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1.
Based on our experiment of borehole breakouts with a group of sandstone samples described in this paper, a multi-step failure
model of borehole breakouts are proposed to quantitatively explain the relationship between the section shape of borehole
breakouts and the state of crustal stress. In this model the borehole spalling is not only related to the state of stress
at a single point but also the state of stress on its neighboring area. The comparison between the experimental results of
borehole breakouts and the calculation results shows a good agreement.
The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, 493–499, 1992.
This research is sponsored by the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation under Contract No. 9000025. 相似文献
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B. C. Haimson 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2003,160(5-6):813-831
— Vertical drilling experiments in high-porosity (22% and 25%) Berea sandstone subjected to critical true triaxial far-field stresses, in which σ H (maximum horizontal stress) >σ v (vertical stress) >σ h (least horizontal stress), revealed a new and non-dilatant failure mechanism that results in thin and very long tabular borehole breakouts that have the appearance of fractures, and which counterintuitively develop orthogonally to σ H . These breakouts are fundamentally different from those induced in crystalline rocks, as well as limestones and medium-porosity Berea sandstone. Breakouts in these rocks are typically dog-eared in shape, a result of dilatant multi-cracking tangential to the hole and subparallel to the maximum far-field horizontal stress σ H , followed by progressive buckling and shearing of detached rock flakes created by the cracks. In the high-porosity sandstone a narrow layer of grains compacted normal to σ H is observed just ahead of the breakout tip. This layer is nearly identical to “compaction bands” observed in the field. It is suggested that when a critical tangential stress concentration is reached along the σ h spring line at the borehole wall, grain bonding breaks down and a compaction band is formed normal to σ H . Debonded loose grains are expelled into the borehole, assisted by the circulating drilling fluid. As the breakout tip advances, the stress concentration ahead of it persists or may even increase, extending the compaction band, which in turn leads to breakout lengthening. 相似文献
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Fangquan Li 《地震学报(英文版)》1992,5(4):709-717
In China, a lot of data derived from focal mechanism solutions, and especially, from overcoring and hydrofracturing stress
measurements, as well as borehole breakouts carried out for various aims have contributed to understanding of the state of
the crustal stress. We conducted everin situ stress measurements in a borehole with different methods, for the sake of comparison of various measuring techniques. Furthermore,
we carried out measurements in different borehole with one or two kinds of techniques. All the observations taken out in these
ways showed little variations. So we believe that the data obtained by the techniques can be used to study the tectonic stress
field of certain region and thein situ state of the crustal stress.
The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, 149–155, 1992. 相似文献
7.
分析研究了南黄海和东海地区18口石油勘探钻井的井孔崩落特征，结合对琉球岛弧和冲绳海槽地区浅源地震震源机制解的分析，确认了南黄海地区与我国华北地区有类似的现代构造应力场特征；并得出东海地区的最大水平压应力方向为NEE-SWW，最小水平压应力方向为NNW-SSE，它们分别与冲绳海槽地区的最大和最小主压应力方向接近;东海地区地壳上层的水平差应力可能不强，这与该地区没什么地震活动的特点是一致的．根据应力场特征推断，我国东部地区并未受到菲律宾海板块俯冲的推挤作用，而是可能受到垂直于冲绳海槽走向的拉伸作用的影响． 相似文献
8.
