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1.
Ultramicroscopic particles of biogenic appearance found in recent phosphorite nodules in diatomaceous oozes from the Namibian shelf are described. The particles are mostly represented by three varieties, namely, colloform, rounded, and elongated bacillary particles, which are disseminated over the rock or, more often, form aggregations of various shapes. The aggregations consist of particles of similar types though different in sizes (from fractions of a micrometer to a few micrometers). Mutual intergrowths are also encountered, as well as twins, rosettes, and ball-shaped aggregations of elongated particles resembling vugs of other crystals. These morphological features together with the results of microbiological studies of diatomaceous oozes, in which phosphorite nodules are formed, suggest a nonmicrobial origin of most of the biomorphic particles. 相似文献
2.
Permeability–porosity relationships for sediments from the northern Barbados, Costa Rica, Nankai, and Peru subduction zones were examined based on sediment type, grain size distribution, and general mechanical and chemical compaction history. Greater correlation was observed between permeability and porosity in siliciclastic sediments, diatom oozes, and nannofossil chalks than in nannofossil oozes. For siliciclastic sediments, grouping of sediments by percentage of clay-sized material yields relationships that are generally consistent with results from other marine settings and suggests decreasing permeability as percentage of clay-sized material increases. Correction of measured porosities for smectite content improved the correlation of permeability–porosity relationships for siliciclastic sediments and diatom oozes. The relationship between permeability and porosity for diatom oozes is very similar to the relationship in siliciclastic sediments, and permeabilities of both sediment types are related to the amount of clay-size particles. In contrast, nannofossil oozes have higher permeability values by 1.5 orders of magnitude than siliciclastic sediments of the same porosity and show poor correlation between permeability and porosity. More indurated calcareous sediments, nannofossil chalks, overlap siliciclastic permeabilities at the lower end of their measured permeability range, suggesting similar consolidation patterns at depth. Thus, the lack of correlation between permeability and porosity for nannofossil oozes is likely related to variations in mechanical and chemical compaction at shallow depths. This study provides the foundation for a much-needed global database with fundamental properties that relate to permeability in marine settings. Further progress in delineating controls on permeability requires additional carefully documented permeability measurements on well-characterized samples. 相似文献
3.
《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》1999,46(11-12):2993-3017
Hole 887B of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) comprises a 44 m (750 kyr) long continuous section recovered from the Patton–Murray Rise, an elevated plateau that is largely isolated from turbidite deposition. The Patton–Murray area is centered under the Alaska Gyre, a region characterized by the domal upwelling of nutrient-rich waters. Marked increases in productivity and rapid settling of biogenic matter are suggested throughout the section by the episodic accumulation of diatomaceous oozes up to ∼1 m thick that are accompanied by barium enrichments. Significant δ13Corg maxima in the major diatomaceous bands suggest that mixed-layer [CO2(aq)] may have been drawn down significantly during some of the productivity events. The episodes of enhanced productivity at Site 887 occur synchronously with short-lived minima in planktonic foram δ18O, suggesting a direct link to low salinity, or less likely, warming, events in the Gulf of Alaska. There is no obvious explanation for the events, but they may be related to seasonal incursions of meltwater from Alaska. We speculate that episodic input of meltwater- or dust-borne iron from Asian or Alaskan sources may have promoted the extraordinary diatom production events recorded in the sedimentary record. 相似文献
4.
