共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
Dinesh Pandit 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2012,79(2):169-174
The lattice preferred orientation analysis of quartz c-axis has been used to study the fabric elements in deformed quartz.
Application of X-ray texture goniometer attached with high resolution X-ray diffractometer is used to improve the quality
of the studies related to texture analysis, which is difficult to observe under conventional optical microscopic method. A
comparison is made in between the conventional optical microscope and XTG method using a quartz sample from Malanjkhand reef
is used to demonstrate the difference obtained within fabric elements. In photomicrograph, only one fabric component is observed
while pole figure analysis using XTG method depicts three components of deformation. This technique is also very useful in
the study of polymineralic rocks as well as deformation induced in synthetic materials. 相似文献
2.
Victoria Shushakova Edwin R. Fuller Jr. Florian Heidelbach David Mainprice Siegfried Siegesmund 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,69(4):1281-1297
Thermoelastic behavior of different marble types was analyzed using computational modeling and experimental measurements. Eight marble samples with different composition, grain size, grain boundary geometry, and texture were investigated. Calcitic and dolomitic marbles were considered. The average grain size varies from 75 μm to 1.75 mm; grain boundary geometry differs from nearly equigranular straight grain boundaries to inequigranular-interlobate grain boundaries. Four typical marble texture types were observed by EBSD measurements: weak texture; strong texture; girdle texture and high-temperature texture. These crystallographic orientations were used in conjunction with microstructure-based finite element analysis to compute the thermoelastic responses of marble upon heating. Microstructural response maps highlight regions and conditions in the marble fabric that are susceptible to degradation phenomena. This behavior was compared to the measured thermal expansion behavior, which shows increasing residual strains upon repetitive heating–cooling cycles. The thermal expansion behavior as a function of temperature changes can be classified into four categories: (a) isotropic thermal expansion with small or no residual strain; (b) anisotropic thermal expansion with small or no residual strain; (c) isotropic thermal expansion with a residual strain; and (d) anisotropic thermal expansion with residual strain. Thermal expansion coefficients were calculated for both simulated and experimental data and also modeled from the texture using the MTEX software. Fabric parameters control the amount and directional dependence of the thermal expansion. Marbles with strong texture show higher directional dependence of the thermal expansion coefficients and have smaller microstructural values of the maximum principal stress and strain energy density, the main precursors of microcracking throughout the marble fabric. In contrast, marbles with weak texture show isotropic thermal expansion behavior, have a higher propensity to microcracking, and exhibit higher values of maximum principal stress and strain energy density. Good agreement between the experimental and computational results is observed, demonstrating that microstructure-based finite-element simulations are an excellent tool for elucidating influences of rock fabric on thermoelastic behavior. 相似文献
3.
Richard P&#x;ikryl 《Engineering Geology》2006,87(3-4):149-162
Rock microfabrics were quantified by image measurement system (petrographic image analysis) of thin sections. Along with common measured parameters (grain area and size, length of major and minor axes and their orientation), some quantitative parameters (aspect ratio, grain boundary smoothness) and fabric coefficients (micropetrographic quality index (K), “texture” coefficient (TC), indexes of interlocking (t) and grain size homogeneity (g)) were determined. The reliability of these parameters for the evaluation of geomechanical properties was tested on the set of granitic rocks showing pronounced variability in rock mechanical properties. None of the tested rock fabric coefficients or parameters proved a close correlation to rock mechanical properties except grain size. Based on experimental findings, the grain size is, along with porosity, the controlling factor of rock mechanical properties of genetically and mineralogically similar rocks. Obliteration of the real effects of rock fabric parameters on the mechanical properties of rocks by application of complex fabric coefficients disables their practical use in petrography applied to geomechanics. 相似文献
4.
内蒙古黄旗海全新世湖泊沉积物粒度分析及其沉积学意义 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
对内蒙古黄旗海湖心、湖滨2个现代沉积剖面在前期磁组构研究的基础上,进行了沉积物粒度分析。结果显示,2个剖面从下到上都表现出粗颗粒含量逐渐增加的趋势,反映水动力逐渐增强。对比之前的磁组构结果发现,靠近湖心的HQW剖面,粒度与磁组构具有较好的对比性。HQW剖面的磁各向异性度等磁组构参数从下到上表现出逐渐增大的趋势,显示矿物定向和水流流速逐渐增强。另外,在20cm、40cm、65cm深度附近,粒度与磁组构参数都发生突然变化,表明存在水动力增大的异常沉积事件。HQE剖面的磁组构未能有效指示异常沉积事件,但其粒度分析中的细砂百分比含量和中值粒径在这些位置附近明显减小。若这是由同一异常沉积事件造成的,则表明异常沉积事件的沉积过程比较复杂,在研究异常沉积事件时不同的沉积部位需使用不同的研究方法。 相似文献
5.
