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1.
Hongrong SHI Hongbin CHEN Xiang&# ao XIA Xuehua FAN Jinqiang ZHANG Jun LI Chao LING 《大气科学进展》2017,34(6):783-790
Using radiosonde measurements from 26 July to 30 July 2014 at Baiqi over the Inner Mongolia grassland of China, the vertical structure of shallow cumulus(SCu) clouds and associated environmental conditions were investigated. The cloud base height and the cloud top height of SCu was 3.4 km and 5 km, respectively. The temperature of the SCu layer was less than 0℃. The horizontal advection of specific humidity was smaller than the vertical transport in the atmosphere below 5 km.Above 5 km, the thermodynamic structure of the atmosphere remained stable. At the interface of the cloud layer and free air atmosphere, there was obvious wind shear and a temperature inversion(~2.9℃). Comparisons of environmental parameters associated with cumulus congestus, rain and clear days, showed that the formation of SCu was characterized by a higher Bowen ratio(high sensible heat flux and low latent heat flux), which indicated intensive turbulence in the boundary layer. The formation of SCu was associated with the boundary layer height exceeding the lifting condensation level. The maintenance of SCu was likely associated with the lower convective available potential energy, weak wind shear, and weak subsidence of the synoptic system, which did not favor the dramatic vertical development of SCu and thereby the transformation of SCu to cumulus congestus. 相似文献
2.
大涡模式分辨率对海洋信风区大气边界层结构和演变模拟的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
利用BOMEX（巴巴多斯海洋与气象学试验）的探空资料和LEM（大涡模式）,通过改变LEM水平分辨率的敏感性数值试验,对比分析不同尺度的湍涡对信风积云边界层中混合层和云层的结构、演变以及对流形式和强度的影响。结果表明,水平分辨率较高时模拟的湍涡尺度较小、混合层顶的夹卷作用较强,模拟的混合层较暖、较干,而且模拟的对流泡尺度较小、强度较大,能够模拟出较精细的边界层结构;而水平分辨率较低时则相反。模拟的湍涡尺度对海洋信风区边界层积云中液态水混合比的模拟结果影响较大:LEM模拟的湍涡尺度较小时模拟的信风积云形成的时间较早、云顶高度较高,单个云块的体积较小但数目较多,液态水含量较高;而模拟的湍涡尺度较大时则相反。虽然水平分辨率为50 m和125 m的试验都能模拟出较精细的信风边界层中混合层、云层的结构和演变特征,但是,考虑到提高分辨率在模拟过程中产生的噪音信号对结果的影响以及计算时间等问题,LEM采用125 m的水平网格距是对海洋信风边界层积云对流模拟较为理想的选择。 相似文献
3.
Simultaneous wind and droplet measurements have been made in three cloudy boundary layers using tethered balloon-borne instrumentation. The types of clouds studied ranged from small thin cumulus to medium cumulus (non precipitating) and stratocumulus formed by the spreading out (shelving) of cumulus. Available synoptic data have been analysed in order to investigate the relative importance of advection and subsidence over scales of order 100 km in the local boundary-layer development. The factors which influenced the extent of cloud cover are also discussed together with the effect of condensation on vertical air motions in the upper half of the boundary layer. Within individual clouds, horizontal variations in droplet spectra were observed to occur over distances of a few metres being related to both position within cloud and height above local cloud base. These results highlight difficulties which may arise in the interpretation of droplet data of horizontal resolution greater than a few metres. Different clouds sampled on the same day showed different amounts of variability in the droplet parameters but no systematic differences between the various case studies were detected. 相似文献
4.
采用考虑化学气体传输过程的云模式模拟了2014年7月30日发生在安徽滁州境内一次深对流过程,研究深对流活动对不同高度示踪气体的输送及再分布作用。结果表明,在积云发展阶段,强上升气流使得云内源层示踪气体有效地向上输送,对流层中部强的夹卷过程及水平入流使得云外气体入云输送至主要对流区,并在垂直气流的作用下进一步影响各层示踪气体的分布。各层示踪气体均可向上输送至对流层上部,其中对流层中部示踪气体（2.1~4.5 km、4.5~7.5 km和7.5~10.8 km）的向上输送作用与近地层示踪气体（0~2.1 km）的贡献相当。例如,输送到11~13 km的示踪气体有4.9%来自近地层,6.3%来自2.1~7.5 km。此外,近地层示踪气体可在深对流的水平输送下向云侧边界扩散,将局地污染输送到云外周边地区。源层高度位于2.1~4.5 km的示踪气体可下沉输送至近地层,形成新的局地污染。随着源层高度的抬升,示踪气体向下输送作用减弱,其中对流层上层示踪物（10.8~15 km）无法输送到6 km以下。 相似文献
5.
