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1.
Adam Radzimski 《GeoJournal》2014,79(4):467-494
While a couple of decades ago homeownership used to be a privilege of the few, nowadays most households in developed countries are living in their own four walls. One of the reasons behind this shift are government policies aimed at promoting homeownership and making it more financially feasible. Among these policies, there is a wide range of instruments reducing the costs of mortgage loan interest. Recently, the promotion of homeownership has also become an important issue in some of the former socialist countries. An example of that is a policy of the Polish government called “Family’s own home”. The aim of this policy was to provide financial support for young households who are particularly vulnerable to the difficult housing situation in Poland. Due to huge price increases between 2006 and 2008, and in connection with a short supply of rental housing, many households have been unable to find an affordable dwelling in recent years. The “Family’s own home” policy, initiated in 2007, was the government’s response to this problem. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the outcomes of this policy, which was terminated at the end of 2012 because of a public finance crisis. Three research questions are addressed: (1) what was the relationship between government support and residential construction, housing prices, and mortgage loan interest rate, (2) what was the spatial distribution of government support, and (3) how was it related to the spatial distribution of housing prices, incomes, and housing affordability? 相似文献
2.
Gated communities and urban fragmentation in Latin America: the Brazilian experience 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Martin Coy 《GeoJournal》2006,66(1-2):121-132
Since the mid-1970s, gated housing areas of the privileged have been spreading in Latin American cities. They have to be seen
as a visible consequence of the deepening social disparities within Latin American societies and the resulting fragmentation
of urban space. Condomínios fechados (Brazil) or barrios cerrados (Argentina) can be typified following different criteria, such as formation, location, size, fittings, construction typology,
as well as social structure. Three groups of actors influence the process of their expansion: the real estate companies, for
which the new form of living offers an attractive market segment, the target groups, whose increasing expectations regarding
security and living comfort need to be met, and the public authorities, who have to find adequate responses concerning the
further orientation of urban development. Based on case studies from Brazil, the paper will discuss the different phases of
gated community expansion and the reasons why this is happening. Their internal structure and differentiation, as well as
consequences for socio-spatial development and urban planning will also be dealt with. 相似文献
3.
Suburbanization has been a prominent urban process in the United States since the World War II. It has transformed American cities in profound ways in every single aspect of urban development; from population and wealth distributions, through political organization and affiliations, to the built environment. This paper investigates the link between gated communities and the process of suburbanization in the context of socio-economic inequality. It has been shown time and again in the scholarly literature on suburbanization, that suburban neighborhoods in American cities have been traditionally more affluent and less diverse than central cities. The research on gated communities in the US also shows that they are, on average, more affluent compared to other communities in terms of family income and housing values. Are gated communities then simply a new form of suburban communities? Is the gated community in fact a suburban community with the added element of security features? The paper investigates these questions based on segregation and spatial analyses. The research contributes to the long line of studies on suburbanization, gating and the larger issues of urban inequality. 相似文献
4.
A spatial and temporal analysis, at a city wide scale, is given of the main type of informal housing (favelas) in Rio de Janeiro.
Rapid change in the number and distribution of favelas and their inhabitants (favelados) over time is seen as the outcome
of two opposing sets of factors. Demand-led housing factors, including population growth and variations in levels of poverty
in the city, have constantly outstripped the supply side of the housing equation where inadequate housing policies and investment,
together with restricted building land have been characteristic. Added to these factors are a set of more specific developments
which shape the favela geography, including the timing and location of urban redevelopment, favela eradication and recognition,
transport development and access by the favelados to employment sources. Evidence shows that the contemporary distribution
of favelas in the city does not conform to spatial models of this urban form, and that any interpretation of the Rio favelas,
including their growth, development and diversity, needs to be space and time specific.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
P. Q. Siyongwana 《GeoJournal》2005,64(3):199-213
The political changes in South Africa after 1994 necessitated that the Bantustans, the main servers of apartheid planning,
be re-incorporated into the mainstream of South Africa, implying the transformation of apartheid residential planning. Since
then there has been much speculation about the type of transformation that would be implemented in the Bantustans to effect
change in a non-racial South Africa. The aim of this paper is to analyze the effects of post-apartheid territorial restructuring
in the former South African Bantustans. Examining and elucidating the manner in which the diverse social, economic and political
factors have manifested themselves in the process of transformation of spatial residential planning in Umtata (the former
capital city of the Transkei Bantustan) since 1994 is the central theme of this paper. Using property registers together with
changes in legislative policies and land ownership, the transformation pattern was analysed in the former Bantustan capital
city (Umtata). The findings indicate that the new South African policies and development strategies have been partially successful
in eliminating the incongruencies of the past with regard to access to housing in Umtata. More critical is that this paper
suggests that there still remains a greater challenge lingering from the influence of the Bantustan government in the city. 相似文献
6.