Pavel Peška 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1992,36(4):307-324
Summary This paper presents the first results of stress determinations in the Bohemian Massif utilizing televiewer data from deeper boreholes. The televiewer survey was originally carried out by Geological Survey Ostrava for the purpose of studying fractures and bedding in coal basins to depths of 2 km. A reinterpretation of the amplitude logs reveal a large number of stress-induced borehole elongations (breakouts) which occur in a direction perpendicular to the maximum horizontal principal stress (SH). The breakout analysis in the Upper Silesian, Meno and Kladno Basins indicates a dominant NW-SE direction of SH which is consistent with the pattern of stress orientation in Western Europe. The NE-SW trend observed in the Plze Basin is less reliable. A model for stress magnitude determinations is formulated as a linear programming problem. If the a priori information on rock strength properties is limited, it reduces to explicit formulas for stress regime estimates. The model is applied to data from the Upper Silesian Basin for which a compressional stress regime is derived. 相似文献
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Pavel Peška 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1993,37(2):141-150
Summary A set of overcoring measurements in deep mines near Píbram is re-interpreted in order to obtain information on the regional component of in situ stress. This is achieved by averaging 17 complete stress tensors measured at the deepest level of the mine, at a depth of 1240 m. The computations indicate that (1) the mean principal stresses act roughly in the horizontal and vertical directions, and (2) the maximum principal stress is horizontal, acting NW - SE, which was also confirmed by the data from all 42 sites of the mine area. The NW - SE orientation of SH is consistent with the stress pattern in Western Europe and also with borehole breakouts observed within the Bohemian Massif, but the quality of the stress indicator obtained is poor — the standard deviation of the SH direction is 26°. High variance of the directional data is discussed with respect to stress redistribution due to the mine workings and the contact separating Proterozoic sediments from the Variscan pluton. 相似文献
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Characteristics of recent tectonic stress field in Jiashi, Xinjiang and adjacent regions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
崔效锋 《地震学报(英文版)》2006,19(4):370-379
Introduction The Pamirs region where Jiashi is located is one of the most active regions of continental plate dynamics in China. Frequent earthquakes here, especially several strong earthquakes oc- curred in 1997 and 2003, have provided excellent conditions for studying the tectonic stress field in this region and a large number of results (GAO and WEN, 2000; GAO et al, 2004; XU, 2001; ZHOU et al, 2001) have been obtained. Although different methods and data were used, under- standings … 相似文献
11.
Abstract In situ stress was measured close to the fault associated with the 1995 Kobe Earthquake (Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake; January 1995; M 7.2) using the hydraulic fracturing method. The measurements were made approximately 2 years after the earthquake. The measured points were approximately 40 m from the fault plane at depths of about 1500 m. The maximum and the minimum horizontal compressive stresses were 45 MPa and 31 MPa, respectively. The maximum compressive stress and the maximum shear stress are very small in comparison with those of other seismically active areas. The azimuth of the maximum horizontal compressive stress was estimated from the observed azimuths of well bore breakouts at depths between 1400 m and 1600 m and was found to be N135° (clockwise). The maximum stress axis is perpendicular to the fault strike, N45°. These features are interpreted in terms of a small frictional coefficient of the fault. The shear stress on the fault was released and dropped almost to zero during the earthquake and it has not yet recovered. Zero shear stress on the fault plane resulted from the perpendicular orientation of one of the principal stress to the fault plane. 相似文献
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下辽河坳陷现代应力场特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文通过辽河油田的钻孔崩落资料及小地震震源机制解，推断出辽河坳陷地区现代构造应力场的特征。两种方法得到的结果基本一致，即区域应务场和局部应力场的结果一致，该地区处于走滑断层型应力状态。 相似文献
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Is there an active subduction beneath the Gibraltar orogenic arc? Constraints from Pliocene to present-day stress field 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A. Pedrera A. Ruiz-Constán J. Galindo-Zaldívar A. Chalouan C. Sanz de Galdeano C. Marín-Lechado P. Ruano M. Benmakhlouf M. Akil A.C. López-Garrido A. Chabli M. Ahmamou Lourdes González-Castillo 《Journal of Geodynamics》2011
We present a new set of brittle microtectonic measurements carried out in the Pliocene and Quaternary rocks outcropping in several key sectors of the western Betic and Rif orogen, the so-called Gibraltar orogenic arc. This data set, along with available earthquake focal mechanisms and borehole breakouts, allowed us to compile the Pliocene and Quaternary stress map of this area. This map provides new constraints for tectonic models and the present-day tectonic activity of the proposed active eastward subduction of oceanic lithosphere beneath the Gibraltar Arc and roll-back. The horizontal maximum compressive stress (SHmax) is NW-SE in the Betic Orogen and N-S/NNW-SSE in the southern Rif Cordillera. There is a significant consistency between SHmax and the displacement field deduced from GPS measurements with respect to the African plate: both appear to reflect the NW-SE convergence between the African and the European plates that is perturbed in the Rif. We propose that part of the eastern Rif behaves as a quasi-rigid block welded to the stable African plate. This block is bounded by important faults that localized most of the deformation disturbing the stress and surface displacement field. Pliocene to Quaternary N-S to NW-SE Africa-Europe plate convergence seem to be associated to the reorganization of the remnant Early Miocene subduction system in a continental–continental collision framework. Three-dimensional reconstruction of available seismic tomography plotted against the intermediate seismicity shows that only part of the old subduction system, whose orientation ranges from N20°E to N100°E, remains active: the portion ranging from N30°E to N40°E, orthogonal to the regional convergence. 相似文献
14.
