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1.
Sea catfish (Arius felis) were exposed to aqueous solutions of reagent grade cupric chloride in artificial seawater (30.0±2.0‰, 21–23°C) in four static bioassays. The 24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC50 were calculated and found to be 5.43, 4.17, 3.57 and 2.40 mg l.?1 copper, respectively. Experimental concentrations of copper producing subtle behavioral changes in this species correspond to less than 0.3% of the 72 h LC50. Based on this comparison with literature values, a new, maximum ‘safe’ concentration for copper in marine waters of 0.01 mg l.?1 is proposed.  相似文献   

2.
The effect of short-term exposure to high concentration (mg l.?1) of water soluble fraction of aromatic heating oil on subsequent egg production by the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis has been studied in laboratory cultures to investigate possibly sublethal biological effects following exposure to hydrocarbon under an oil spill. Significant reduction in subsequent length of life, total number of eggs produced, mean brood size, and rate of egg production was observed. Exposure to naphthalene alone at 1 mg l.?1 for 24 h produced a significant effect on total fecundity of the females. Ingestion rates were significantly lower when measured in the presence of the water soluble fraction, and also naphthalene alone at mg l.?1 concentrations. Exposure to low-levels (10 and 50 μg l.?1) of 14C-naphthalene alone over a period of ten days produced no significant effect on feeding or reproduction despite the high concentrations of hydrocarbon accumulated during this period. The results are discussed in relation to previous work on the fate of hydrocarbons in planktonic copepods, using 14C-1-naphthalene as a model compound.  相似文献   

3.
A survey of waters adjacent to this heavily urbanized and industrialized region showed concentrations of copper, 65 μg l.?1 to be the highest reported to date for estuarine waters, and lead up to 13.9 μg l.?1 Correlations between distributions of dissolved and total metal concentration in the water column, hydrography, and metal in the sediment were related to benthic studies in this area. Laboratory studies are cited which show the potential for adverse effects on marine animals at these metal concentrations.  相似文献   

4.
The effects of short-term exposure to tetravalent platinum on survival, opercular movement and post-treatment growth of coho salmon fry (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was investigated. Employing a static water acute toxicity bioassay with platinum as PtCl42HCl·6 H2O, at 8.5±0.2°C, and a water hardness of 55.9±3.5 mg l.?1 (as CaCo3), the 24, 48, and 96-h LC50 values were 15.5, 5.2, and 2.5 mg Pt4+ l.?1 respectively.Rates of opercular movement for fish exposed to platinum increased with increasing concentrations to a level of 1.0 mg l.?1. No further significant increases were evident above this level. Hypoactivity of fish exposed to 0.3 mg l.?1 and higher was evident during the acute toxicity bioassay and much of the post-treatment study. Post-treatment rate of growth for fish exposed to sublethal concentration of platinum for 96 h was less than that of the controls.All organs examined histopathologically were within normal ranges with the exception of the gills and olfactory organ. Lesions in fish exposed to concentration of 0.3 mg l.?1 and higher were characterized by branchial epithelial hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and necrosis of olfactory epithelial cells.  相似文献   

5.
Copper is more toxic to all life stages of the copepod Tisbe than cadmium. The most sensitive life stage of Tisbe to both copper and cadmium is the one-day-old nauplius. The resistance of larval stages of Tisbe increases with age (one-day-old nauplii 48h lc50=0.3142 mg Cu l?1. and 0.5384 mg Cd l?1, 0.3415 mg Cu l?1. and 0.645 mg Cd l?1. for five-days-old nauplii and 0.5289 mg Cu l?1. and 0.9061 mg Cd l?1. for ten-days-old nauplii. The two reproductive stages of Tisbe tested (females with ovigerous bands and females bearing the first ovigerous sac) demonstrated an increased sensitivity to metals and proved more sensitive than the ten-days-old copepodids (only females with ovigerous bands had a similar sensitivity to copper with the ten-days-old copepodids).  相似文献   