Our study found that local mesoscale circulations associated with highlandareas, and transient evapotranspiration discontinuities, are likely to influencethe timing and location of the initiation of deep convection across the Canadianprairie provinces when synoptic-scale forcing is weak (e.g., weak low level windsand no frontal boundaries). The cumulus congestus and cumulonimbus clouds thatformed over the highland areas were initiated by anabatic wind induced mesoscalecirculations. These deep convective clouds generally formed relatively early in theday (about 1030 Central Standard Time (CST)). In the relatively flat cropped grasslandregion, transient evapotranspiration gradients influenced the location of deep convectioninitiation, and the average soil moisture in the root zone had a direct impact on theirtiming. As root zone soil moisture declined from greater than 70% to less than 30%,convection initiation was delayed from about 0930 to 1630 CST. Cumulus congestusand cumulonimbus clouds that formed over the ephemeral evapotranspiration gradientswere initiated by land-land circulations. The study has improved the understanding ofthe influence of local surface forcing on the development of deep convective cloud onthe Canadian prairie provinces. The identification of areas where deep convection islikely to be initiated with weak synoptic forcing will also aid in the forecasting ofthunderstorms in this region. 相似文献
6.
During the Atlantic Expedition 1965 and the Atlantic Tradewind Experiment (ATEX) 1969, shipborne aerological measurements were obtained in order to investigate the thermodynamical and kinematic structure of the planetary boundary layer in low latitudes. Under suppressed convection, the subdivision of this layer into five sub-regions was found to be a rather permanent feature. Enhanced cumulus convection effects a smoothing of the thermodynamical discontinuities and leads sometimes to a destruction of the trade inversion. Due to the surface pressure distribution and the thermal wind distribution in the lower atmosphere, the actual wind speed and direction are nearly constant with height below cloud base. In the cloud layer up to the inversion, the wind speed generally decreases and the air flow tends to become more zonal. 相似文献
7.
Kenneth E. Pickering Anne M. Thompson John R. Scala Wei-Kuo Tao Joanne Simpson 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1992,14(1-4):297-313
The effects of deep convection on the potential for forming ozone (ozone production potential) in the free troposphere have been simulated for regions where the trace gas composition is influenced by biomass burning. Cloud dynamical and photochemical simulations based on observations in 1980 and 1985 Brazilian campaigns form the basis of a sensitivity study of the ozone production potential under differing conditions. The photochemical fate of pollutants actually entrained in a cumulus event of August 1985 during NASA/GTE/ABLE 2A (Case 1) is compared to photochemical ozone production that could have occurred if the same storm had been located closer to regions of savanna burning (Case 2) and forest burning (Case 3). In each case studied, the ozone production potential is calculated for a 24-hour period following convective redistribution of ozone precursors and compared to ozone production in the absence of convection. In all cases there is considerably more ozone formed in the middle and upper troposphere when convection has redistributed NOx, hydrocarbons and CO compared to the case of no convection.In the August 1985 ABLE 2A event, entrainment of a layer polluted with biomass burning into a convective squall line changes the free tropospheric cloud outflow column (5–13 km) ozone production potential from net destruction to net production. If it is assumed that the same cloud dynamics occur directly over regions of savanna burning, ozone production rates in the middle and upper troposphere are much greater. Diurnally averaged ozone production following convection may reach 7 ppbv/day averaged over the layer from 5–13 km-compared to typical free tropospheric concentrations of 25–30 ppbv O3 during nonpolluted conditions in ABLE 2A. Convection over a forested region where isoprene as well as hydrocarbons from combustion can be transported into the free troposphere leads to yet higher amounts of ozone production. 相似文献
8.