A late Pliocene diatom Ge/Si record from the Southeast Atlantic 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
As a result of both culture and sediment core studies, the ratio of germanium (Ge) to silicon (Si) in diatom shells has been proposed as a proxy for monitoring whole-ocean changes in seawater Ge/Si, a ratio affected by changes in continental weathering. However, because of the difficulties of extracting and cleaning diatom frustules from deep-sea sediments, only samples from highly pure diatom oozes in the Antarctic region have been previously analyzed. Here we present data on diatom Ge/Si ratios, (Ge/Si)opal, for the time interval between 3.1 and 1.9 Ma from a mid-latitude, coastal upwelling area where significant terrigenous sediment input complicated the sample processing and analyses. In general, our (Ge/Si)opal values show the same decreasing trend after 2.6 Ma than previously measured in Antarctic sediments (Shemesh et al., 1989. Paleoceanography 4, 221–231), but with a noisier background that may reflect the local imprint of proximal continental input superimposed upon global changes in the ocean reservoir. The time of initiation of large-scale North Hemisphere glaciation at 2.6 Ma is characterized by a declining pattern of diatom Ge/Si ratios, which could have resulted from a global increase in the input of riverine Si due to enhanced silica weathering and/or equatorward (northward) intrusions of subantarctic waters enriched in silica. High (Ge/Si)opal ratios are associated with high opal contents from the same sediment samples and with warm climate as indicated by depleted benthic foraminiferal δ18O values from the North and Equatorial Atlantic. Cold periods signified by enriched benthic δ18O values, on the contrary, are associated with lower (Ge/Si)opal ratios. We interpret diatom Ge/Si values to reflect the prevailing weathering state on the continents, with greater chemical weathering during warm and wet periods of the Pliocene and less during cooler and drier intervals. 相似文献
5.
Akiyoshi Kamatani 《Journal of Oceanography》1974,30(4):157-162
Diatomaceous silica, pretreated at various temperatures between 125 and 900C, was subjected to dissolution experiments and was analyzed using X-ray diffraction and infrared spectra. The diatomaceous silica preheated up to 900C, dissolved throughly into the solution of 2 per cent Na2CO3. On the digestion in the solution of 2 per cent Na2SO4, the dissolution of the silica decreased as the pretreating temperature increase; the degree of dissolution was different for various species. According to infrared absorption studies, the diatomaceous silica pretreated at a temperature below 500C preserved the reversibility of dehydration-rehydration almost qualitatively, while heating above 500C the samples lost the reversibility. Deformation of some kinks of diatomaceous silica pretreated above 500C, was percepted on infrared absorption spectra around 1,150 cm–1. The samples pretreated up to 900 C, however, did not show such an internal structural change as could be identified by the X-ray diffraction analysis. The content of Al and Fe in diatomaceous silica was low and have not much difference in quality among diatom species. From these experimental results, it was adequately understandable that diatomaceous silica, which has a metastable character, is variable in the silica forms among species and its process and rate of transformation of internal structure and/or surface sites by the treatment at given temperatures also show differences. 相似文献
6.
《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2001,48(1):125-135
Several are the hypotheses proposed to explain the occurrence of Ethmodiscus oozes in tropical sediments representative of some glacial periods. In this paper, a review of those hypotheses within a paleoclimatic perspective is presented. Flux records of Ethmodiscus fragments found in site M16772 (1°21′ S, 11°58′ W) during the last 190 ka are compared to the other marine and freshwater diatom accumulation rates (AR) and diatom assemblages composition. Ethmodiscus is present all along the core, but Ethmodiscus-rich levels are found at 185–170 and 150–140 ka (stages 6.6 and 6.4), and at 70–60 ka (stage 4.2), levels where a concomitant increase in the flux of the other marine diatoms, and in the contribution to the assemblage of diatom species related to equatorial and coastal upwelling, and river plume waters is also observed. Climatic conditions favouring simultaneous occurrence of strong equatorial upwelling, coincident with increased advection of waters from coastal upwelling areas and important river run-off are proposed as the explanation for these Ethmodiscus-rich levels. 相似文献
7.