Jan Blachowski 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(3):1327-1338
Rock minerals such as dimension and crushed stones and sands and gravels (aggregates) are indispensable materials for the building and construction industries. The growth in demand for these resources causes intensification of mining operations (and their consequent environmental impacts) and transport problems in regions abundant in rock minerals. The balanced management of these resources by regional policy-makers is difficult as it requires, among other things, comprehensive and up-to-date information on the spatial distribution and temporal changes of available reserves, demand, production, and transport. This information can be provided by means of spatial and temporal analyses through geographic information systems (GIS). In this research, the focus is on the following aspects of rock mineral (aggregates) resources and mining management in the context of regional spatial planning in the example region of Lower Silesia in Poland: the spatial and temporal changes in distribution and intensity of mining, the availability of economic reserves in active mines, the magnitude and distribution of road transport flows of aggregates, the potential of railways as an alternative means of transport, and the valorisation of undeveloped aggregates deposits to assess their suitability for future use. For the purposes of this study, cartographic models have been developed using GIS to facilitate analyses of these mineral resources, mining, and transport. The results of these analyses provide current and comprehensive information on the state of aggregates mineral resources, production and transport in the Lower Silesia region. They also give an insight into availability of rock mineral resources for the future. Knowledge of these processes is important for spatial development planning, especially physical infrastructure, conducted by national, regional, and local governments. 相似文献
7.
This article explores the spatial differentiation and integration between the post-disaster victims and the indigenous peasants 8 years after a rapid off-site resettlement oriented by governments in New Beichuan. Data were broadly collected from placement documents, questionnaires, interviews and site measurement by empirical research and on-site investigation in 2014. The resettlement plan was introduced and analyzed for housing resettlement, open space systems, public facilities allocation and resettlement policies. Based on statistical analysis of the questionnaire data and observation on the usage of the built environment, problems with the spatial usage and mismatches between the specific spatial requirements and subjective planning intention of integration are analyzed and preliminary findings are shown. The results showed that the excessive pursuit of speed and deficiency in economically self-sustaining efforts might contribute to insufficient attention given to spatial, social and economic aspects and leads to inevitable and long-standing problems, such as housing quality problems, neighborhoods management and security concerns, contradictions between the housing layout and local living habits, different spatial usage preferences between the indigenous peasants and post-disaster migrants, and disequilibrium of public facility allocation.
相似文献8.
随着经济的快速发展，人民生活水平的不断提高，我国房地产业获得了极佳的发展机遇，人们对住宅的概念已经远远不止是居住的要求了，特别是住宅消费市场化进程的加快，无论是小区规划、住宅楼的外观设计还是内部格局，都呈现出新的设计趋势。与此同时，也出现了一些忽略专业原则，市场把握不准，盲目追求“时尚”等误区。本人仅从工作实践中谈一谈自己的感受。 相似文献
9.
Mike Raco 《Geoforum》2006,37(4):581-595
Spatial and planning policies in Britain have increasingly become focused on regional inequalities and the creation of mixed, sustainable and balanced communities. Within these new policy paradigms the category of the key workers has emerged as an essential element in the socio-economic sustainability of any bounded area programmes have been introduced to support their needs. Yet, defining key workers is an inherently political process as it necessitates the selection of essential and non-essential workers. Theoretical approaches that highlight state selectivity and the ways in which key policy subjects and objects are identified and mobilised have become increasingly popular across the social sciences and key worker support programmes provide a clear example of these processes in action. This paper draws on archival research to explore the formation of the category ‘key’ worker as an object of government in spatial development policies of the post-war period. It examines how key worker programmes were established to tackle the economic problems of Development Areas. It argues that definitions of key workers were forged in and through particular social, political, and economic contexts and that their emergence as an object of government presupposed and reinforced the existence of different classes of workers and different types of citizens. The paper highlights the significance of such historical work in assessments of contemporary policy and academic debates concerning the changing character of sustainable communities and citizenship, regional development, and changing modes of state regulation. 相似文献
10.