6.
Sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus), Atlantic croaker (Micropogon undulatus) and pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) were each exposed to aqueous solutions of reagent grade cupric chloride in artificial seawater in four static bioassays. The 24, 48, 72 and 96-h TLm were determined to be, respectively, 4.17, 3.02, 2.19 and 1.14 mg Cu2+·I?1 for sheepshead, 9.15, 7.55, 7.20 and 5.66 mg Cu2+·I?1 for croaker, and 7.33, 4.43, 4.14 and 2.75 mg Cu2+·I?1 for pinfish. These results are compared with literature values of experimental concentrations of copper producing subtle behavioural changes in these species.  相似文献   

7.
Effects of silt loading on turbulence and sand transport   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
The transport of bed material and fluid turbulence are affected by many factors,including the fine sediment load being carried in a channel.Current research has focused on sand-sized particles introduced to gravel beds,while the effect of silt load on sand transport has received less attention. Experiments on the effects of silt load,in concentrations 0-26,900 mg l-1,on sand transport were performed with a recirculating laboratory flume using three different sand bed configurations:ripples （Fr=0.24）,dunes（Fr=0.34）,and dunes（Fr=0.48）.Three Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters were arranged to measure flow and turbulence quantities simultaneously in one vertical.Sand transport did not change in a consistent manner with increasing silt load,increasing up to 4,000 mg l-1 for dunes （Fr=0.48） and up to 2,000 mg l-1 for dunes（Fr=0.34） and then declining to near the clear water case with increasing silt concentrations.Silt addition for the ripple case caused a relatively small change in sand transport,decreasing with added silt up to approximately 2,000 mg l-1 and then increasing as silt went up to approximately 10,000 mg l-1.Dunes（Fr=0.48） decreased in length and height as silt increased,while dunes（Fr=0.34） did not show a consistent trend.A clear trend of decreasing Reynolds stress with increasing silt concentration was observed in the ripple case,with a 33% reduction in near-bed Reynolds stress caused by an 8,900 mg l-1 concentration of silt.  相似文献   

8.
Concentrations of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in bivalves collected in the Upper Gulf of Thailand. PAHs detected included acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, benzo[a]pyrene, fluoranthene, methylphenanthrene, phenanthrene and triphenylene. Benzo[a]pyrene was detected in all species at concentrations varying from 1.0 to 8.2 ng·g?1. Concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, copper, lead and nickel were significantly lower in bivalves from the Gulf than in green mussels collected from the mouth of the Chao Phraya River. No correlation was found between metal concentrations in animals and sediment, with the exception of copper. Copper concentrations in polychaetes and clams appeared to correlate with the copper:iron ratio of sediments. High rates of degradation were observed when radiolabelled chlorobenzene, phenanthrene and chrysene were added to water and sediment of the Chao Phraya River. Rates were lower in the waters and sediment of the Gulf of Thailand. The calculated half-lives of chlorobenzene in the Gulf of Thailand and the Chao Phraya River were about 130 and 68 days, respectively.  相似文献   

9.
The population of Nereis diversicolor inhabiting the upper reaches of Restronguet Creek, Cornwall, UK is highly resistant to acute zinc and copper toxicity. Here we employ bioenergetic accounting and fecundity counts to demonstrate the energetic costs associated with this phenomenon in terms of the worms’ allocation of metabolic resources and reproductive output [Pr]. Metal-resistant animals exhibited a scope for growth that was 46-62% less than that of animals from two non-resistant reference populations, corresponding to a mean metabolic cost of 1.31 mJ h−1 mg DW−1. The resistant population also contained 13% less lipid than animals from the reference populations and 73-81% less carbohydrates. Consequently, mass-specific fecundity was reduced in resistant animals by 39-45%, although material investment in individual gametes did not appear to vary. This demonstrates fitness costs associated with metal resistance in this ecologically important polychaete and adds to our understanding of phenotypic trade-offs associated with resistance.  相似文献   

10.
Sea mullet (Mugil cephalus) were exposed to aqueous suspensions of tech-DDT in seawater, salinity 29.5±0.5‰. The 48 h LC50 calculated from these static bioassays ranged from 0.042 to 0.056 mg l.?1 DDT. Median survival times were then estimated at 15, 20, 25 and 30°C using the upper level of the 48 h LC50 range of concentrations, i.e. 0.056 mg l.?1. Results indicated that an increase in temperature produced a decrease in toxicity. However, 25°C was the only temperature at which the increase in survival time was statistically significant. Size differences within experimental fish did not contribute to MST.  相似文献   