N. H. Khadge 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(3):251-258
As a part of the environmental impact assessment studies, geotechnical properties of sediments were determined in the Central Indian Basin. The undrained shear strength and index properties of the siliceous sediments were determined on 20 box cores of uniform dimension collected from various locations in five preselected sites. The maximum core length encountered was 41 cm and most of the sediments were siliceous oozes consisting of radiolarian or diatomaceous tests. The shear strength measurements revealed that surface sediments deposited in recent times (0-10 cm) have a shear strength of 0-1 kPa; this value increases with depth, reaching 10 kPa at 40 cm deep. Older sediments have greater strength because of compaction. Water content varies in the wide range of 312-577% and decreases with depth. The clay minerals such as smectite and illite are dominant and show some control over water content. Wet density, specific gravity, and porosity do not indicate any notable variation with depth, thereby indicating a uniform, slow rate of sedimentation. The average porosity of sediments is 90.2%, specific gravity 2.18, and wet bulk density 1.12 g/cm 3 . Sediments exhibit medium to high plasticity characteristics, with the average plasticity index varying between 105% and 136%. Preliminary studies on postdisturbance samples showed an increase in natural water content and a decrease in undrained shear strength of sediments in the top 10- to 15-cm layer. 相似文献
8.
Samuela Capellacci Cecilia Battocchi Silvia Casabianca Marco Giovine Giorgio Bavestrello Antonella Penna 《Marine Ecology》2013,34(1):103-111
In this study, we demonstrate that dissolved silica obtained from mineral (crystalline quartz), biogenic amorphous (diatomaceous earth) and artificial amorphous sources (Aerosil) influence the growth rate of two marine diatoms, Chaetoceros sp. and Skeletonema marinoi. Diatoms were reared in four different experimental conditions in artificial seawater containing either dissolved silica previously obtained through dissolution of the mineral crystalline quartz or two amorphous substrates, biogenic diatomaceous earth or artificial Aerosil silica. Sodium metasilicate was used as control. When the silica in the different media reached concentrations higher than 107 μm , particles were eliminated by filtration and the diatom cells were inoculated. Maximum cell density, growth and silica assimilation rates of both species in the presence of dissolved silica derived from crystalline quartz and metasilicate were higher than those obtained with the other silica sources. These results are discussed against the background of previous geochemical studies that have shown that silica–water interactions are strictly dependent on the silica polymorphs involved and on the ionic composition of the solution. Our results demonstrate that the soluble silicon compounds generated in seawater by crystalline sources are highly bioavailable compared with those generated by biogenic and amorphous materials. These findings are potentially of considerable ecological importance and may contribute to clarifying anomalous spatial and temporal distributions of siliceous organisms with respect to the presence of lithogenic or biogenic silica sources in marine environments. 相似文献
9.
N. H. Khadge 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(3):251-258
Abstract As a part of the environmental impact assessment studies, geotechnical properties of sediments were determined in the Central Indian Basin. The undrained shear strength and index properties of the siliceous sediments were determined on 20 box cores of uniform dimension collected from various locations in five preselected sites. The maximum core length encountered was 41 cm and most of the sediments were siliceous oozes consisting of radiolarian or diatomaceous tests. The shear strength measurements revealed that surface sediments deposited in recent times (0–10 cm) have a shear strength of 0–1 kPa; this value increases with depth, reaching 10 kPa at 40 cm deep. Older sediments have greater strength because of compaction. Water content varies in the wide range of 312–577% and decreases with depth. The clay minerals such as smectite and illite are dominant and show some control over water content. Wet density, specific gravity, and porosity do not indicate any notable variation with depth, thereby indicating a uniform, slow rate of sedimentation. The average porosity of sediments is 90.2%, specific gravity 2.18, and wet bulk density 1.12 g/cm3. Sediments exhibit medium to high plasticity characteristics, with the average plasticity index varying between 105% and 136%. Preliminary studies on postdisturbance samples showed an increase in natural water content and a decrease in undrained shear strength of sediments in the top 10- to 15-cm layer. 相似文献
10.
云南鹤庆盆地晚第四纪硅藻植物群与环境 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
依据鹤庆ＨＱ孔０－１９ｍ沉积的硅藻资料,建立了７个硅藻组合带,它们记录了近７万年来鹤庆古湖中硅藻植物群的演化及反映的环境,该时期存在４个浮游硅藻繁盛的沉吟桫湖时期与其相间的三个浅水湖时期以底栖和附着类型硅藻为主,或缺乏硅藻化石。３０－１３ｋａＢ．Ｐ湖水频繁波动的时期为环境恶化时期。 相似文献
11.