Rapid urbanisation in India is a key contributor to the overstressed public infrastructure. The urban public transport system is one of the important infrastructure systems. An effective public transportation network helps the city improve its accessibility, lower carbon footprint, and enhances economic growth and societal equity. India is a relatively poor country with limited public resources. Therefore, investing in an effective urban public transport system needs a tailored approach. Such an approach would entail using public transport to guide urban development. In this context, the first step would be to measure the accessibility levels of the existing public transport network and then use the accessibility mapping outputs to better inform the urban planning process. This study explores the Public Transport Accessibility Level (PTAL) tool that measures the accessibility of the public transport system and provides a spatial visualisation using Geographic Information System. PTAL is implemented taking Hubli-Dharwad as a case study for the base year (2020) superimposed with population and employment density, and future year (2031). The outcome of the research facilitates the city planning process by guiding transportation and land-use zoning integrations, direct public transport investments, demarcation of transit-oriented development zones, parking policies, and identifying locations of affordable and low-cost housing.
相似文献11.
Christopher H. Flockton 《Geoforum》1982,13(3):193-208
Many of the imbalances which the successive strategic plans for the Paris region sought to correct have persisted, whether in employment location, transport access or structure and location of the housing stock. The reasons for these relative failures can be found, in part, in the content of the strategies, in housing, land and transport policies and in shortcomings of the urban planning and economic planning systems. The weakness of the Paris Region as the strategy's executor in relation to the central and local governments and public corporations cannot, however, be underestimated. In the first part, French strategic planning is assessed within the urban planning system, followed in the second part by a detailed study of the failures of plan implementation in transport policy and housing and office location. 相似文献
12.
Conclusion Many elements contributed to the urban expansion of Shanghai, but port expansion, industrial growth, population change and construction of new housing quarters were the main. Moreover, they were interdependent and interactive. This article summarizes these influences, on urban spatial expansion in Shanghai. It will be helpful in further approaches to this issue. 相似文献
13.
Sutama Ghosh 《GeoJournal》2007,68(2-3):223-242
Transnational theories have established that, after migrating to a new country, migrants often maintain their pre-existing social, economic, and political ties to their home country. The extent to which however, transnational institutional and social connections may affect the residential location and housing experiences of immigrant and refugee groups, and why and how these experiences differ within broadly defined immigrant groups such as the ‘South Asians’ remains unexplored. Building on transnational theory and previous research on the housing trajectories of new Canadians, this paper examines the housing experiences of two recently arrived ‘South Asian’ subgroups in Toronto–Indian Bengalis and Bangladeshis. By highlighting important intra-immigrant group differences, the study reveals how diverse transnational ties affect their neighbourhood choice and the type, tenure, and quality of housing when they first arrived in Toronto. 相似文献
14.
Literature on common-interest development (CID) in housing, most common in the form of gated communities, has been based largely on the US’s experience, where the interpretation has centered on the interaction between three actors (local government, private developer, and homeowner association) and barely focused on the privatization of neighborhood governance in transition economies. This paper, through a case study of gated community in Phu My Hung new town shows that Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam—in the context of transition from centrally-planned to market-based economy—has been witnessing this privatized phenomenon of neighborhood governance. It employs both primary data, collected through observation and key informant interview, and secondary data to explain the contextual factors for the rise of gated communities in the city and find out the mechanism of neighborhood governance. In the city, housing privatization reforms, influx of foreign direct investment, and the formation of urban middle class have constituted the supply- and demand-side factors for the rise of gated communities. In addition, the reforms towards grassroots participation created a favorable environment for a privatization of neighborhood governance in which the private developer plays a dominant role in partnership with local government and homeowner association. To a certain extent, this privatization is similar to the case of US’s gated communities, however, it does not threaten the public authority and instead maintains a good collaboration between these three actors. This is an indigenous innovation of gated communities in Vietnam due to its socio-economic conditions and political context. 相似文献
15.
