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1.
A. A. Seemkooei 《Journal of Geodesy》2001,75(4):227-233
The proper and optimal design and subsequent assessment of geodetic networks is an integral part of most surveying engineering
projects. Optimization and design are carried out before the measurements are actually made. A geodetic network is designed
and optimized in terms of high reliability and the results are compared with those obtained by the robustness analysis technique.
The purpose of an optimal design is to solve for both the network configuration (first-order design) and observations accuracy
(second-order design) in order to meet the desired criteria. For this purpose, an analytical method is presented for performing
the first-order design, second-order design, and/or the combined design. In order to evaluate the geometrical strength of
a geodetic network, the results of robustness analysis are displayed in terms of robustness in rotation, robustness in shear,
and robustness in scale. Results showed that the robustness parameters were affected by redundancy numbers. The largest robustness
parameters were due to the observations with minimum redundancy numbers.
Received: 14 August 2000 / Accepted: 2 January 2001 相似文献
2.
W. Prószyński 《Journal of Geodesy》1997,71(10):652-659
For a linear least-squares parametric model analysis is carried out of the structure of the projection operator transforming
the vector of standardised observations into the vector of standardised residuals. On this basis the properties of the model
responses to observational disturbances (i.e. gross errors or blunders) are derived. A final outcome of the research can be
summarised as: (1) proposing the robustness characteristics of a model and linking them with the local measures of internal
reliability, being the diagonal elements in the projection operator; (2) determining the internal reliability levels satisfying
specified robustness requirements, i.e. the possibility of detecting at least one of the k observational disturbances (k=1,2,…) having most disadvantageous locations in the system. The theory and a numerical example show that for the systems
which have been designed to a proper level of internal reliability, the least-squares estimation can demonstrate an accordingly
high level of robustness.
Received: 11 June 1996 / Accepted: 28 April 1997 相似文献
3.
The robustness of an outlier detection method strongly depends on the weights of observations, i.e., the type of the stochastic
model applied (homoscedasticity, heteroscedasticity and heterogeneousness). In this paper, we have investigated how the reliability
of the robust methods and tests for outliers changes depending on the weights of the observations in geodetic networks. Furthermore,
the contribution of the directions and distances to horizontal control network with regard to reliability are investigated
separately. The concept of a breakdown point is used as a global measure of robustness against outliers. The mean success
rate (MSR) is found to be a practical tool for confirming the breakdown point. Many different “good” data samples are generated
for each network and then deliberately contaminated using a Monte-Carlo simulation. Six robust methods and Baarda’s test are
applied to the corrupted samples and the degree of corruption is varied. The performance of each method is measured using
both local and global MSRs. Our research shows: (1) The MSRs of Baarda’s test change depending on the strength of the heteroscedasticity,
but do not change for trilateration and leveling networks, (2) the global MSRs of robust methods do not differ considerably
from the local ones 相似文献
4.
利用显著性检验方法,探测并剔除了GPS控制网起算点的粗差,增强和提高了GPS网的可靠性和精度,实例表明了其可行性。 相似文献
5.
Giuseppe Arbia 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2001,3(3):271-281
Economists have recently devoted an increasing attention to the issue of spatial concentration of economic activities. However,
surprisingly enough, most of the empirical work is still based on the computation of very basic statistical measures in which
the geographical characteristics of data play no role. By making use of a series of empirical examples we show that spatial
concentration consists of two different features that are rarely kept as separate in the statistical analysis: an a-spatial
concept of variability which is invariant to permutations, and the concept of polarization that refers to the geographical
position of observations.
Received: 8 August 2000 / Accepted: 20 June 2001 相似文献
6.
概率积分法参数的稳健估计模型及其应用研究 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
将稳健估计理论应用于矿山开采沉陷预计参数的求取,建立了概率积分法稳健求参数学模型,并编制了相应的稳健求参计算软件。利用峰峰矿区开采沉陷实测资料进行人工异值干扰求参实验,结果表明是国家采用稳健求参技术可降低异值或粗差的干扰,克服常规的最小二乘法拟合求参时常出现的结果发散问题,保证了求参结果的可靠性和稳健性。 相似文献
7.
