共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 140 毫秒
1.
在温度为200°—700℃,围压为200—700MPa,恒定应变速率(1×10~(-4)/s)条件下,笔者对长石砂岩和石英砂岩完整的和带预切口的试样进行了变形实验。应力-应变曲线表明,完整砂岩发生了脆性的、脆延性过渡状态的和延性的变形;而带预切口的砂岩在整个实验条件下都发生了稳定摩擦滑动。显微观测表明,岩石变形的主要机制是晶内和穿晶微裂隙的产生和发展。根据实验结果笔者推测,砂岩组成的地壳在地下10km左右的深度有最大破坏强度和摩擦强度;而发育在岩石中的断层的活动一般以稳定摩擦滑动为主。 相似文献
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岩石脆延性转化 (brittle ductiletransition)和脆塑性转化 (brittle plastictransition)是不同的概念。脆延性转化指从岩石的局部变形破坏到宏观均匀流动变形的转化 ,它与宏观结构和力学行为的变化相关。脆塑性转化指脆性向晶体塑性变形的转化 ,它与力学行为和微观机制的变化相关。通过地壳中最主要的石英、长石的实验室和野外变形温压条件对比发现 ,达到相同的变形特征 ,在实验室和野外所需温压条件不同。建立变形机制图使解决这一矛盾成为可能。但受实验资料的限制 ,目前几种主要岩石的变形机制图还无法建立。因此 ,通过对实验与自然环境下变形特征及微观机制对比 ,找出两者温压条件的差别 ,就成为将实验研究结果外推解决实际地质问题的有效途径 相似文献
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汶川地震发震断层为高角度逆断层,这种断层滑动和发生强震需要断层深部具备特殊的力学条件。发震断层地区地表出露若干韧性剪切带,其中不同类型石英变形具有不同的变形温度。细粒糜棱岩中的石英表现为高温位错蠕变,变形温度为500~700℃;含残斑初糜棱岩中的石英表现为中温位错蠕变,其变形温度为400~500℃;早期石英脉中的石英表现为低温位错蠕变,变形温度为280~400℃;晚期石英脉以碎裂变形为主,其变形温度为150~250℃。石英的这些变形特征显示出断层带经历了多期脆-塑性转化。根据糜棱岩中的重结晶石英的粒度估计的断层塑性流动应力为15~80MPa。石英和长石内的微量水以晶体缺陷水、颗粒边界水和流体包裹体水的形式存在,水含量随岩石的应变增加而升高,变化范围为0.01~0.15wt%。断层脆-塑性转化带内石英含有大量与裂隙愈合相关的次生流体包裹体,其捕获温度为330~350℃,流体压力为70~405MPa,估计的流体压力系数为0.16~0.9,代表强震发生后,断层带内产生的大量微裂隙逐渐愈合过程中的流体特征。在考虑断层带流体压力和应变速率变化条件下,利用石英流变参数建立了从间震期到地震成核阶段断层脆-塑性转化带流变结构和震后快速蠕滑阶段断层脆-塑性转化带流变结构。结果表明,在间震期、地震成核阶段、震后快速滑动阶段,断层强度和脆-塑性转化深度随应变速率和流体压力变化而变化,且脆-塑性转化特征与石英的变形机制、断层速度弱化和强化转化深度、汶川地震震源深度等吻合,显示映秀-北川断层具备摩擦滑动速度弱化和地震成核的基础,而断层带内存在高压流体可能是触发高角度逆断层滑动和汶川地震发生的主要机制。 相似文献
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中地壳韧性剪切带中的水与变形机制 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱仪（FFIR）,对红河断裂带早期左行走滑期间形成的中地壳韧性剪切带中的细粒长英质糜棱岩和条带状花岗片麻岩中的主要矿物石英、长石进行了水含量分析．红外吸收谱特征表明,石英和长石中的水以晶体缺陷水为主,并且含有颗粒边界水和包裹体水．其中,条带状花岗片麻岩中长石水含量为0．05—0．15wt％,石英水含量为0．03～0．09wt％,细粒长英质糜棱岩中剪切残斑长石和石英的水含量分布在0．095～0．32wt％范围;细粒长石和石英含水含量范围为0．004～0．052wt％．这些数据表明,弱变形的粗粒长石、石英的水含量高于强烈变形的细粒长石、石英的含水量．因此,在剪切带中,强烈剪切变形导致长石、石英中赋存的水被破坏,而糜棱岩中长石和石英的水基本被脱出． 相似文献
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本文从实验的角度模拟了地壳温压条件下石英岩的变形破坏,并进行了相应的分区。实验结果表明:石英岩变形性状和失稳形式在不同温压条件下差异悬殊。其中,温度低于450℃时,试件在不同围压下均可能产生突发式失稳,但在围压高于400MPa时,试件剪切破裂贯通后才发生粘滑方式的摩擦滑移。温度高于500℃时,不同围压下的试件一致转变为渐进失稳。在这个过程中,石英岩变形最典型特征是非弹性变形组分的迅速增加。因此,遏制岩石突发失稳的因素之一可能是升温环境中增加的非弹性变形的阻滞作用。 相似文献
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固体围压下完整花岗岩粘滑现象的实验研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文用完整的花岗岩样品在固体围压三轴实验装置上压缩,研究围压和应变速率对岩样变形破裂过程、粘滑应力降、粘滑复发间隔及样品主破裂几何分布的影响。结果表明,加载速率较低时,粘滑应力降较大,复发间隔较长且分布无规律。加载速率越大,粘滑应力降越小,复发间隔也近似相等,粘滑事件表现出准周期性。围压和应变率较低时,岩石的主破裂会演变成两个交叉的共轭断裂面;而围压和应变率较高时,岩石的主破裂则演变成单一断裂面或入字形断裂面。本文结果对认识中国大陆板内地震孕育、发生及重复过程;研究地震重复发生的机制及影响地震复发间隔的主要因素都有重要意义。 相似文献
