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1.
Umashankar Balunaini Sungmin Yoon Monica Prezzi Rodrigo Salgado 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2014,32(2):505-523
Use of tire shred–soil mixtures as backfill materials in mechanically stabilized earth walls has several advantages over other backfill materials: (1) good drainage, (2) high shear strength, and (3) low compacted unit weight. This paper presents the results of laboratory pullout tests performed on uniaxial geogrid embedded in tire shred–sand mixtures. The effects of tire shred size, tire shred–sand mixing ratio and confining pressure on the interaction between the geogrid and tire shred–sand mixtures are evaluated. Three sizes of tire shreds are considered: tire chips (with 9.5 mm nominal size), tire shreds 50-to-100 mm long and tire shreds 100-to-200 mm in length, with mixing ratios of 0, 12, 25 and 100 % of tire shreds in the mixtures (by weight). Based on compaction testing of a number of mixtures, the optimal mixing proportion of tire shreds and sand was found to lie between 25/75 and 30/70 (by weight of tire shred and sand); this is equivalent to approximately 40/60 and 50/50, respectively, by volume of tire shreds and sand. The pullout resistance of a geogrid embedded in tire shred–sand mixtures is significantly higher than that of the same geogrid embedded in tire shreds only. The size of the tire shreds has negligible effect on the pullout resistance of a geogrid embedded in mixtures prepared with either low (12/88 mix) or high (100/0 mix) tire shred content. However, when the 25/75 mixture is used, greater geogrid pullout resistance was obtained for the geogrid embedded in tire chip–sand mixtures than in tire shred–sand mixtures. 相似文献
2.
The potential of shredded tyre chips, either on their own or mixed with gravel, to act as a permeable reactive barrier has been examined by carrying out tests for assessing sorption characteristics and establishing their mechanical properties. Sorption–desorption tests have been carried out using free product petrol and paraffin and aqueous phase phenol and cresols.
Compaction and compressibility tests have been carried out to establish optimum tyre–chip mixes in order to optimise the mix in terms of compressibility behaviour. The results demonstrate that tyre chips show significant promise for incorporation in a permeable reactive barrier. The evidence indicates that they would be particularly effective for the retardation of aqueous phase hydrophobic organic contaminants and residual free product. Optimum mixes of 2–6 mm tyre chips and 20 mm gravel, in terms of mechanical stability, will contain just under 10% of tyre chips. 相似文献
3.
Alkalinity production as an indicator of failure in steel slag leach beds treating acid mine drainage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Natalie A. Kruse Amy L. Mackey Jennifer R. Bowman Kimberly Brewster R. Guy Riefler 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(5):1389-1395
Acid mine drainage is a serious environmental problem throughout mining regions of the US and around the world. In Appalachia, reuse of steel slag from steel production as a source of alkalinity for treatment of acid mine drainage has become a common practice. In these systems, dubbed steel slag leach beds, relatively clean surface water is percolated through a bed of steel slag to add large amounts of alkalinity to the water before mixing it with acidic, metalliferous mine water. These beds do not operate consistently and their failure mechanisms are poorly understood. Using the experience of Raccoon Creek watershed in southern Ohio, the alkalinity distribution of the discharge of six steel slag leach beds is compared. Two of these beds are still functional, one has been abandoned and three are operating poorly. The difference in alkalinity distribution between these beds suggests that a carbonate-dominated alkalinity system is an indicator of a poorly performing steel slag leach bed, while a more even distribution between hydroxide, carbonate and bicarbonate may point to more ideal operating conditions. In eight laboratory column experiments, this evidence was then expanded upon by testing different mixed media substrates (differing mixes of steel slag, wood chips and river gravel) to see which provided the most ideal alkalinity distributions. The columns that had steel slag mixed either with wood chips or wood chips and river gravel outperformed the column with slag only in terms of alkalinity distribution, perhaps due to microbial processes or increased hydraulic conductivity without significant added calcium or carbon that could drive calcium carbonate precipitation within the beds and causing them to fail. 相似文献
4.