龙感湖地区近3000年来的植被及其气候定量重建 总被引：18，自引：1，他引：18
本文依据龙感湖钻孔的孢粉及硅藻资料，探讨了该地区近３０００年来的植被发展及气候变化，通过数值分析方法，重建了年均温及年降水的时间序列，发现气候波动存在的两个阶段，（依１．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．前后划分）四个旋回（０．８ｋａ的准周期）两个突变事件（３ｋａＢ．Ｐ）前后的冷暖急剧变化及１ｋａＢ．Ｐ的降温事件）。这些变化与敦德冰心及固城湖孢粉反映的气候波动有较好的一致性，具有全球变化意义。 相似文献
12.
Naoki Yoshie Yasuhiro Yamanaka Michio J. Kishi Hiroaki Saito 《Journal of Oceanography》2003,59(5):563-571
A one-dimensional ecosystem model has been used to investigate the processes relevant to the spring diatom bloom which play
important roles in the biogeochemical cycle in the western subarctic Pacific. The model represents the plankton dynamics and
the nutrient cycles in the spring diatom bloom; its results show the importance of dilution by deep mixing in winter. It is
supposed that the vertically integrated biomass of phytoplankton decreases in the winter due to the decrease of photosynthesis,
because the deep mixing transports phytoplankton to a layer with a low light level. However, the observed integrated diatom
biomass increases as the mixed layer deepens. This is because the decrease of concentration due to dilution by mixing causes
the diatom grazed pressure to be less significant than diatom photosynthesis. In other words, the effect of dilution on the
grazed rate is more significant than the effect on the photosynthesis rate because the grazed rate depends on the concentrations
of both diatom and grazer, whereas the photosynthesis rate depends only diatom concentration. The average specific diatom
grazed rate, defined as grazed rate divided by diatom biomass, decreases by 35% associated with the deepening, while the average
specific photosynthesis rate of diatom decreases by 11%. As a result, the average specific net diatom growth rate during the
deep mixing is about 70% of its maximum during the spring diatom bloom. The deep mixing significantly affects the amplitude
of the spring diatom bloom not only by the supply of nutrients but also by the dilution which drastically decreases the grazed
pressure.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
夏季强降雨对胶州湾浮游硅藻群落结构的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为研究强降水对胶州湾浮游硅藻群落的影响及其作用机制,本文利用2012年夏季暴雨前(7月17日)和暴雨后(8月5日)采集的浮游植物样品,对胶州湾海域在暴雨前后浮游硅藻的种类组成、丰度和群落结构特征等进行了分析,探讨了台风导致的强降雨天气对浮游硅藻群落结构的影响。结果表明：暴雨前胶州湾共记录到硅藻22属54种,暴雨后,共记录到出硅藻18属39种,浮游硅藻种类数显著下降。暴雨前浮游硅藻的平均丰度为2953.9 104 cells/m3,优势种有浮动弯角藻(Eucampia zoodiacus)、星脐圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus asteromphalus)、拟旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus)和劳氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros lorenzianus);暴雨后浮游硅藻平均丰度为111.4104cells/m3,比暴雨前降低了1个数量级,优势种组成也发生变化,有浮动弯角藻、星脐圆筛藻、大洋角管藻(Cerataulina pelagica)和波状石丝藻(Lithodesmium undulatum)。暴雨前后浮游硅藻平面分布也发生变化,暴雨前在湾西部丰度值较高,暴雨后浮游硅藻平面分布相比暴雨前更加均匀。本研究可为深入探讨海洋环境异常变化对浮游硅藻乃至浮游植物群落的影响提供重要依据。 相似文献
14.