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《地震地质》2020,(1)
地震精定位结果显示,大陆地震多数集中于大陆地壳的多震层内,该多震层向下收敛于中部地壳的脆塑性转化带。地壳脆塑性转化带的主要成分为花岗质岩石,前人通常用石英-斜长石的组合代替花岗岩进行变形研究,反演转化带的深度和变形特征,并且认为花岗岩的变形强度由弱项矿物——石英的塑性变形控制。近年来,实验和野外研究均表明钾长石的变形强度高于石英和斜长石。大应变量变形实验和野外韧性剪切带的研究结果显示,在中地壳脆塑性转化带内,钾长石变形以脆性破裂为主,斜长石和石英通常表现为动态重结晶。因此,用石英和斜长石的组合体代替花岗岩来反演断层的变形特征,无法全面、真实地解释断层深部脆塑性转化带的变形特征。文中总结了花岗岩在野外和实验变形条件下的研究结果,并分析了花岗岩的主要组成矿物——石英、斜长石和钾长石的变形特征以及其温压条件的不同步性,讨论了断层深部脆塑性转化带的失稳条件。 相似文献
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为探究脆塑性转化带断层的力学性质和滑动稳定性,本文采用干燥的Carrara大理岩预切断层(saw-cut)样品,在气体介质三轴高温岩石力学实验仪上开展了摩擦实验研究,实验温度70～400℃,围压30～100 MPa,位移速率在0.08μm·s-1, 0.4μm·s-1, 2μm·s-1之间切换.实验力学数据揭示,不同围压下Carrara大理岩断层摩擦系数随温度变化规律不同：低围压(30 MPa)下,摩擦系数随温度升高先增大后减小,中高围压(≥70 MPa)下摩擦系数则表现为随温度先减小后增大.断层摩擦滑动行为在100～300℃的范围内表现出由稳定的速度强化转化为不稳定的速度弱化,且在400℃左右重新转变为稳定的速度强化.实验后断层滑动面形貌和微观结构分析表明,稳定滑动断层面为高反射镜面,擦痕清晰;黏滑断层面为有光泽的凹凸不平的表面;最高围压下蠕滑的断层面粗糙无光泽,擦痕不可辨别.本文认为受温度激活的塑性变形过程逐步主导了岩石变形,对断层激活发生不稳定滑动至关重要,而高围压则会抑制断层的不稳定滑动.本研究结果不仅为识别野外... 相似文献
11.
R. M. Stesky 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,116(4-5):690-704
This paper reviews many of the mechanical properties of faulted and jointed rock under pressure and temperature and in the presence of water. At low effective confining pressures (below about 1 kilobar), the friction strength is quite variable and depends on the frictional resistance between gouge particles or asperities and on the dilatancy of the fault. At higher pressures the friction strength is nearly independent of mineralogy, temperature, and rate, at least for rocks whose friction strength is less than the failure strength. Water tends to slightly weaken the fault. The type of sliding motion, whether stick-slip or stable sliding, is much more affected by environmental and mineralogical factors. In general, stick-slip is dominant at high pressures and low temperatures, in the presence of strong minerals such as quartz and feldspar, in the absence of gouge, for lower surface roughness, and perhaps in the presence of water. The microscopic deformation mechanisms are poorly understood. At low temperatures, cataclasis dominates in rocks containing mostly quartz or feldspar, and plastic deformation in rocks containing mostly calcite or platy silicates. At high temperature most minerals deform plastically, producing a greater temperature-and rate-dependence of the friction strength. Glass has been found in some sliding surfaces in sandstone. 相似文献
12.