The use of scrap-tire-shreds as leachate collection layer in landfills would reduce the magnitude of the current tire disposal
problem by converting a waste into a beneficial material. Laboratory studies were conducted to investigate scrap-tire-shreds
as an attractive potential alternative to conventional gravel in the drainage layer of leachate collection system by comparative
analysis of various physico-chemical parameters. Gravel and scrap-tire-shreds in combination were used as leachate collection
layer. Laboratory Test Cells consisting of different combinations of scrap-tire-shreds (size range length = 25.4 mm to 76.1 mm
and width = 5 mm) and gravel (size range 10 mm to 20 mm) beds as leachate collection layer with total bed thickness of 500 mm
were constructed. Performance study of Test Cells- 1 to 7, having different combinations of scrap-tire-shreds and gravel bed
thickness, were studied to work out the best combination. Combined beds of scrap-tire-shreds and gravel gave better results
as compared to conventional gravel or scrap- tire- shreds bed when used singly. Test Cell -3 having scrap-tire-shreds layer
(200 mm) and gravel layer (300 mm) gave the best results in terms of percentage reduction in various physico-chemical parameters
of leachate. The reduction was as high as 68.8 and 79.6% in case of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD) values respectively. Further, three more laboratory Test Cells-8, 9 and 10 were constructed having scrap-tire-shreds
and gravel layer ratio same as that of Test Cell- 3 (best combination) but having scrap-tire-shreds of different widths 10 mm,
15 mm and 20 mm to find out the most suitable size. Bed of smaller size scrap-tire-shreds (5 mm) gave better results in comparison
to bigger sizes. Leachate sample after passing through combined beds of scrap-tire-shreds and gravel gave better results in
percentage reduction in various physico-chemical parameters of leachate as compared to conventional gravel or scrap-tire-shreds
bed when used singly. 相似文献
5.
采用改进的GDS循环三轴试验系统对5种级配的饱和砂砾土在不排水、单面排水和双面排水条件下进行了动残余变形试验,系统研究粗料含量P5（粒径大于5 mm颗粒质量百分比）和排水条件对饱和砂砾土动残余剪应变和动残余体应变的影响。试验结果表明：动残余剪应变随粗料含量和排水面数的增加而显著降低;循环加载30周产生的不排水动残余剪应变是单面排水条件下动残余剪应变的2～3倍,是双面排水条件下的4～9倍。砂砾土的动残余体应变随粗料含量增大而减小,随着排水面数的增加而增大;双面排水动残余体应变是单面排水动残余体应变的2.0～2.5倍。 相似文献
6.
A numerical model, called CCRS1, is presented for one‐dimensional large strain consolidation under constant rate of strain loading conditions. The algorithm accounts for vertical strain, general constitutive relationships, relative velocity of fluid and solid phases, changing compressibility and hydraulic conductivity during consolidation, and an externally applied hydraulic gradient acting across the specimen. Soil compressibility is rate independent, and as such, the current model is most appropriate for less‐structured clays. Verification checks show excellent agreement with analytical and numerical solutions for small and large strain conditions. A series of numeric examples indicates that compressibility and hydraulic conductivity constitutive relationships can have an important effect on constant rate of strain consolidation response. Results also indicate that analytical solutions obtained using small strain theory can be in significant error for large strain conditions with changing coefficient of consolidation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
E.K. Yanful P.H. Simms R.K. Rowe G. Stratford 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1999,17(2):65-84
An experimental soil cover was constructed near London, Ontario and monitored for more than a year for percolation and water content data. The cover was a multi-layer system consisting of compacted till barrier soil placed between gravel layers, and a final topsoil cap in one half and a coarse stone cap in the other half. The lower gravel layer was intended to provide a capillary break that would minimize gravity driven drainage in the till, while the capillary barrier created at the upper gravel-till interface would reduce evaporative losses in the till during dry periods. The results showed that while the compacted till maintained a relatively high degree of saturation and low hydraulic conductivity under the coarse stone, it desiccated under the topsoil and resulted in high water percolation rates. The textural or grain size contrast between the relatively fine topsoil and the underlying gravel layer created a capillary break which, together with the relatively low hydraulic conductivity of the topsoil, prevented infiltrating waters from recharging the underlying till. Thus the till was not able to rebound to its pre-desiccation water content. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the till under the topsoil was about 1 × 10-8 m/s after one year, compared to 2.0 × 10-10 m/s at construction. 相似文献
8.