Textural characteristics are a major factor in determining the mechanical behaviour of rocks and in the prediction of performance of rock cutting and drilling equipment. The principal textural characteristics of rocks are grain size, grain shape, grain orientation, relative proportion of grains and matrix material which were herein quantitatively measured using a modern image analysis system. These features resulted in a texture coefficient represented by a single number for each rock specimen. In this study a range of both textural and mechanical data for a range of rock types are given with some of the textural determination methodology. Correlation between textural and physical properties are also highlighted. The results of drilling tests using polycrystalline diamond compact (pin and hybrid) and impregnated diamond core bits in the rocks are presented which demonstrate the influence of rock texture on drillability. The rock texture can be used as a predictive factor for assessing the drillability and cuttability, mechanical and wear performance of rocks. 相似文献
6.
粗粒土三轴试验数值模拟与试样颗粒初始架构初探 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
试样颗粒初始架构是粗粒土室内三轴试验中一个难以人为控制的因素。基于元胞自动机方法,结合粗粒土的室内三轴试验开发了能制备不同颗粒初始架构粗粒土试样的HHC-CA模型,该模型制备的粗粒土试样表征了粗粒土各粒组分布的不均匀性和随机性,再借助FLAC3D进行粗粒土三轴数值模拟试验,并探讨了试样剪切带内的砾石含量和试样砾石含量对内摩擦角的影响。数值模拟结果表明,同一粒径级配下,粗粒土的内摩擦角值与剪切带内的砾石含量呈增函数关系;试样砾石含量的增加可能会出现内摩擦角减小的现象,但同一粒径级配下的内摩擦角均值随试样砾石含量的增加而明显增大。 相似文献
7.
Analysis of Stress-dependent Permeability in Nonorthogonal Flow and Deformation Fields 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Summary The stress-dependent permeability of porous-fractured media is examined where principal stresses do not coincide with the
principal permeabilities. This condition is the norm, and may arise when either flow is controlled at the local level due
to the presence of inclined bedding partings or oblique fractures, or as a result of the evolving loading environment. Permeability
response is controlled by shear and normal stiffnesses of fractures, frictional dilation coefficients, skeletal and grain
modulii, initial permeabilities and stress state. For parameters representative of intact and fractured rocks, hydrostatic
loading modes are shown to have the greatest effect in the pre-failure regime. Shear dilation effects are small, primarily
controlled by the selected magnitudes of shear stiffnesses and dilation coefficients. The resulting stress-permeability relationships,
which cover both fractured and intact media, are examined in a numerical study of fluid flow injected across the diameter
of a cylindrical core with inclined fabric, subjected to various loading configurations. This is used to produce relationships
that allow one to reduce flow test data in non-standard specimen geometries, where effective stress changes are simultaneously
applied. These results confirm the significant impact of inclination of the rock fabric with respect to both flow and loading
geometry on the evolving permeability field. 相似文献
8.
The effects of initial soil fabric on behaviors of granular soils are investigated by using Distinct Element Method (DEM) numerical simulation. Soil specimens are represented by an assembly of non-uniform sized spheres with different initial contact normal distributions. Isotropically consolidated triaxial compression loading and extension unloading in both undrained and drained conditions are simulated for vertically- and horizontally-sheared specimens. The numerical simulation results are compared qualitatively with the published experimental data and the effects of initial soil fabric on resulting soil behaviors are discussed, including the effects of specimen reconstitution methods, effects of large preshearing, and anisotropic characteristics in undrained and drained conditions. The effects of initial soil fabric and mode of shearing on the quasi-steady state line are also investigated. The numerical simulation results can systematically explain that the observed experimental behaviors of granular soils are due principally to their conditions of the initial soil fabric. This outcome provides insights into the observed phenomena in microscopic view. 相似文献
9.
Grain fabric of a laboratory antidune 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The grain fabric of a laboratory antidune composed of coarse- to medium-grained sand shows a high-angle upcurrent imbrication both on the upstream and downstream sides. Such a grain fabric differs from a normal dune or a megaripple, where grain alignment displays an upcurrent imbrication relative to the depositional slope in the foreset lamina and/or near parallelism with the slope surface in the toe-set lamina. Recognition of antidunes in ancient rocks is difficult, but detailed examination of grain fabric of cross-stratification makes it possible to distinguish antidunes or ‘backset’ bedding from normal dunes or megaripples. 相似文献
10.