SIFT特征匹配技术在自动相对定向中的应用 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
提出了一种利用尺度不变特征变换(SIFT:Scale invariant Feature Transform)特征匹配技术应用于遥感影像自动相对定向的方法,SIFT特征是图像的局部特征,其对旋转、尺度缩放、亮度变化均保持不变,对视角变换、仿射变换、噪声均有一定程度的稳定性。文中给出了较为详细的理论分析和实验分析,结合小波变换建立影像金字塔采用分频道相关提高影像匹配的速度,利用最小二乘匹配方法提高了匹配的精度,取得了较好的实验结果。 相似文献
8.
Furaha N. Lugoe 《Journal of Geodesy》1990,64(3):219-229
Existing position information in a network can be integrated with the densification solution in two ways: One way is to obtain
a solution of the densification network followed by a merger of this and all other solutions or vice versa. Alternatively,
the existing solutions (not used as weighted constraints) can be taken to be pseudo-observations in a simultaneous adjustment
with the “new” observations. In both cases, all existing solutions must first be transformed to the coordinate system of the
densified network and be statistically compatible with it. Simultaneous densification and integration is discussed through
mathematical adjustment models in which the geometrical strength of networks is underscored. The rationale behind densifying
and integrating networks either in two different steps or simultaneously is analyzed. It is concluded that the simultaneous
approach should be avoided unless the various solutions turn out to be statistically compatible. 相似文献
9.
10.
A GIS-based decision support system for analysis of route choice in congested urban road networks 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Urban congestion patterns have become ubiquitous and complex. Traditional, “static” approaches are no longer adequate for
analyzing network flows and conducting minimum cost routing. This paper reports on a GIS-based decision support tool for modeling
dynamic network congestion and conducting minimum cost routing. The system predicts network flows at a detailed level of temporal
resolution, capturing dynamic congestion propagation effects. A Route Planner module solves for the combined departure time and minimum cost routing required for a trip to reach its destination by a
given deadline. The GIS provides effective decision support through its database management capabilities, graphical user interfaces
and cartographic visualization. This supports analyses of “what-if?” scenarios for strategic planning and tactical management
subject to unplanned network disturbances.
Received: 1 October 1999/Accepted: 21 September 2000 相似文献
11.
12.
This study is aimed at demonstrating the feasibility of the large scale LAI inversion algorithms using red and near infrared reflectance obtained from high resolution satellite imagery. Radiances in digital counts were obtained in 10 m resolution acquired on cloud free day of August 23, 2007, by the SPOT 5 high resolution geometric (HRG) instrument on mostly temperate hardwood forest located in the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence forest in Southern Quebec. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), scaled difference vegetation index (SDVI) and modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI) were applied to calculate gap fractions. LAI was inverted from the gap fraction using the common Beer–Lambert's law of light extinction under forest canopy. The robustness of the algorithm was evaluated using the ground-based LAI measurements and by applying the methods for the independently simulated reflectance data using PROSPECT + SAIL coupled radiative transfer models. Furthermore, the high resolution LAI was compared with MODIS LAI product. The effects of atmospheric corrections and scales were investigated for all of the LAI retrieval methods. NDVI was found to be not suitable index for large scale LAI inversion due to the sensitivity to scale and atmospheric effects. SDVI was virtually scale and atmospheric correction invariant. MSAVI was also scale invariant. Considering all sensitivity analysis, MSAVI performed best followed by SDVI for robust LAI inversion from high resolution imagery. 相似文献
13.
Following a detailed analysis of the weak solution of Neumann and oblique derivative problems [Rozanov and Sansò (1999).