Time series of temperature, humidity and horizontal wind speed are presented from data collected at two tower sites during the 1968 Barbados Experiment. Marked and periodic fluctuations on the convective scale are evident in the traces. It is postulated that these fluctuations are due to moderate cumulus convection. Estimates show that departures in temperature and humidity at the surface must be due to downward mixing from near or above the convective cloud base. Such cloud layer-subcloud layer mixing must change the thermodynamic character of the subcloud layer. This in turn suggests that cloud convection may play an important part in governing the transport of energy across the air-sea interface. 相似文献
9.
M. J. Manton 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1982,22(1):91-107
By assuming that cumulus clouds grow from patches of air that extend from the well-mixed layer bear the surface, a model of fair-weather cumulus convection is developed. The model predicts the structure of the well-mixed layer and the cloud layer; in particular, cloud cover is estimated as a function of time. The model results are compared with laboratory and field observations. 相似文献
10.
GRAPES-Meso模式浅对流云辐射效应的改进试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在万子为等（2015）对GRAPES-Meso模式浅对流参数化改进的基础上,进一步引入了浅对流云量诊断计算,并设计旨在完善浅对流云辐射效应的浅云云量和云中水凝物的补偿方案,以改进模式低层云量偏少和浅对流云辐射效应不足的问题。通过对数值试验结果的诊断和对比分析以及与观测的比较,重点考察了浅对流云量计算与浅对流激发的协调性、浅对流云对低云补偿后所产生的辐射效应以及对模式地面要素预报的影响等,验证了改进方案的合理性与有效性。结果表明:（1）浅对流云量诊断计算合理,其云覆盖区与浅对流激发区相吻合,引入浅对流云量的计算可减小模式云量的计算偏差、使其向观测结果靠近;（2）改进方案在浅对流发生区低层0.5-4 km高度范围内,对影响模式云辐射过程的浅云云量和云中水凝物形成有效补偿,最明显的浅云补偿在1-1.5 km高度处,浅对流活跃时期浅对流过程对浅云水凝物（云水和雨水之和）的补偿量可达20%-55%;（3）云光学厚度对浅云水凝物的补偿响应合理,即水凝物的补偿引起云光学厚度增大,两者的变化特征在时空分布上十分相似,且云光学厚度之变化受云水补偿的影响比受雨水补偿的影响更明显;（4）在白天时段,浅云补偿所产生的辐射效应使模式地表太阳总辐射有所下降,缩小了与观测的偏差,进而使地表温度和地面2 m气温模拟偏差减小。改进方案在缓解模式云量偏少、地表太阳总辐射偏强和地面2 m气温偏高等方面的作用,在批量试验中得到了验证。 相似文献
11.
2014年8月15日,山西省人工降雨防雹办公室在山西忻州开展了气溶胶和浅积云的飞机观测,本文利用机载云物理资料,详细分析了华北地区气溶胶、云凝结核（CCN）和浅积云微物理特性及其相互影响。主要结论有:（1）此次过程的边界层高度约为3600 m,不同层结情况下,0.1～3 μm尺度范围内的气溶胶粒子浓度Na、有效直径Da和CCN数浓度的垂直廓线明显不同,近地面Na可达2500 cm?3。（2）CCN的主要来源为积聚模态、爱根模态或者核模态的气溶胶颗粒,0.2%过饱和度下,气溶胶活化率（AR）在各高度层的结果变化不大;0.4%过饱和度下,AR随着高度增加而降低。（3）后向轨迹模式分析表明,2 km以下的气溶胶主要来自于当地城市排放,由细颗粒污染物组成;2 km以上的气溶胶主要来源于中国西北和蒙古地区的沙漠,由亚微米沙尘组成,溶解度相对较低,可作为潜在的冰核。（4）本文细致分析了两块相邻浅积云（Cu-1和Cu-2）的云物理特性。Cu-1云底高度约4500 m,云厚约600 m,云体松散,夹卷较多;云中液态含水量（LWC）基本保持在0.5 g m?3,云粒子浓度Nc平均值为278.3 cm?3,云滴有效直径Dc整体在15 μm以内;毛毛雨滴粒子浓度最大值为0.002 cm?3,云中几乎无降水粒子;粒子谱宽随着高度增加而增大,主要集中在30 μm以内。Cu-2云底高度约3900 m,云厚约1200 m,云体密实;云中过冷水丰沛,LWC有多个超过1 g m?3的区域,云顶附近出现冰晶,云中粒子从凝结增长状态直接进入到混合相态;积云内部粒子水平分布不均,同一高度Nc相差较大,最大可达1240 cm?3。Dc随着高度增加而增大;粒子谱宽随着高度增加而拓展,最大可达1100 μm,谱型由单峰向多峰转变;降水粒子和冰晶图像大多为霰粒子、针状和板状。 相似文献
12.