Influence of shape fabric and crystal texture on marble degradation phenomena: simulations 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Victoria Shushakova Edwin R. Fuller Jr Siegfried Siegesmund 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,63(7-8):1587-1601
Microstructure-based finite element simulations were used to study the influence of grain shape fabric and crystal texture on thermoelastic responses related to marble degradation phenomena. Calcite was used as an illustrative example for studying extremes of shape preferred orientation (SPO) in shape fabric and lattice preferred orientation (LPO) in crystal texture. Three SPOs were analyzed: equiaxed grains, elongated grains, and a mixture of equiaxed and elongated grains. Three LPOs were considered: a random orientation distribution function and two degrees of strong directional crystal texture. Finally, the correlation between the direction of the LPO with respect to that of the SPO was examined. Results show that certain combinations of SPO, LPO, and their directional relationship have significant influence on the thermomechanical behavior of marble. For instance, while there is no major dependence of the elastic strain energy density and the maximum principal stress on SPO for randomly textured microstructures, there is a strong synergy between LPO and its directional relationship with respect to the SPO direction. Microcracking precursors, elastic strain energy density, and maximum principal stress, decrease when the crystalline c-axes have fiber texture perpendicular to the SPO direction, but increase significantly when the c-axes have fiber texture parallel to the SPO direction. Moreover, the microstructural variability increases dramatically for these latter configurations. In general, the influence of LPO was as expected, namely, the strain energy density and the maximum principal stress decreased with more crystal texture, apart from for the exception noted above. Spatial variations of these precursors indicated regions in the microstructure with a propensity for microcracking. Unexpectedly, important variables were the microstructural standard deviations of the spatial distributions of the microcracking indicators. These microstructural standard deviations were as large as or larger than the variables themselves. The elastic misfit-strain contributions to the coefficients of thermal expansion were also calculated, but their dependence was as expected. 相似文献
11.
The probability density function of orientations of crystals generally cannot be measured directly without destruction of the specimen. Therefore it is usual practice to sample pole density functions of several crystal forms in diffraction experiments with a texture goniometer. Determining a reasonable orientation density function from experimental pole density functions is then the crucial prerequisite of quantitative texture analysis. This mathematical problem may be addressed as a tomographic inversion problem specified by the crystal and statistical specimen symmetries and the properties of the diffraction experiment. Its solution with maximum entropy preferred orientation portion and maximum uniform portion is proposed because it yields the most conservative orientation density function with systematically reduced correlation effects, thus avoiding artificial texture ghost≓ components caused by the specific properties of the diffraction experiment. 相似文献
12.
江西相山西部地区深部多金属矿化矿石组构学、矿物学研究及其地质意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
江西相山铀矿田西部地区实施的铀矿科学深钻3号孔在深部-700 m发现大量铅锌多金属矿化脉,垂向上呈"上铀下多金属"的分布特征。文章对深部多金属矿化进行了详细的矿物学和矿石组构学研究,并对其成因进行了探讨。研究表明,矿石结构主要有中细粒及微粒结构、自形晶粒状结构、他形晶粒状结构、填隙结构、包含结构、镶边结构、固溶体分离结构、碎裂结构、环带结构等;矿石构造主要有脉状构造、细脉状构造、条带状构造、角砾状构造、致密块状构造、稠密浸染状构造等。矿化类型主要有石英-毒砂-黄铁矿(锡石、黄铜矿)型、黄铁矿型、闪锌矿-方铅矿-黄铁矿型、闪锌矿-方铅矿-碳酸盐(菱铁矿-方解石)型,在空间上具有明显的分带性。根据矿物组合和穿插关系,矿化过程经历了成矿前期的碱性流体作用,形成矿前期绿泥石、锡石和金红石。铅锌成矿期经历了石英-毒砂阶段、黄铁矿化阶段、铅锌矿化阶段、铅锌银碳酸盐阶段等多期叠加。成矿后期以形成碳酸盐-石英脉为特征。综合分析认为,相山深部多金属矿化具有浅成、中低温特征,是与次火山岩有关的低硫化型浅成中低温热液多金属矿化。目前已经发现的铅锌多金属矿化很可能是深部矿化的一个端员,深部很有可能存在与成矿有关的次火山岩体,且具有寻找斑岩型多金属矿化的成矿潜力。 相似文献
13.