根据构造地貌遥感解析,发现郯庐断裂带沿庐江白山到桐城卅铺一线显示1组平行断层,现场地震地质调查验证其为1组活动断层。通过断层剖面观测、样品采集及样品测试分析和宏微观构造分析,结果表明,郯庐断裂带在白山—卅铺一带第四纪以来仍具有黏滑、蠕滑交替的变形活动。其中,在柯坦—卅铺一带,最年轻的水系被NE向断层组右旋扭折,其断层物质的微观观测和测龄结果表明该断裂段第四纪时的活动具有脆、塑性过渡变形特征,强烈活动时间处于早、中更新世;而白山剖面断层泥年龄测试结果则反映相应断层段在中、晚更新世曾有过较强烈的活动。断层泥超微(SEM)和显微观测结果亦表明该断裂段曾发生黏滑、蠕滑交替的构造变形事件,且表现为先黏滑后蠕滑;结合水系呈现缓慢扭折表征,近年来沿断裂有不少微震发生,表明郯庐断裂带在白山—卅铺段的最新滑移方式主要表现为蠕滑,也就是说,该段积累的应力以蠕滑或微震等方式缓慢释放,据此推测未来一定时期内不易孕育强烈地震 相似文献
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研究表明 ,干的基性下地壳处于半脆性摩擦与半脆性流变的过渡状态 ,因此 ,文中采用多种基性岩样品进行了干的和含水基性岩的脆塑性转化实验 ,以深入理解大陆下地壳的力学性质。实验围压 4 5 0～ 5 0 0MPa ,应变速率 1× 1 0 - 4s- 1。实验结果表明 ,济南辉长岩 (样品C)、延庆辉绿岩 (样品D)和含水辉绿岩从 30 0℃到 90 0℃经历了脆性破裂、碎裂流动、半脆性流动和塑性流动几个变形域 ,而细粒攀枝花辉长岩 (样品A)和中细粒攀枝花辉长岩 (样品B)从 70 0℃到 90 0℃经历了半脆性流动和塑性流动 2个变形域。干的辉长岩样品比干的辉绿岩样品发生脆延性转化的温度高 1 0 0℃ ;所有干的基性岩样品的脆塑性转化都发生在 70 0℃ ,但半脆性流动域变形微观结构有差别 ,辉绿岩中斜长石和辉石发生了细粒化 ,并存在强烈的定向 ,形成初糜棱岩结构 ,辉长岩样品的细粒化和定向特征不明显。干的基性岩在以位错滑移为主的高温塑性流变域的强度和微观结构基本相同。水对基性岩脆塑性转化的影响体现在岩石的强度和脆延性与脆塑性的转化温度两方面。在实验温度范围内 ,含水辉绿岩样品的强度远小于干的辉绿岩和辉长 相似文献
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H. Stel 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1986,124(1-2):289-307
Cataclasites and mylonites, and the brittle-ductile processes that produce them, were studied at exposures along the northern rim of the Grong culmination, a transverse basement antiform in the central Scandinavian Caledonides. The rock suite studied is composed of gneisses, mylonites, and cataclasites which have a granodioritic composition. The microstructure of the rocks appears to be the result of repeated alternations of brittle faulting (associated with hydrothermal mineral growth) and ductile deformation of the crystallization products. During brittle faulting K-feldspar-chlorite veins are formed, probably by incongruent pressure solution of micas. During plastic deformation of the rocks the mineral association is transformed to white mica and green biotite, according to the reaction. $$5 biotite + 3 white mica + 9 quartz + 4 H_2 O = 8 K - feldspar + 9 chlorite$$ During this reaction plagioclase is overgrown by mica and epidote, and K-feldspar crystals are replaced by albite. The reactions which involve K-feldspars are cyclic: K-feldspar that is generated in cracks tends to be removed by albitization during ductile deformation. It is concluded that the mylonites studied represent a movement zone in the Earth's crust in which seismic and aseismic slip alternated during a large part of the deformation history. 相似文献
15.