11.
Sublethal and lethal effects of biocide Slimicide C-30 on the developmental stages of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis and juvenile and adult mysid Leptomysis mediterranea were studied.Biocide at a concentration as low as 0.02 mg l?1 caused an incipient effect in the embryonic development of mussels where a decreased number of normally developed larvae from eggs was evident. Slimicide C-30 effective concentration (EC 50/96) was 0.07 mg l?1.In the mysids, the median lethal concentration (96 h LC50) was 0.11 mg l?1.Previous incubation of Slimicide C-30 at 38°C affected a small delay in mortality time (LT50) but did not cause marked change in the acute toxicity to mysids.  相似文献   

12.
The acute toxicity of copper to the marine copepod Acartia clausi was determined by means of static bioassays. Natural copepod assemblages from two different locations, one from an area polluted with industrial effluents and domestic wastes and another from a relatively uncontaminated area, were compared. Results of metal toxicity tests expressed as 48 h LC50 values indicate a significant difference in the tolerance of copper between the two populations, with the LC50 of the pollution-adapted population higher than that of the population from the uncontaminated area.  相似文献   

13.
Experiments to measure natural rates of sedimentation and to assess the tolerance of coral species to increased sedimentation were conducted at San Cristobal Reef, Puerto Rico. Sedimentation rates were measured over an 18 month period. Calcareous sediments were applied to colonies of Montastraea annularis, Diploria strigosa, D. clivosa, Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis in different frequencies and in different doses.Mean sedimentation rates from sediment traps were 9.6±2.4 (S.E.) mg cm?2 · day?1 at 10 cm above the bottom and 2.5±0.9 (S.E.) and 2.6±1.2 (S.E.) mg cm?2 · day?1 for two sets of traps at 50 cm above the bottom. Sediment application experiments indicated A. palmata was the least tolerant of the species tested. Although A. cervicornis and D. strigosa colonies were not significantly affected, single applications of 800 mg cm?2 to M. annularis colonies and of 200 mg cm?2 to A. palmata colonies caused death of underlying coral tissue. Algae colonized the smothered portions of these corals.  相似文献   

14.
In the dimict lake Arend (5.1 km2, 146 hm3, 49.5 m zmax), nitrogen is production-limiting with concentrations below the detection limit during the production period. Phytoplankton achieves biomasses of up to 18 mg/l fresh matter, essential contributions being made by Aphanizomenon with 2 mg/l and Anabaena with up to 10 mg/l. Nitrogen fixation was measured by the ethine reduction technique (acetylene reduction) during periods of the occurrence of heterocystforming Cyanophyceae and achieved peak values up to 6.59 μg N2 · h?1 · l?1 or 14.87 m?2 · h?1 g N2 · m?2 · h?1. The rates of fixation show a safe correlation with the biomass of heterocyst-containing Cyanophyceae (r = 0.88), their development beginning at values below the N : P-ratio of 2.66.  相似文献   

15.
To improve quantitative understanding of mixed‐land‐use impacts on nutrient yields, a nested‐scale experimental watershed study design (n = 5) was applied in a 303(d), clean water act impaired urbanizing watershed of the lower Missouri River Basin, USA. From 2010 to 2013, water samples (n = 858 sample days per site) were analysed for total inorganic nitrogen (TIN‐N), nitrite (NO2–N) nitrate (NO3–N), ammonia (NH3–N), and total phosphorus (TP‐P). Annual, seasonal, and monthly flow‐weighted concentrations (FWCs) and nutrient yields were estimated. Mean nutrient concentrations were highest where agricultural land use comprised 58% of the drainage area (NH3 = 0.111 mg/l; NO2 = 0.045 mg/l; NO3 = 0.684 mg/l, TIN = 0.840 mg/l; TP = 0.127 mg/l). Average TP‐P increased by 15% with 20% increased urban land use area. Highly variable annual precipitation was observed during the study with highest nutrient yields during 2010 (record setting wet year) and lowest nutrient yields during 2012 (extreme drought year). Annual TIN‐N and TP‐P yields exceeded 10.3 and 2.04 kg ha?1 yr?1 from the agricultural dominated headwaters. Mean annual NH3–N, NO2–N, NO3–N, TIN‐N, and TP‐P yields were 0.742, 0.400, 4.24, 5.38, and 0.979 kg ha?1 yr?1, respectively near the watershed outlet. Precipitation accounted for the majority of the explained variance in nutrient yields (R2 values from 0.68 to 0.85). Nutrient yields were also dependent on annual precipitation of the preceding year (R2 values from 0.87 to 0.91) thus enforcing the great complexity of variable mixed‐land‐use mediated source‐sink nutrient yield relationships. Study results better inform land managers and best management practices designed to mitigate nutrient pollution issues in mixed‐land‐use freshwater ecosystems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