大陆性积云不同发展阶段宏观和微观物理特性的飞机观测研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2014年7月3日,山西省人工降雨防雹办公室在该省忻州地区开展了国内首次大陆性积云飞机穿云探测。本文利用机载云物理探测资料,分析研究了不同发展阶段的积云宏、微观物理特性,主要结论有:（1）初生发展阶段的积云水平尺度约为8.2 km×5.5 km（经向×纬向,下同）,云厚约2 km;云中以小云粒子为主,云滴凝结增长;水平方向上,云液水含量（LWC）和粒子浓度（Nc）的最大值均位于云体中心位置;垂直方向上,云水分布相对均匀,但随着高度增加,云粒子浓度变小,粒子尺度增大;粒子谱符合伽马分布,峰值量级为102 cm-3 μm-1,谱宽在100 μm以下。（2）成熟阶段的积云水平尺度约为4.6 km×10 km,云厚约4 km;云内可以观测到积冰和雨线;小云粒子浓度随高度增加起伏变化,3600 m、4100 m和4900 m高度处存在峰值;大云粒子浓度随高度先增加后减小,最大值出现云底以上1.6 km高度,云底以上1.3 km高度附近有降水粒子形成;粒子谱呈多峰分布,暖区符合伽马分布,冷区为伽马分布和M-P分布相结合,且随着高度的增加拓宽,4400 m高度以下的谱宽小于200 μm。（3）消散阶段积云尺度约为11 km×5.6 km,云厚约2 km,云下有降水粒子存在。 相似文献
13.
Grant and Brown (Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 125, 1913–1936) proposed a similarity hypothesis for shallow cumulus convection and evaluated it using large-eddy simulation results. Here, results from an additional independent simulation are used to provide further support for the basic theory. At the same time, some extensions to the theory are proposed. It is shown that the effects of non-zero fluxes at cloud base can be conveniently accounted for by a simple representation of the transport of scalar variance into the convecting layer. Theeffects of having more complex mean profile shapes within the layer (and hence changes in the gradient production of variance) are also investigated. 相似文献
14.
利用星载激光雷达资料研究东亚地区云垂直分布的统计特征 总被引：23，自引：6，他引：17
已有研究表明: 云的垂直结构(简称CVS)是一个在卫星资料反演和气候模式预测中很重要的云特征。本文通过利用美国2006年刚发射的卫星CALIPSO (Cloud－Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) 所负载的激光雷达Level 2_05km的云数据, 研究了东亚地区(18°N～53°N, 74°E～144°E) 云的垂直分布特征。结果表明: 东亚地区多层云云量在夏季、秋季、冬季、春季分别为43.6%、29.6%、21.1%、33.3%, 而多层云分布中双层云比例最大。云顶和云底高度除了随季节变化显著外, 还有明显的区域特征。单层云、 双层云以及三层云的云顶和云底高度的数据显示, 三层云中最上层的云顶和云底最高, 并始终高于两层云中最上层云的云顶和云底高度。平均云层厚度季节变化不明显, 其值普遍在0.9～2 km范围之间。而云层间距同样没有明显的季节和区域变化, 其出现的概率随距离的增大而减小。其中, 间距在0.35 km的概率最大, 占到将近50%。而间距在1.45 km附近的概率大约为15%, 高一点的可达到20%。 相似文献
15.
基于CloudSat/CALIPSO卫星资料的青藏高原云辐射及降水的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
青藏高原上空的云及其相关联的降水和辐射影响了高原上空非绝热加热的空间结构。2006年卫星发射升空的CloudSat/CALIPSO卫星提供了定量的、完整的云垂直结构信息。本文回顾了国内外基于该资料进行的青藏高原上云宏观和微观结构特征,云与降水相关性,云辐射效应以及模式中的云-辐射问题方面的研究。指出抬升的青藏高原上水汽较少,限制了高原上云的垂直高度,对云层厚度和层数有显著压缩作用。在云量及其季节变化上,单层云的相对贡献大于亚洲季风区的其他区域;夏季对流云比较浅薄,积云发生频率最高,云内滴谱较宽;降水云以积云和卷云为主,云对总降水的贡献随着云层数增多而减小,降水增强时高层冰粒子的密集度趋于紧密;夏季青藏高原地区云的净辐射效应在8 km高度存在一个厚度仅1 km左右但较强的辐射冷却层,而在其下（4~7 km高度之间）为强的辐射加热层。最后展望了未来需要进一步开展的研究。 相似文献
16.
