an experimental sandpile. In the sandpile, acoustic energy serves as the disturbance agent such that grains dilate and shear in response. Particle velocities are controlled by the frequency of energy pulses that result in grain displacement. Using tracer particles, we observed a convex‐upward velocity pro?le near the surface of the sandpile, consistent with predictions of our RPT‐based velocity model. In addition, we depth‐integrated the velocity model to predict how ?ux rates vary with inclination of the sandpile and observed non‐linear ?ux–gradient curves consistent with model predictions. By varying the acoustic energy level in the experimental sandpile, we documented changes in the rate of grain movement; similar changes in modelled velocities were achieved by varying the exponent of the particle excitation probability distribution. The general agreement between observed and modelled granular behaviour in our simple laboratory sandpile supports the utility of RPT‐based methods for modelling transport processes (e.g. soil creep, frost heave, and till deformation), thus enabling us to account for the probabilistic nature of disturbances that liberate sediment in natural landscapes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
Measurements were made of the water content in coastal rocks, by simulating tidal oscillations in the laboratory, and by field measurement in eastern Canada. If rapid freezing takes place upon exposure to the air, saturation levels may be high enough to permit frost weathering in fine grained rocks in the lower portions of the intertidal zone. Near the high tidal level, however, it may be dependent upon a supply of water from the ice foot and from melting snow. If freezing is slow, frost action may be inhibited by desorption of the rocks while they are exposed by the ebb tide. There was no evidence of a level of permanent sea water saturation within the intertidal zone. Ambient temperature and humidity may affect the rate of rock desorption. 相似文献