颗粒材料大多由不规则形状的颗粒组成,如砂土、谷物等,抵抗转动是不规则形状颗粒的固有特性。已有研究表明,颗粒抗转动特性对其宏观力学特性有显著影响。因此,在颗粒材料的细观数值模拟中或采用非圆颗粒,或在圆颗粒离散元模拟中采用考虑抗转动的接触模型。采用有限元-离散元耦合方法（FDEM）和离散元方法（DEM）分别对椭球形状颗粒和具有抗转动能力的圆球颗粒进行三轴剪切数值模拟,指出了采用抗转动接触模型考虑颗粒形状影响的局限性,并基于颗粒的局部排布结构揭示了形状影响的细观来源。峰值内摩擦角和剪胀均随着转动摩擦系数和形状偏离圆球程度而单调增加,但颗粒形状对它们的影响呈现出明显的收敛趋势。细观组构分析也表明,虽然颗粒形状和转动摩擦都能显著增强组构各向异性,但是组构各向异性的演化模式有明显的区别。造成以上结果的差异在于其抵抗转动的影响机制不同。转动摩擦是通过限制颗粒转动,增强了颗粒间的稳定承载能力,而非圆颗粒是通过咬合作用形成稳定的局部排列结构。由于椭球颗粒腹部比端部能够传递更大的接触力,颗粒受剪切后发生转动,颗粒长轴倾向于正交大主应力方向,呈现交错排列,颗粒间相互锁定。 相似文献
14.
The progressive development of mylonitic fabrics in a series of Torridonian sandstones and shales has been studied along traverses across the Kishorn Nappe. The fabrics developed have been investigated using the following techniques.
- 1. 1. Optical examination of thin sections.
- 2. 2. Measurements of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility.
- 3. 3. X-ray texture goniometry.
15.
Crack-related fabric analyses were carried out in terms of crack tensors using Inada granite deformed inelastically in a triaxial vessel up to post-failure, focusing on the fabric changes during brittle failure. Complementarily, numerical simulation tests were conducted to determine the representative volume element (RVE) required for crack surveying. Numerical simulation tests show that the window size for crack surveying should be at least six times the mean trace length in order to obtain a statistically meaningful crack tensor. A larger window is needed to estimate the distribution of crack radii. In quartz, cracks grow preferentially parallel to the major loading axis. Crack tensors in quartz can provide a measure of damage reflecting inelastic deformation under differential stress in past geological events. During the first stage of inelastic deformation, the number density of cracks decreases with a rather sharp increase in crack diameters. This happens because pre-existing cracks in intact rock join together to make longer cracks. However, the density remains almost constant during the second stage of loading from 90% to 100% of the peak stress. The crack diameter gradually increases due to the stable propagation of cracks. When granite is further deformed beyond the peak stress, the number density decreases again while sharp increases in crack diameters appear as a result of the forking and coalescence of cracks. It is also suggested that load-normal grain boundary cracks are generated as a result of the rolling and sliding of disintegrated blocks in the post-failure stage. 相似文献
16.
Data on the fabric properties of gravels have been collected at 10 locations over a distance of 27 km from the Chakki River — a braided channel of the Beas River system. The imbrication of AB-planes reveals a close correspondence with the channel direction; the deviations seldom exceed 30°. Increase in sinuosity and the existence of subsidiary channels contribute, at some locations, to larger deviations. Imbrication directions tend to be modified because of the influence of local channels which develop temporarily on the bar surfaces.A current-normal mode exists for the A-axis orientation data. Bimodal distributions are recognised and attributed to shifting flow conditions. Variance values are low for both the imbrication and A-axis data. The range in mean values of the dip of AB-planes is between 22.6° and 37.6° with s = 8° to 14°. The mean values of plunge of the A-axis vary from 2.9° to 13.2° with s = 3.4° to 12.69°. There is a marked decrease in plunge of the A-axis in the downstream direction in the Chakki River.A particle size versus orientation approach indicates that, irrespective of size, there is a strong upcurrent imbrication. Longitudinal alignment of particles in the smaller size intervals is not supported by the data obtained in this study. A particle shape versus orientation approach reveals that the A-axis orientation is not dependent on particle shape. The A-axis fabric patterns of both tabular and bladed clasts show a peripheral circular arrangement of the maxima, the bisectrix of which points in a current-normal direction. Orientation patterns do not reflect any control in terms of the lithic composition of clasts. 相似文献
17.