A modified cumulus parameterization scheme, suitable for use in a seasonal forecast model, is presented. This parameterization scheme is an improvement of the mass flux convection scheme developed by Gregory and Rowntree (1989; 1990). This convection scheme uses a “bulk” cloud model to present an ensemble of convective clouds, and aims to represent shallow, deep, and mid-level convection. At present,this convection scheme is employed in the NCC T63L20 model (National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration). Simulation results with this scheme have revealed some deficiencies in the scheme,although to some extent, it improves the accuracy of the simulation. In order to alleviate the deficiencies and reflect the effect of cumulus convection in the actual atmosphere, the scheme is modified and improved.The improvements include (i) the full estimation of the effects of the large-scale convergence in the lower layer upon cumulus convection, (ii) the revision of the initial convective mass flux, and (iii) the regulation of convective-scale downdrafts. A comparison of the results obtained by using the original model and the modified one shows that the improvement and modification of the original convection scheme is successful in simulating the precipitation and general circulation field, because the modified scheme provides a good simulation of the main features of seasonal precipitation in China, and an analysis of the anomaly correlation eoetfieient between the simulation and the observations confirms the improved results. 相似文献
17.
Steven K. Chai 《Atmospheric Research》1986,20(1)
This paper discusses the vapor-driven convection over snow and its limitations. It is shown on the basis of the moist convective plume model that vapor flux from the evaporating snow surface can drive convection, and maintain a super-cooled water cloud layer, without the assistance of heat flux from the surface, or entrainment or radiative cooling, at cloud top.Since the saturation vapor pressure over water is higher than that over ice, the base of the super-cooled water cloud has a lower limiting height. When the cloud base is lowered to this height, the air at the bottom of the convective layer is just saturated with respect to ice and the evaporation of snow stops, as does the vapor-driven convection. This limiting cloud base height varies with snow-surface temperature. The lower the snow temperature, the higher the cloud base height limit for continued convective transfer from the surface. 相似文献
18.
A large area of unrealized precipitation is produced with the standard convective parameterization scheme in a high-resolution model, while subgrid-scale convection that cannot be explicitly resolved is omitted without convective parameterization. A modified version of the convection scheme with limited mass flux at cloud base is introduced into a south-China regional high-resolution model to alleviate these problems. A strong convection case and a weak convection case are selected to analyze the influence of limited cloud-base mass flux on precipitation forecast. The sensitivity of different limitation on mass flux at cloud base is also discussed. It is found that using instability energy closure for Simplified Arakawa- Schubert Scheme will produce better precipitation forecast than the primary closure based on quasi-equilibrium assumption. The influence of the convection scheme is dependent on the upper limit of mass flux at cloud base. The total rain amount is not so sensitive to the limitation of mass flux in the strong convection case as in the weak one. From the comparison of two different methods for limiting the cloud-base mass flux, it is found that shutting down the cumulus parameterization scheme completely when the cloud-base mass flux exceeds a given limitation is more suitable for the forecast of precipitation. 相似文献
19.
20.
中国区域气溶胶对东亚夏季风的可能影响（I）：硫酸盐气溶胶的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
利用NCAR的新一代GCM CAM3.0模式离线耦合一个气溶胶同化系统,模拟研究了中国区域硫酸盐气溶胶的直接气候效应对东亚夏季风及其降水的影响。结果显示：中国区域硫酸盐气溶胶引起全球平均的直接辐射强迫为-0.25 W/m2,中国内陆约25°N以北普遍降温,而海表温度升高。由此导致海陆温差缩小,东亚夏季风强度减弱,中国地区季风降水明显减少,而尤以积云降水减少起主要作用。硫酸盐气溶胶对中国地区的对流活动起抑制作用。 相似文献