Jonaotaro Onodera Kozo Takahashi 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2009,56(2):189-211
Long-term monitoring of diatom fluxes during 1990–1998 was conducted at Station AB in the Bering Sea and Station SA in the central subarctic Pacific in order to decipher the relationships between sinking diatom and the upper water mass environments. The total diatom flux at Station AB was generally twice as high as that at Station SA. The dominant species in the sinking flora was primarily Neodenticula seminae at both stations, which was a significant contributor to organic carbon flux. The flora at Station AB was represented by relatively abundant coastal taxa including Chaetoceros resting spores. These results suggest more favorable conditions for diatom production at Station AB compared with those at Station SA. The possible influences of oligotrophic and temperate water masses were discerned from the positive SST anomaly and the occurrence of a few specimens of temperate species. The cumulative annual fluxes of total diatoms at Stations AB and SA are apparently related to the variation in the mean annual depth of mixed layer. At Station SA, annual mean of total diatom flux showed a negative correlation with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) Index, which suggests a significant relationship between surface water turbidity and diatom production. At Station AB, the annual change of coastal diatom flux was correlated with the PDO and the winter value of the Arctic Oscillation, which may suggest a significant influence of Alaskan Stream waters via the Aleutian Islands and intensity of surface water mixing. 相似文献
15.
渤海湾西北岸中全新世埋藏牡蛎礁的硅藻记录及古环境意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对渤海湾西北岸大吴庄牡蛎礁壳体内部的泥质填充物中硅藻组合的研究,试图探讨该区沉积硅藻组合变化指示的礁体古气候环境变化.分析结果表明,在 7 200～5 600 cal. a BP 整个礁体建造期间,沿岸种 Cyclotella stylorum 是含量最丰富的硅藻种类,其与海水种 Thalassionema nitzschioides 的含量变化指示了礁体生长区河流径流与海水相互作用的强弱波动,主要包括三个阶段:7 200～6 500 cal. a BP,礁体建造初期,礁体受海水影响显著;6 500～5 720 cal. a BP,礁体建造中期,礁体生长区的盐度降低,海水作用减弱,淡水作用增强;5 720～5 600 cal.a BP,礁体建造结束期,礁体生长区的盐度显著降低,礁体受海水影响进一步减弱. 相似文献
16.
Losses of pelagic diatom production resulting from silica limitation have not only been blamed for toxic algal blooms, but for the reduction in ability of coastal food webs to support higher trophic levels. Recent research has shown the importance of advective seepage water fluxes of dissolved silica (DSi) from freshwater marshes to pelagic waters during moments of riverine Si-limitation. In this study, we investigated the potential impact of recently installed new tidal areas along the Schelde estuary, located in former polder areas and characterized by so-called controlled reduced tidal regimes (CRT). Nine mass-balance studies were conducted in a newly constructed CRT in the freshwater Schelde estuary. During complete tidal cycles both DSi and amorphous silica (ASi) concentrations were monitored at the entrance culverts and in different habitats in the marsh. A swift DSi-delivery capacity was observed despite the shifted spatiotemporal frame of exchange processes compared to reference marshes. As silica-accumulating vegetation is not yet present, and difference with reference marshes’ deliveries is surprisingly small, we indicate diatomaceous debris and phytoliths to be the main silica source. Although further research is necessary on the driving forces of the different processes involved, restoration of former agricultural areas under CRT-regime provide the potential to buffer silica in the estuary. 相似文献
17.