Evan McKenzie 《GeoJournal》2006,66(1-2):89-102
Common interest housing (CIDs), which includes nearly all gated communities as well as non-gated but privately governed neighbourhoods, has become the predominant form of new housing construction in America. Optimistic early assessments that CIDs would prove to be more efficient alternative to municipalities are confronted by the fact of high levels of conflict and litigation, which are proving costly to residents as well as local governments. These conflicts are often highly publicized in the press, leading to concerns in the real estate industry that the demand for such housing could be jeopardized. The conflicts arise from having unpaid, untrained volunteer directors carrying out what were once municipal government functions, and concern financial issues as well as alleged abuses of power by association boards. In response to some of these concerns, across the nation, small but vocal ant-HOA owners groups are organizing, using the internet as their medium and gaining attention from the press. A consensus is emerging that the law governing private communities needs major changes, and different approaches are proposed or being implemented in several states. This paper examines these emerging regulatory trends and offers an assessment of their prospects. 相似文献
16.
Jerzy Ladysz 《GeoJournal》2006,67(1):1-7
The shift to market forces in Poland, East Germany and Czech Republic has fundamentally reconfigured its economic geography. In particular, spatial inequalities between neighboring Polish, Czech and German border regions have re-emerged forcefully in response to new values, expectations and preferences. In this paper the example of coal mines illustrates the potency of spatial planning. The abundance of coal mines in the Polish, Czech and German borderland at or near abandonment and their proximity to ecological corridors make them candidates for renewed uses in industry or conservation. Attention will also be given to the main environmental problems caused by wrongly conducted spatial policy on this borderland. Transforming a landscape requires continuation of guidance and financial assistance of the European Union. 相似文献
17.
House types and their spatial patterns in Singapore 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Lim Keak Cheng Dr. 《GeoJournal》1990,22(1):33-48
Four major groups of residential houses coexist in Singapore. They are: (a) bungalows, semi-detached and terrace houses; (b)
public flats; (c) private flats; (c) shophouses; and (d) attap and zinc-roofed houses. Each group of houses has its own features
and specific locations. The share of each group of houses in the total housing stock as well as in a census unit varies with
time. The aim of this paper is three-fold. Firstly, it gives an overview of the house types, their features, growth and spatial
spread; secondly, it examines the spatial patterns of housing as in 1980; and finally, it outlines the future trends of housing
development. The present composition and the spatial pattern of housing in Singapore are very much a result of government
planning since 1960. Having solved the problem of housing, the Singapore government now aims at improving the quality of public
housing which presently accomodates some 88% of the total population of 2.7 million to a level close to that of the private
housing. 相似文献
18.
Policy discourse and biography: scripting adulthood into housing policies in comparative perspective
Zhanna Kravchenko 《GeoJournal》2014,79(4):513-525
This article compares current Russian and Swedish policy discourses on state commitment to facilitating young adults’ access to housing by analyzing national, regional and municipal strategic documents. Both countries previously embraced the idea of housing as a commodified yet universal entitlement and exercised strong public regulation of housing redistribution, but are now establishing selective policies that support young people who comply with prescribed life-course norms. Thus, a life-course trajectory becomes integrated into the policy discourse, and a stable residential autonomy is considered a ‘crowning biographical event’, following a successful employment record and the establishment of a family unit. Notwithstanding important differences in policy formulation and realization, housing policies in Russia and Sweden are aimed to integrate emerging adults into market relations by increasing housing ownership through credit loans and stimulating individual responsibility for welfare provision. 相似文献
19.
This article describes predictable events and geological mechanisms that led to a disastrous flood and mudflow which affected a housing development below the Harrison Canyon Debris Basin Located in San Bernardino County, California, U.S.A. Factors that contributed to the disaster included: fires; topography; geology; hydrology/climatology; and design and location of the Harrison Canyon Debris Basin. If all of these factors had been taken into consideration during planning and approval of the housing development known as Tract 6206, this disaster could have been averted.This article was first published inEngineering Geology. 相似文献
20.
喀斯特山地城市新区生态用地保护与开发案例研究——以金阳新区为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
贵阳市金阳新区位于老城区的西北面,对推动贵阳市在北部区域经济发展中享有不可替代的区位优势。本文选择金阳新区进行案例研究,探讨生态用地保护的途径和方法,以期为岩溶山区城市生态规划与建设提供参考。金阳新区通过采用空间管制生态化、绿地系统规划布局、水体空间规划和土地利用生态化等理念和措施,有效保护了生态用地,有林地从2001年的10.22%增加到2010年的22.19%,2010年水体仍保持为2.09%。特别是在基本保障城市建设用地的前提下,在新区中央目前仍保持了相当数量的绿地和水体斑块,环境、功能相得益彰。金阳新区生态建设的成功案例表明,在喀斯特山地城市建设中,要充分考虑对生态用地的规划、保护与开发。 相似文献