选取浙江省测震台网景宁、北仑、南麂岛地震台井下地震计观测数据,采用地震数据波形相关性分析法,与地表地震计同步观测数据进行相关性分析,检测并校正井下地震计方位角,结果发现,3个地震台井下地震计方位角实际偏差分别为82.2°、-22.8°、32.2°。分析认为,井下地震计安装易受线缆应力影响,导致方位角与实际偏差过大,应在应力释放完成后固定地震计,并架设地表地震计进行数据相关性分析,以确定方位角可靠性。 相似文献
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奉节钻孔应变前兆异常对应震例较远，前兆异常机理不明确。结合其他观测数据和历史背景资料，对比分析该异常的可信度及观测物理意义，并进一步利用有限元模拟方法分析其前兆异常机理。结果显示：奉节钻孔应变的趋势变化与附近的其他观测资料较吻合，能记录到区域应力场的变化信息。数值模拟分析认为该台位于扬子地台四川台坳东缘，扬子地台基底较硬，具有很好的应力传递性；地台边缘岩性破碎较软，受力易变形，对块体另一端的应力较敏感。因此，奉节钻孔应变趋势异常变化是区域应力场应力传递的结果。 相似文献
16.
Fluid Pressure Variation in a Sedimentary Geothermal Reservoir in the North German Basin: Case Study Groß Schönebeck 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ernst Huenges Ute Trautwein Björn Legarth Günter Zimmermann 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(10):2141-2152
The Rotliegend of the North German basin is the target reservoir of an interdisciplinary investigation program to develop a technology for the generation of geothermal electricity from low-enthalpy reservoirs. An in situ downhole laboratory was established in the 4.3 km deep well Groβ Schönebeck with the purpose of developing appropriate stimulation methods to increase permeability of deep aquifers by enhancing or creating secondary porosity and flow paths. The goal is to learn how to enhance the inflow performance of a well from a variety of rock types in low permeable geothermal reservoirs. A change in effective stress due to fluid pressure was observed to be one of the key parameters influencing flow properties both downhole and in laboratory experiments on reservoir rocks. Fluid pressure variation was induced using proppant-gel-frac techniques as well as waterfrac techniques in several different new experiments in the borehole. A pressure step test indicates generation and extension of multiple fractures with closure pressures between 6 and 8.4 MPa above formation pressure. In a 24-hour production test 859 m3 water was produced from depth indicating an increase of productivity in comparison with former tests. Different depth sections and transmissibility values were observed in the borehole depending on fluid pressure. In addition, laboratory experiments were performed on core samples from the sandstone reservoir under uniaxial strain conditions, i.e., no lateral strain, constant axial load. The experiments on the borehole and the laboratory scale were realized on the same rock types under comparable stress conditions with similar pore pressure variations. Nevertheless, stress dependences of permeability are not easy to compare from scale to scale. Laboratory investigations reflect permeability variations due to microstructural heterogeneities and the behavior in the borehole is dominated by the generation of connections to large-scale structural patterns. 相似文献
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This work presents new seismological and Global Positioning System (GPS) results aimed at understanding the nature and rate
of strain associated with the opening of the Suez rift that separates the Sinai sub-plate from the African plate. The Sinai
sub-plate has played a significant role in the tectonic evolution of the northern Red Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean region.