16.
In batch experiments for 6 to 48 h, individuals of Cyprinus carpio (2 g individual weight) were exposed to mixed solutions of copper and zinc sulphate: pH = 6.3, temperature 15 °C, 6.8 mg/l O2, 7.1 mg/l Ca2+, 0.7 mg/l Mg2+. The LC50 for the individual substances on exposures of 24 and 48 h amount to 9.04 and 7.28 mg/l, resp., of Zn and 0.11 and 0.095 mg/l, resp., of Cu. The sum of the biological activity of the two kinds of metal ions is assessed according to MARKING'S index: at low concentrations of the mixed solutions the two metals show an additive effect, at higher concentrations a synergistic effect occurs.  相似文献   

17.
The accumulation of crimidin in total samples and in some organs of five fish species was studied under experimental conditions. The species were Cyprinus carpio, Carassius carassius, Tinca tinca, Scardinus erythrophthalmus and Leucaspius delineatus. Fish were exposed to concentrations of 10 mg · l?l and 50 mg · l?1. During short-term experiments water and fish samples were taken at intervals of t = 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours, during the long-term experiment sampling was performed weekly for six weeks. Total samples were analysed for C. carassius, T. tinca, S. erythrophthalmus and L. delineatus. Samples of individual organs and tissues were taken as follows: C. carpio – gills, digestive tract, muscular tissue, kidneys, gonads; C. carassius – gills, digestive tract, muscular tissue, ovaries, testes. Crimidin was determined by gas chromatography. In samples from the short-term experiments at a concentration of 10 mg · l?1 in the water the amount was roughly 101–10 mg · kg?1, at a concentration of 50 mg · l?1 in the water roughly 101 mg · kg?1. In most cases the accumulation coefficient was lower than 1.0. The accumulation capacity of individual fish species did not differ greatly. Of the internal organs only the kidneys had a high accumulation capacity, otherwise the highest values were found in muscular tissue and the gills. After one – three weeks the amount of crimidin in most organs falls, and after transfer to clean water there is a general sharp decline. Thus crimidin is not firmly bound in the body.  相似文献   

18.
Iron concentration in laboratory-maintained Mactra lilacea when exposed to sea water with a particle load of 1 kg m?3 of iron ore dust was found to increase rapidly due to the filtering activity of these bivalves. This temporary store of iron diminished as iron ore was eliminated as faeces and also when the animals were allowed to purge themselves in clean sea water.  相似文献   

19.
The toxic effect of copper on phytoplankton production is investigated in waters having different complexing capacities. It is demonstrated that a water’s complexing capacity does not guarantee that an equivalent amount of copper could be tolerated without adversely affecting algal production. Possible explanations for these findings are offered and discussed. It is deduced that ionic copper probably is already toxic to planktonic algae at concentrations of about 10?10 mole/l.  相似文献   

20.
The coastal waters of Hong Kong constitute a transition from estuarine conditions in the west to more oceanic conditions in the east, with a major discharge of untreated sewage located at the mid-point. Chlorophyll a was determined and net phytoplankton was sampled at 45 stations throughout this transition. Over a period of 20 months, chlorophyll a values rarely exceeded 2 μg l.?1 in unpolluted coastal waters. Estuarine waters generally contained 2–6 μg l.?1 and, in waters influenced by sewage discharge, values sometimes exceeded 20 μg l.?1. There was no evidence of a reduction in taxonomic diversity in polluted areas except in summer, when the net phytoplankton was dominated by Chaetoceros spp. In the autumn and early winter, Skeletonema costatum was abundant in the central polluted areas.  相似文献   

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