We present a thermodynamically-based formulation for mechanical modeling of faulting processes in the seismogenic brittle crust using a continuum damage–breakage rheology. The model combines previous results of a continuum damage framework for brittle solids with continuum breakage mechanics for granular flow. The formulation accounts for the density of distributed cracking and other internal flaws in damaged rocks with a scalar damage parameter, and addresses the grain size distribution of a granular phase in a failure slip zone with a breakage parameter. The stress–strain relation and kinetics of the damage and breakage processes are governed by the total energy function of the system, which combines the energy of the damaged solid with the energy of the granular material. A dynamic brittle instability is associated with a critical level of damage in the solid, leading to loss of convexity of the solid energy function and transition to a granular phase associated with lower energy level. A non-local formulation provides an intrinsic length scale associated with the internal damage structure, which leads to a finite length scale for damage localization that eliminates the unrealistic singular localization of local models. Shear heating during deformation can lead to a secondary finite-width internal localization. The formulation provides a framework for studying multiple aspects of brittle deformation, including potential feedback between evolving elastic moduli and properties of the slip localization zone and subsequent rupture behavior. The model has a more general transition from slow deformation to dynamic rupture than that associated with frictional sliding on a single pre-existing failure zone, and gives time and length scales for the onset of the dynamic fracturing process. Several features including the existence of finite localization width and transition from slow to rapid dynamic slip are illustrated using numerical simulations. A configuration having an existing narrow slip zone with localized damage produces for appropriate loading conditions an overall cyclic stick–slip motion. The simulated frictional response includes transitions from friction coefficient of ~0.7 at low slip velocity to dynamic friction below 0.4 at slip rates above ~0.1 m/s, followed by rapidly increasing friction for slip rates above ~1 m/s, consistent with laboratory observations. 相似文献
16.
Fabric development in brittle-to-ductile shear zones 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Carol Simpson 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1986,124(1-2):269-288
Brittle-to-ductile shear zones from two separate geological settings are shown to have nucleated on zones of predominantly brittle deformation. The shear zones are not simply foliated cataclasites, since they contain abundant evidence of dynamic recrystallization of constituent minerals. A small quartz diorite lens in the Borrego Springs shear zone, southern California, contains centimeter-scale cataclasite zones that exhibit a gradual transition into foliated rock. Alteration of magnesiohornblende to actinolite, feldspar to white mica plus quartz, and biotite to chlorite, produced elongate minerals that define the foliation. During the later stages of deformation, intracrystalline slip and dynamic recrystallization of quartz and feldspar were important deformation mechanisms.The widespread occurrence of mineralized dilatant cracks predated the development of meter-to-decimeter-scale ductile shear zones in the Striped Rock granite, southern Virginia. Again, important deformation mechanisms in the final stages of deformation were intracrystalline slip and dynamic recrystallization of quartz.In both field areas the role of fluids has been important from the onset of brittle deformation. Fluids may have enhanced early fracturing in addition to causing the alteration and hydrolytic weakening of host rock minerals and the introduction of new mineral species. Each of these processes is thought to have contributed to the later localization of crystal plastic deformation in the rocks. 相似文献
17.
A rock cylinder, containing a clay-filled sawcut making an angle of 30° to the sample axis, was deformed at constant confining and pore pressures and constant remote shortening rate. The sawcut surfaces contained a series of regularly spaced ridges and grooves oriented perpendicular to the direction of shear. The interaction of these grooved surfaces resulted in a sliding strength which varied periodically with displacement. By varying the effective machine stiffness through the use of an electronic feedback circuit, a range of stable and unstable slip behavior was achieved. In this way, we examined fault slip behavior which was dominated by displacement-dependent strength. 相似文献
18.
在与主压应力方向斜交的断层上,正应力与剪应力之间存在线性相关关系,以此为基础导出了小扰动条件下决定稳定性的临界刚度与滑动速率的关系。由于这一关系具有临界刚度随滑动速率增加而减小的特点,因此速率增加可能导致周期性粘滑向稳定滑动转化,而速率减小可能使本来稳定的滑动转化为周期性粘滑过程。在这种斜交断层中,速率增加虽然可能抑制周期性粘滑,但是稳滑时超过一定限度的速率增加会导致一次性不稳定滑动。三轴摩擦实验提供了关于粘滑与稳滑可相互转化的支持证据 相似文献
19.
Failure Mode and Spatial Distribution of Damage in Rothbach Sandstone in the Brittle-ductile Transition 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
— To elucidate the spatial complexity of damage and evolution of localized failure in the transitional regime from brittle faulting to cataclastic ductile flow in a porous sandstone, we performed a series of triaxial compression experiments on Rothbach sandstone (20% porosity). Quantitative microstructural analysis and X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging were conducted on deformed samples. Localized failure was observed in samples at effective pressures ranging from 5 MPa to 130 MPa. In the brittle faulting regime, dilating shear bands were observed. The CT images and stereological measurements reveal the geometric complexity and spatial heterogeneity of damage in the failed samples. In the transitional regime (at effective pressures between 45 MPa and 130 MPa), compacting shear bands at high angles and compaction bands perpendicular to the maximum compression direction were observed. The laboratory results suggest that these complex localized features can be pervasive in sandstone formations, not just limited to the very porous aeolian sandstone in which they were first documented. The microstructural observations are in qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions of bifurcation analyses, except for the occurrence of compaction bands in the sample deformed at effective pressure of 130 MPa. The bifurcation analysis with the constitutive model used in this paper is nonadequate to predict compaction band formation, may be due to the neglect of bedding anisotropy of the rock and multiple yield mechanisms in the constitutive model. 相似文献