Most small, moderate and large earthquakes occur within belts associated with the geologically documented borders of this
sub-plate including the Dead Sea fault (DSF) system in the east, the Cyprian arc (CA) in the north, and the Suez rift (SR)
to the southwest. The DSF and CA are well defined; however, the SR is only partially defined. Earthquake foci distribution
supports the idea that the SR is seismically active, and this earthquake activity cannot be ignored throughout the kinematics
evaluation of northern Red Sea region. The earthquake activity is relatively higher in the southern part of the SR and gradually
decreases northward. The high seismicity is mainly attributed to the presence of the Sinai triple junction. Earthquake focal
mechanisms in the SR are dominated by oblique normal faulting with left-lateral strike-slip components on NW trending fault
planes consistent with regional kinematics. The extensional semi-principal stress axes derived from fault plane solutions
are oriented NNE-SSW in good agreement with the current stress field obtained from borehole breakouts along the SR as well
as results from GPS surveying. Recent survey-mode GPS observations provide evidence for coherent northerly motion of the Sinai
sub-plate that varies between 2 and 5 mm/yr. Moreover, strain analysis indicates that the southern SR is dominated by extension
while its northern segment is characterized by constriction, inconsistent with earthquake focal mechanisms and regional tectonic
models. The overall northward motion of the Sinai sub-plate indicates that slab-pull rather than ridge-push is the dominant
force controlling regional kinematics. Based on the low rate of extension and lack of oceanic crust, the SR can be considered
an incipient plate boundary between the Sinai sub-plate and the Nubian plate. 相似文献
18.
钻孔应变观测系统（岩石、 膨胀水泥和应变仪钢筒）存在显著的井孔耦合效应,只有确定这一耦合系数,才能得到地壳岩石的真实应变值,从而实现不同测点数据的可比性．本文根据双衬套理论及弹性力学理论,建立了三维空间应力作用下体应变与面应变观测力学模型,并进一步推导各自井孔耦合系数计算式,发现两组系数与井孔的受力状况密切相关,分别与不同力源引起的应变信号相对应．亦即应力比（钻孔轴向应力与平面应力之比）不同,耦合系数也不一样,体应变随应力比的增大而下降,面应变则上升. 本文结果还表明平面应力作用下的耦合系数与外加应力无关,只与观测系统本身有关,故数值保持恒定. 此外,文中对其影响因素也进行了分析,结果表明,体应变和面应变的井孔耦合系数均随岩石弹性模量和泊松系数的增大而增大,且前者的幅度较大,井孔耦合材料水泥对二者影响均很小． 相似文献
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The 1990 Kalapana flow field is a complex patchwork of tube-fed pahoehoe flows erupted from the Kupaianaha vent at a low effusion rate (approximately 3.5 m3/s). These flows accumulated over an 11-month period on the coastal plain of Kilauea Volcano, where the pre-eruption slope angle was less than 2°. the composite field thickened by the addition of new flows to its surface, as well as by inflation of these flows and flows emplaced earlier. Two major flow types were identified during the development of the flow field: large primary flows and smaller breakouts that extruded from inflated primary flows. Primary flows advanced more quickly and covered new land at a much higher rate than breakouts. The cumulative area covered by breakouts exceeded that of primary flows, although breakouts frequently covered areas already buried by recent flows. Lava tubes established within primary flows were longer-lived than those formed within breakouts and were often reoccupied by lava after a brief hiatus in supply; tubes within breakouts were never reoccupied once the supply was interrupted. During intervals of steady supply from the vent, the daily areal coverage by lava in Kalapana was constant, whereas the forward advance of the flows was sporadic. This implies that planimetric area, rather than flow length, provides the best indicator of effusion rate for pahoehoe flow fields that form on lowangle slopes. 相似文献
20.
我国钻孔应力-应变地震前兆监测台网的现状 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：10
当今的地震成因理论表明：地震是地应力（应变）积累到一定程度，使断层滑动而发生的。由此可见地应力－应变观测的重要性。我国的钻孔应力－应变地震前兆监测网，是全国地震前兆监测台网的一个组成部分。观测对象包括：体应变，分量应变，分量应力和钻孔应力－应变差应变。文章通过分析调查结果，比较详细地介绍了我国的钻孔应力－应变地震前兆监测台网的现状。 相似文献