Rock formations in Glutenite reservoirs typically display highly variable lithology and permeability, low and complex porosity, and significant heterogeneity. It is difficult to predict the pathway of hydraulic fractures in such rock formations. To capture the complex hydraulic fractures in rock masses, a numerical code called Rock Failure Process Analysis (RFPA2D) is introduced. Based on the characteristics of a typical Glutenite reservoir in China, a series of 2D numerical simulations on the hydraulic fractures in a small-scale model are conducted. The initiation, propagation and associated stress evolution of the hydraulic fracture during the failure process, which cannot be observed in experimental tests, are numerically simulated. Based on the numerical results, the hydraulic fracturing path and features are illustrated and discussed in detail. The influence of the confining stress ratio, gravel sizes (indicated by the diameter variation), and gravel volume content (VC) on the hydraulic fracturing pattern in a conglomerate specimen are numerically investigated, and the breakdown pressure is quantified as a function of these variables. Five hydraulic fracturing modes are identified: termination, deflection, branching (bifurcation), penetration, and attraction. The propagation trajectory of the primary hydraulic fractures is determined by the maximum and minimum stress ratios, although the fracturing path on local scales is clearly influenced by the presence of gravels in the conglomerate, particularly when the gravels are relatively large. As the stress ratio increases, the fractures typically penetrate through the gravels completely rather than propagating around the gravels, and the breakdown pressure decreases with increasing stress ratio. Furthermore, the breakdown pressure is affected by the size and volume content of the gravel in the conglomerate: as the gravel size and volume content increase, the breakdown pressure increases. 相似文献
9.
废旧轮胎胶粉用于填埋场衬垫材料改性,是提高衬垫系统有效性和扩展废旧轮胎资源化利用途径的一种手段。以高岭土作为黏性土的代表,开展废旧轮胎胶粉-高岭土混合土的力学和水力学性质试验,重点探讨胶粉掺量及尺寸对混合土渗透性、压缩性和收缩性的影响规律。研究表明,废旧轮胎胶粉-高岭土混合土的渗透系数、压缩系数、回弹指数、固结系数和体缩率等均随胶粉掺入比的增加而增大。高岭土及混合土的无侧限抗压强度大于200kPa,50kPa和200kPa压力下渗透系数满足≤1.0×10-7cm·s-1的要求,均属于中压缩性土,且体缩率小于体积应变合格值4%。与30目胶粉相比,12目胶粉-高岭土混合土压缩性和回弹量较小、固结系数较大,胶粉尺寸对无侧限抗压强度、体缩率和渗透系数的影响不显著。在本文试验条件下,为提高黏土衬垫对有机污染物的吸附能力并满足渗透性、强度及变形的要求,12目25%胶粉改性黏土可作为填埋场黏土衬垫材料。 相似文献
10.
Effects of salt solutions on the hydro-mechanical behavior of compacted GMZ01 Bentonite 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
In this study, the effects of salinity of infiltrating solutions on the swelling strain, compressibility, and hydraulic conductivity of compacted GMZ01 Bentonite were investigated. After swelling under vertical load using either distilled water or NaCl solutions with concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 M, and 1 M, laboratory oedometer tests were conducted on the compacted GMZ01 Bentonite. Based on the oedometer test results, hydraulic conductivity was determined using the Casagrande’s method. Results show that the swelling strain of highly compacted GMZ01 Bentonite decreases as the concentration of NaCl solution increases. The compression index C c * increases and then turns to decrease with an increase in the vertical stress or a decrease in the void ratio for different solutions, and the C c * decreases as the concentration of NaCl solution increases. The secondary consolidation coefficient C α increases linearly with the increase of the compression index C c * . Furthermore, a bi-linear relationship between the swelling index C s * and the secondary consolidation coefficient C α can be characterized clearly. The hydraulic conductivity increases as the concentration of NaCl solution increases, however, this increase can be prevented if a high confining stress is applied. 相似文献
11.