The analysis of the Neumann and the oblique derivative problem. Weak theory], here the so-called regularization theory is
presented. The result, which is already known in mathematical literature, is obtained via a so-called Ladyzenskaya identity,
which is a very interesting tool in itself. The analysis of the stochastic versions of the same problems is tackled and solved.
In so doing, the question of the equivalence between different definitions of generalized random fields is also analyzed.
Received: 1 February 2000 / Accepted: 26 February 2001 相似文献
14.
This paper presents a spatial decision support system for network design problems in which different kinds of projects can
be built in stages over time. It was developed by the World Bank and China's Ministry of Railways to plan investment strategies
for China's overburdened railway system. We first present a mixed-integer program for the single-period network design problem
with project choices such as single or multiple tracks and/or electrification with economies of scale. Then, because such
projects can be built all at once or in stages, we developed a heuristic backwards time sequencing procedure with a cost adjustment
factor to solve the “project staging” problem. Other innovations include a preloading routine; coordinated modeling of arcs,
paths, and corridors; and a custom-built GIS.
Received: 5 May 2000/Accepted: 11 August 2000 相似文献
15.
Giles M. Foody 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2001,3(3):217-232
Neural networks are attractive tools for the derivation of thematic maps from remotely sensed data. Most attention has focused
on the multilayer perceptron (MLP) network but other network types are available and have different properties that may sometimes
be more appropriate for some applications. Here a MLP, radial basis function (RBF) and probabilistic neural network (PNN)
were used to classify remotely sensed data of an agricultural site. The accuracy of these classifications ranged from 86.25–91.25%.
The accuracy of the PNN classification could be increased through the incorporation of prior probabilities of class membership
but the accuracy of each classification could also be degraded by the presence of an untrained class. Post-classification
analyses, however, could be used to identify potentially misclassified cases, including those belonging to an untrained class,
to increase accuracy. The effect of the post-classification analysis on the accuracy of the classification derived from each
of the three network types investigated differed and it is suggested that network type be selected carefully to meet the requirements
of the application in-hand.
Received: 23 March 2000 / Accepted: 9 July 2000 相似文献
16.
Summary Strain analysis techniques can be applied in network inconsistency studies when, e.g., two sets of coordinates of the same
network referred to different datums are compared. The displacement field induced by the inconsistency is translated into
scalar strain invariant fields which after a filtering treatment provide additional information on the inconsistency characteristics
of the network under comparison. A complete strain analysis algorithm is presented and an actual example is given, studying
from the strain point of view the inconsistencies of the EDOC-2 network versus the ED-50 network. 相似文献
17.
This article describes GIS-based models successfully developed for predicting the coverage of Cityphone cellular network, visualizing the predicted signal strength, and analyzing the field strength coverage. In order to predict the signal coverage strength of communication network more accurately, the spatial and nonspatial databases of a mobile cellular network are combined by GIS and produce the necessary parameters. A GIS model named COST-231-Walfisch–Ikegami model (WIM) is developed for signal coverage prediction in Ho Chi Minh City. Radio-line-of-sight and nonradio-line-of-sight conditions can be determined by this model. In addition, in case of nonradio-line-of-sight conditions, average building height, building separation, building width, incident radio path, and road orientation with respect to the direct radio path were obtained using GIS. Road orientation loss, multiscreen diffraction loss, and shadowing gain were predicted more accurate by this model. The scale of maps in the experiment was 1:2000 and the average of floor height was 3?m because there were no exact building height measurements. Statistical results show that the path loss predicted by the COST 231 WIM overcame the real path loss of each cell station. And this method can be used for signal coverage prediction of mobile cellular network in urban areas. Compared to the current situation with the Ho Chi Minh City Posts and Telecommunications system, this model can be effectively applied to improve the Cityphone mobile network quality as well as capability. Developed GIS models can help designers in predicting cell station coverage using real spatial maps that make the results more reliable. This research can help network operators improve the network quality and capability with the best investment efficiently. 相似文献
18.