夏季强降雨对胶州湾浮游硅藻群落结构的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究强降水对胶州湾浮游硅藻群落的影响及作用机制,作者利用2012年夏季暴雨前(7月17日)和暴雨后(8月5日)采集的浮游植物样品,对暴雨前后胶州湾海域浮游硅藻的种类组成、丰度和群落结构特征等进行了分析,探讨了台风导致的强降雨天气对浮游硅藻群落结构的影响。结果表明,暴雨前胶州湾海域共记录到硅藻22属54种,暴雨后,共记录到出硅藻18属39种,浮游硅藻种类数显著下降。暴雨前浮游硅藻的平均丰度为2 953.9×104个/m3,优势种有浮动弯角藻(Eucampia zoodiacus)、星脐圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus asteromphalus)、拟旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus)和劳氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros lorenzianus);暴雨后浮游硅藻平均丰度为111.4×104个/m3,比暴雨前降低了1个数量级,优势种组成也发生变化,有浮动弯角藻、星脐圆筛藻、大洋角管藻(Cerataulina pelagica)和波状石丝藻(Lithodesmium undulatum)。暴雨前后胶州湾海域浮游硅藻平面分布也发生变化,暴雨前在湾西部丰度值较高,暴雨后浮游硅藻平面分布相比暴雨前更加均匀。本研究可为深入探讨海洋环境异常变化对浮游硅藻乃至浮游植物群落的影响提供重要依据。 相似文献
18.
南海北部和中部三个晚第四纪柱样沉积物中，鉴定出硅藻５６属１９３种和变种。其中，相对含量大于１０％的硅藻种有１５种，相对含量５％－１０％的种有９种，相对含量１％－５％的种有４１种，依据硅藻的地理分布，确定了其中１８种常见硅藻的生态环境。 相似文献
19.
阿什河流域底栖硅藻群落特征及水环境健康评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探索黑龙江省阿什河流域底栖硅藻群落特征及环境相关性,并对阿什河流域进行水环境健康评价,本研究于2018年7月(丰水期)和2018年10月(枯水期)对阿什河流域8个典型采样点进行调查。基于相似性分析检验(analysisofsimilarities,ANOSIM)和相似百分比分析(similarity percentages,SIMPER)分析探索枯水期与丰水期之间底栖硅藻的群落差异,通过冗余分析(redundancyanalysis,RDA)对驱动底栖硅藻的关键环境因子进行筛选;使用硅藻生物指数(biological diatom index, IBD)、硅藻属指数(generic index of diatom, GI)和水体营养指数(trophic state index, TSI)对研究区域水体营养状态进行初步评价。结果表明,研究期间共鉴定底栖硅藻89种,其中丰水期80种、枯水期57种。独立样本T检验(T-test)表明阿什河流域物种丰富度丰水期显著高于枯水期(P0.05),Shannon-wiener指数变化不显著(P0.05)。ANOSIM结合SIMPER分析结果显示阿什河流域硅藻群落格局存在一定的时空异质性。RDA分析表明水的电导率是驱动阿什河流域底栖硅藻空间分布的环境因子,枯水期与丰水期之间高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))含量的变化是影响硅藻群落演替的因素之一。IBD、GI和TSI指数结果显示阿什河流域受人为活动干扰区域营养状态较差, IBD指数较GI指数能更有效的反映阿什河流域水体营养状况。 相似文献
20.
北冰洋西伯利亚陆架海是北极气候快速变化最为显著的海域之一,而沉积硅藻作为极地海洋生态系统的重要组成部分,对环境变化具有敏感的响应。对楚科奇海、东西伯利亚海和拉普捷夫海表层沉积物开展了硅藻组成鉴定,利用典型对应分析方法分析了硅藻属种与1986～2015年环境变量之间的关系。结果表明,夏季和秋季海冰密集度、表层海水盐度是影响研究区表层硅藻分布特征最主要的因素。此外,根据表层站位与环境变量的典型对应分析,可将西伯利亚极地海域划分为4个区域,分别为海冰硅藻组合带、暖水硅藻组合带、沿岸硅藻组合带和混合硅藻组合带。这些表层站位的分区与相应区域的海流模式有明显的相关性,海冰硅藻组合带仅分布于研究区北部的高纬度地区;暖水硅藻组合带位于受白令水和太平洋海水的分支——阿拉斯加沿岸水影响为主的区域;拉普捷夫海南部的沿岸硅藻组合带则受到河流径流和西伯利亚沿岸流的强烈影响;混合硅藻组合带受极地冷水、海冰覆盖、太平洋暖水和陆地径流的共同影响。 相似文献