不同条件下水压裂隙的发展特性对有效开采页岩气具有重要的指导作用。针对岩体在微观上为颗粒和孔隙的结构系统,提出离散元水力压裂数值模拟方法,离散元能量转化和能量守恒计算方法,建立了相应的三维离散元模型。采用自主研发的三维离散元模拟软件Mat DEM3D,通过控制模型的竖向应变与颗粒直径,来模拟地层中的应力与压裂速率的变化。模拟结果表明:(1)水力压裂产生裂隙的数量和方向受岩石的各向异性,压力状态和变化速率所影响。(2)裂隙在压缩波传播时发展,当水压力高速增加时,诱发的裂隙数量增多,并且有效能量(断裂热)百分比也随之增加,压裂作用也变得更明显。(3)当竖向应变为零时,50%的裂隙呈垂直状态,当竖向应变为-1×10-4时,裂隙趋于沿着最大压力方向发展,竖向裂隙的百分率增大。数值模拟和能量分析为定量地研究岩石水力压裂过程提供了一个新的方法。 相似文献
12.
Hydro-mechanical coupling experiments on suffusion in sandy gravel foundations containing a partially penetrating cut-off wall 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The influence of the stress state on the evolution of suffusion failure is often neglected in the design of sandy gravel foundations containing a partially penetrating cut-off wall. A series of hydro-mechanical coupling experiments on such structures was carried out to investigate the influence using a newly designed apparatus. The results indicate that: (1) The stress state has a significant influence on the evolution of suffusion, which increases the critical suffusion hydraulic gradient dramatically. (2) The critical suffusion hydraulic gradient is linearly related to the confining pressure and to the penetration ratio, and a simple interpolation function for the critical hydraulic gradient was fitted based on the experimental results. (3) The eroded mass in the development of suffusion is nonuniform and intermittent. The evolution of suffusion is a complicated and iterative process involving fine particle migration, pores being clogged, flushing out of the clogged pores, and fine particle remigration. (4) Flow along the interface of sandy gravel and cut-off wall conforms to the piecewise-linear Darcy flow rule. The results will enhance the understanding of the influence of the stress state on the suffusion failure in sandy gravel foundations containing partially penetrating cut-off walls. 相似文献
13.
针对西北地区特殊的气候条件和砾质土料源丰富的实际情况,提出采用宽级配砾质土代替黏土作为土工合成材料膨润土垫(GCls)的保护层共同构成垃圾填埋场复合防渗系统的构想。文中选取宁夏银川地区冲-洪积作用形成的天然砾质土料,经人工掺和制配成满足规范对GCls防渗垫保护层渗透系数要求的宽级配砾质土样,在实验室对该土样进行了冻融循环作用下的渗透性能试验研究。结果显示,随着冻融次数的逐渐增加,土样的冻胀率逐渐变大,渗透系数也相应增大,经过12次冻融循环后,渗透系数约增大1～2个数量级;冻融循环初期,冻融作用对土样的影响最为剧烈,随着冻融循环次数的增加以及时间的延续,土样性状逐渐趋于稳定。由于宽级配砾质土对冻融循环作用的敏感性小于粉质黏性土,故采用宽级配砾质土作为Cls/GM的保护层共同组成填埋场复合防渗系统是值得期待的。 相似文献
14.