V. Kostoglodov R. W. Valenzuela A. Gorbatov J. Mimiaga S. I. Franco J. A. Alvarado R. Peláez 《Journal of Geodesy》2001,75(1):19-32
The Pacific coast of Guerrero state in Mexico is recognized as the `Guerrero seismic gap', with a high probability of producing
a large subduction earthquake (M > 8). A study of the vertical surface deformation was undertaken to understand the interseismic process of elastic strain
accumulation. Four leveling lines were installed in the states of Guerrero and Michoacán. Starting in 1995, several high-accuracy
leveling surveys have been carried out on those profiles once every year. The vertical uplift rate across the Guerrero coastal
region, as determined through the changes in repeated leveling surveys, suggests the accumulation of elastic strain at both
ends of the gap. In contrast, the sense of tilting in the middle of the gap is opposite to that observed at the ends and suggests
significant changes in the geometry of the locked zone and perhaps even slow strain release.
Received: 24 February 2000 / Accepted: 23 August 2000 相似文献
19.
We assess the accuracy of some indirect approaches to invariant point (IVP), or system reference point, determination of satellite
laser ranging (SLR) and very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) systems using both observed and simulated survey data sets.
Indirect IVP determination involves the observation of targets located on these systems during specific rotational sequences
and by application of geometrical models that describe the target motion during these sequences. Of concern is that most SLR
and VLBI systems have limited rotational freedom thereby placing constraint on the reliability of parameter estimation, including
the IVP position. We assess two current approaches to IVP analysis using survey data observed at the Yarragadee (Australia)
SLR and the Medicina (Italy) VLBI sites and also simulated data of a large rotationally constrained (azimuth-elevation) VLBI
system. To improve reliability we introduce and assess some new geometric conditions, including inter-axis, inter-circle and
inter-target conditions, to existing IVP analysis strategies. The error component of a local tie specifically associated with
the indirect determination of SLR and VLBI IVP is less than 0.5 mm. For systems with significant rotational limits we find
that the inter-axis and inter-circle conditions are critical to the computation of unbiased IVP coordinates at the sub-millimetre
level. When the inter-axis and inter-circle geometric conditions are not imposed, we retrieve biased vertical coordinates
of the IVP (in our simulated VLBI system) in the range of 1.2–3.4 mm. Using the new geometric conditions we also find that
the axis-offset estimates can be recovered at the sub- millimetre accuracy (0.5 mm). 相似文献
20.
Since the beginning of the International Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) Experiment, IGEX, in October 1998,
the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) has acted as an analysis center providing precise GLONASS orbits on a
regular basis. In CODE's IGEX routine analysis the Global Positioning System (GPS) orbits and Earth rotation parameters are
introduced as known quantities into the GLONASS processing. A new approach is studied, where data from the IGEX network are
combined with GPS observations from the International GPS Service (IGS) network and all parameters (GPS and GLONASS orbits,
Earth rotation parameters, and site coordinates) are estimated in one processing step. The influence of different solar radiation
pressure parameterizations on the GLONASS orbits is studied using different parameter subsets of the extended CODE orbit model.
Parameterization with three constant terms in the three orthogonal directions, D, Y, and X (D = direction satellite–Sun, Y = direction of the satellite's solar panel axis), and two periodic terms in the X-direction, proves to be adequate for GLONASS satellites. As a result of the processing it is found that the solar radiation
pressure effect for the GLONASS satellites is significantly different in the Y-direction from that for the GPS satellites, and an extensive analysis is carried out to investigate the effect in detail.
SLR observations from the ILRS network are used as an independent check on the quality of the GLONASS orbital solutions. Both
processing aspects, combining the two networks and changing the orbit parameterization, significantly improve the quality
of the determined GLONASS orbits compared to the orbits stemming from CODE's IGEX routine processing.
Received: 10 May 2000 / Accepted: 9 October 2000 相似文献