Raphaël Paris Simon Falvard Catherine Chagué James Goff Samuel Etienne Pascal Doumalin 《Sedimentology》2020,67(3):1207-1229
X-ray tomography is used to analyse the grain size and sedimentary fabric of two tsunami deposits in the Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia, Pacific Ocean) which are particularly exposed to trans-Pacific tsunamis. One site is located on the southern coast of Nuku Hiva Island (Hooumi) and the other one is on the southern coast of Hiva Oa Island (Tahauku). Results are compared with other techniques such as two-dimensional image analysis on bulk samples (particle analyser) and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. The sedimentary fabric is characterized through three-dimensional stacks of horizontal slices (following a vertical step of 2·5 mm along the cores), while grain-size distribution is estimated from two-dimensional vertical slices (following a step of 2 mm). Four types of fabric are distinguished: (a) moderate to high angle (15 to 75°); (b) bimodal low-angle (<15°); (c) low to high angle with at least two different orientations; and (d) dispersed fabric. The fabric geometry in a tsunami deposit is not only controlled by the characteristics of the flow itself (current strength, flow regime, etc.) but also sediment concentration, deposition rate and grain-size distribution. There is a notable correlation between unimodal high-angle fabric – type (a) – and finely-skewed grain-size distribution. The two tsunami deposits studied represent two different scenarios of inundation. As demonstrated here, X-ray tomography is an essential method for characterizing past tsunamis from their deposits. The method can be applied to many other types of sediments and sedimentary rocks. 相似文献
18.
Comparison of laser grain size analysis with pipette and sieve analysis: a solution for the underestimation of the clay fraction 总被引：54，自引：1，他引：54
Classically, the grain size of soil and sediment samples is determined by the sieve method for the coarse fractions and by the pipette method, based on the ‘Stokes’ sedimentation rates, for the fine fractions. Results from the two methods are compared with results from laser diffraction size analysis, which is based on the forward scattering of monochromatic coherent light. From a point of view of laboratory efficiency, the laser sizing technique is far superior. Accuracy and reproducibility are shown by measurements on certified materials. It appears that laser grain size measurements of certified materials correspond very well with the certificated measurements. Tests were also done on a set of randomly selected sediments of fluvial, aeolian and lacustrine origin. Except for the (<2 μm) clay fraction, there is a coarsening of the mean diameter of one to two size classes (0.25 ?), caused by the non-sphericity of the particles. The platy form of the clay particles induces considerable differences (eight size classes) between pipette and laser measurements: the <2 μm grain size, defined by the pipette method corresponds with a grain size of 8 μm defined by the Laser Particle Sizer for the studied sediments. Using a higher grain size level for the clay fraction, when laser analysis is applied, enables workers in the geological and environmental field to compare classical pipette analysis with a laser sizing technique. 相似文献
19.
In situ observations of polycrystalline ice deformed in simple shear between −10 and −1°C are presented. This study illustrates the processes responsible for the deformation, the development of a preferred crystallographic orientation and the formation of a preferred dimensional orientation. Intracrystalline glide on the basal plane, accompanying grain rotations and dynamic recrystallization, helps to accommodate the large intragranular strains. These are the most important mechanisms for crystallographic reorientation and produce a stable fabric that favours glide on the basal plane. Localized kinks, developed in grains unfavourably oriented for easy glide, are unstable and are overprinted by dynamic recrystallization. Dynamic recrystallization is a strain softening process with nucleation occurring in the form of equiaxed grains that grow subparallel to pre-existing grain anisotropies and become elongate during deformation. Plots of grain axial ratio against orientation (
) indicate a weak shape fabric which does not correspond to the theoretical foliation and elongation for the appropriate increment of shear strain. We argue that estimates of the strain magnitude made from orientation of elongate grains are unreliable in high temperature shear zones. These results are applicable to both geological and glacial shear environments. 相似文献
20.
The three-dimensional orientation distribution (ODF), a complete representation of texture (preferred orientation), is derived for three quartzite specimens. The first part describes the spherical harmonic analysis to calculate the ODF for
2/m crystal symmetry and
specimen symmetry from pole-figures measured with an X-ray pole-figure goniometer. The second part of the paper presents the results of the analysis for three quartzaggregates deformed on thrust planes of Alpine nappes at different metamorphic grades. The three samples display moderate to strong preferred orientation with [0001] in the plane of foliation (normal to the lineation) at high temperature and [0001] normal to the foliation at low grade. In addition, X-axes [10
0] are aligned and positive and negative rhombohedra have a different orientation, probably as a result of Dauphiné twinning. Emphasis is on explaining how to read and interpret the three-dimensional ODF directly without having to rely on the more familiar pole-figure (fabric diagram). In the last section we discuss errors and reliability of the data. One source of error is the incompatibility of pole-figures due to experimental difficulties, which is minimized by using a leastsquares fit, a second source is the mathematical representation with spherical harmonics of limited order. In practice the order of harmonics to be used has to be decided in each individual case. Error analysis shows that all these textures show a significant deviation from hexagonal symmetry. 相似文献