基于太沙基一维固结理论,采用有限差分法对室内固结试验进行了数值分析,编制了室内固结试验的C++数值程序和自动求解固结系数的Matlab拟合程序,该程序能够模拟不同尺寸（排水高度）软土试样的固结过程。讨论了试样尺寸、渗透系数和初始固结应力对模拟结果的影响。数值结果显示随着排水高度和渗透系数的增加,由时间平方根法和时间对数法求解的固结系数比不断减小,且排水高度较小时固结系数比变化较快。土体初始应力越小,主固结完成所需的时间越长。与日本广岛重塑土大尺寸试样固结试验结果进行了比较分析。研究结果表明所采用的数值方法能够较好地模拟软土的固结试验过程,可以进行一定条件下大尺寸软土试样的固结特性研究,研究成果对于揭示软土的固结变形发展有一定的理论价值和实际意义。 相似文献
15.
为评估涂抹区土体压缩和渗透系数变化对含竖向排水体地基固结的影响,采用等体积应变假设,考虑涂抹区土体的压缩变形及其水平向渗透系数沿径向分别呈线性和抛物线分布,并考虑井阻作用以及地基附加球应力沿深度任意分布,推导了随时间线性堆载预压条件下固结微分方程的显式解析解答,分析了涂抹区半径、水平向渗透系数的分布模式、以及体积压缩系数对地基整体平均固结度的影响。结果表明,涂抹区土体采用均匀折减的水平向渗透系数明显低估了地基的固结速率,而当涂抹区半径较大时,不考虑涂抹区土体的压缩变形将会高估地基的固结速率。在含竖向排水体地基固结问题的分析中,这些影响不可忽视。 相似文献
17.
The hydraulic conductivity represents an important indicator parameter in the generation and redistribution of excess pore pressure of sand–silt mixture soil deposits during earthquakes. This paper aims to determine the relationship between the undrained shear strength (liquefaction resistance) and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the sand–silt mixtures and how much they are affected by the percentage of low plastic fines (finer than 0.074 mm) and void ratio of the soil. The results of flexible wall permeameter and undrained monotonic triaxial tests carried out on samples reconstituted from Chlef river sand with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 % non-plastic silt at an effective confining pressure of 100 kPa and two initial relative densities (D r = 20, 91 %) are presented and discussed. It was found that the undrained shear strength (liquefaction resistance) can be correlated to the fines content, intergranular void ratio and saturated hydraulic conductivity. The results obtained from this study reveal that the saturated hydraulic conductivity (k sat) of the sand mixed with 50 % low plastic fines can be, in average, four orders of magnitude smaller than that of the clean sand. The results show also that the global void ratio could not be used as a pertinent parameter to explain the undrained shear strength and saturated hydraulic conductivity response of the sand–silt mixtures. 相似文献
18.
悬挂式防渗墙-强透水地基所处的应力状态,对其管涌等渗透变形发展过程影响明显。利用自行研制的新型土与结构物接触剪切渗透仪,开展不同应力状态下悬挂式防渗墙--缺乏中间级配的管涌型砂砾石地基的渗流-应力耦合管涌试验研究。结果表明,应力状态对悬挂式防渗墙-砂砾石地基的管涌临界渗透坡降影响巨大,围压越大,管涌临界渗透坡降越大,基于试验结果,建立了由围压表示的管涌临界渗透坡降线性经验公式。研究成果体现了渗流-应力耦合效应对防渗墙-砂砾石地基渗透稳定性的影响,可为确定深厚覆盖层中悬挂式防渗墙的合理贯入深度提供重要的理论依据。 相似文献
19.
利用自行研制的可提供高水压、高应力的粗粒土大型高压渗透仪,对双江口砾石土心墙堆石坝防渗料和反滤料进行了联合抗渗试验,研究不同应力状态下防渗料和反滤料的渗透变形特性。结果表明：（1）单向压缩条件下,防渗料的渗透系数随应力的增加而减小,且渗流稳定时的渗透系数与应力的关系满足Louis负指数方程;试样发生破坏的临界坡降随应力的增加而增大。（2）水平加荷、竖向自由变形条件下,试样的渗透系数随水平应力的增加先减小后增大。试样发生破坏的临界坡降随水平应力的增加先增大后减小。在达到峰值之前,反滤料越松或越细,临界坡降随水平应力增大的幅度越大;在达到峰值之后,反滤料越密或越细,临界坡降随应力减小的幅度越大。 相似文献