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1.
《Advances in water resources》2007,30(6-7):1528-1546
A series of laboratory, field, and modeling studies were performed evaluating the potential for in situ aerobic cometabolism of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon (CAH) mixtures, including 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA), 1,1-dichloroethane (1,1-DCA) and 1,1-dichloroethene (1,1-DCE) by bioaugmented microorganisms that grew on butane. A butane-grown bioaugmentation culture, primarily comprised of a Rhodococcus sp., was developed that effectively transformed mixtures of the three CAHs, under subsurface nutrient conditions. Microcosm experiments and modeling studies showed rapid transformation of 1,1-DCE with high transformation product toxicity and weak inhibition by butane, while 1,1,1-TCA was much more slowly transformed and strongly inhibited by butane. Field studies were conducted in the saturated zone at the Moffett Field In-Situ Test Facility in California. In the bioaugmented test leg, 1,1-DCE was most effectively transformed, followed by 1,1-DCA, and 1,1,1-TCA, consistent with the results from the laboratory studies. A 1-D reactive/transport code simulated the field responses during the early stages of testing (first 20 days), with the following extents of removal achieved at the first monitoring well; 1,1-DCE (∼97%), 1,1-DCA (∼77%), and 1,1,1-TCA (∼36%), with little or no CAH transformation observed beyond the first monitoring well. As time proceeded, decreased performance was observed. The modeling analysis indicated that this loss of performance may have been associated with 1,1-DCE transformation toxicity combined with the limited addition of butane as a growth substrate with longer pulse cycles. When shorter pulse cycles were reinitiated after 40 days of operation, 1,1-DCE transformation was restored and the following transformation extents were achieved; 1,1-DCE (∼94%), 1,1-DCA (∼8%), and 1,1,1-TCA (∼0%), with some CAH transformation occurring past the first monitoring well. Modeling analysis of this period indicated that the bioaugmented culture was likely not the dominant butane-utilizing microorganism present. This was consistent with observations in the indigenous leg during this period that showed effective butane utilization and the following extents of transformation: 1,1-DCE (∼86 %), 1,1-DCA (∼5%), and 1,1,1-TCA (∼0%). The combination of lab and field scale studies and supporting modeling provide a means of evaluating the performance of bioaugmentation and the cometabolic treatment of CAH mixtures.  相似文献   

2.
Degradations of reactive brilliant red X‐3B solution by both conventional UV irradiation and microwave electrodeless UV irradiation were investigated. Degradation processes were studied by UV–VIS spectrophotometry, total organic carbon (TOC), high performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE), conductivity, pH value, and ion chromatography. The results of color removal (%) and TOC removal (%) showed that the degradation by microwave electrodeless UV irradiation was more effective than by conventional UV irradiation. The results of UV–VIS absorption spectra and HPCE analyses indicated that the degradation of reactive brilliant red X‐3B was occurred at the conjugation system first, the benzene ring and the naphthalene ring later. The reactive brilliant red X‐3B was cleaved into some new small compounds and eventually most of the organic substances were mineralized to CO2 and H2O. The results of the conductivity analysis suggested that the degradation has mainly occurred in the first 40 min of reaction. The pH value of reactive brilliant red X‐3B solution was decreased first and then was increased. The results of inorganic anions analysis hinted that many of the N, Cl, and S elements from reactive brilliant red X‐3B were still attached in organic molecules.  相似文献   

3.
Sulfate in groundwater has been previously shown to change the reactivity of Fe0 in permeable reactive barriers for reducing chlorinated organics. To better understand the effect and mechanism of SO, the degradation of 1,1,1‐trichloroethane (TCA) by Fe0 in unbuffered aqueous solutions with and without SO was investigated. In a Fe0‐TCA‐H2O system with initial pH of 2.0 to 10.0, the maximum removal rate of TCA was achieved at the initial pH 6.0 with pseudo‐first‐order constant Kobs 9.0 × 10?3/min. But in a Fe0‐TCA‐Na2SO4‐H2O system, the removal rate of TCA decreased remarkably with a reduction in Kobs to 1.0 × 10?3/min, and the pH varied from 6.0 to 9.6, indicating an inhibition of TCA dehydrochlorination by SO. Sulfate remarkably inhibited TCA degradation via changing the route of Fe0 dissolution. It accelerated the dissolution of Fe0 and transformed the intermediate form Fe(OH)ads to Fe2(SO4)ads, which weakened the affinity between Fe and TCA, and thus depressed the degradation of TCA by Fe0.  相似文献   

4.
We applied graphical methods and multivariate statistics to understand impacts of an unsewered slum catchment on nutrients and hydrochemistry of groundwater in Kampala, Uganda. Data were collected from 56 springs (groundwater), 22 surface water sites and 13 rain samples. Groundwater was acidic and dominated by Na, Cl and NO3. These ions were strongly correlated, indicating pollution originating from wastewater infiltration from on‐site sanitation systems. Results also showed that rain, which was acidic, impacted on groundwater chemistry. Using Q‐mode hierarchical cluster analysis, we identified three distinct water quality groups. The first group had springs dominated by Ca‐Cl‐NO3, low values of electrical conductivity (EC), pH and cations, and relatively high NO3 values. These springs were shown to have originated from the acidic rains because their chemistry closely corresponded to ion concentrations that would occur from rainfall recharge, which was around 3.3 times concentrated by evaporation. The second group had springs dominated by Na‐K‐Cl‐NO3 and Ca‐Cl‐NO3, low pH but with higher values of EC, NO3 and cations. We interpreted these as groundwater affected by both acid rain and infiltration of wastewater from urban areas. The third group had the highest EC values (average of 688 μS/cm), low pH and very high concentrations of NO3 (average of 2.15 mmol/l) and cations. Since these springs were all located in slum areas, we interpreted them as groundwater affected by infiltration of wastewater from poorly sanitized slums areas. Surface water was slightly reducing and eutrophic because of wastewater effluents, but the contribution of groundwater to nutrients in surface water was minimal because o‐PO4 was absent, whereas NO3 was lost by denitification. Our findings suggest that groundwater chemistry in the catchment is strongly influenced by anthropogenic inputs derived from nitrogen‐containing rains and domestic wastewater. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

5.
Reclaimed water is efficiently used to recover the dry river, but river water and groundwater may be impacted considering the water quality. Thus, it is critical to study the factors controlling water chemistry. Samples of reclaimed water, river and groundwater were collected monthly from January to September in 2010, in Huai River (North China). And samples were analyzed for major 15 physio-chemical parameters. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, 9 months are divided into two distinct groups, which show the clear temporal variation. In reclaimed water and river water, one group includes February, while the other includes other months. In shallow and deep groundwater, one group includes months from January to April, while the other encompasses others. Monitoring stations are classified into three groups. Group A with high value of ions and nitrogen (order: NH4-N > NO3-N > NO2-N) includes reclaimed water and river water. Group B with moderate concentration and nitrogen (order: NO3-N > NH4-N > NO2-N) includes all shallow groundwater and one deep groundwater. Group C with the low value and nitrogen (order: NO3-N > NO2-N > NH4-N), includes two deep groundwater. Using multivariate analysis and ionic relationships, river water chemistry is found to be controlled by reclaimed water and evaporation process; chemistry in shallow groundwater and one deep groundwater, with type of Na–Ca(Mg)–HCO3–Cl, is controlled by dissolution of calcite, carbonate weathering. Additionally, reactions of nitrification, denitrification and cation exchange occur in the infiltration of reclaimed water; chemistry in the other deep groundwater, with type of Ca–Mg–HCO3–Cl, is controlled by dissolution of calcite, carbonate weathering and denitrification.  相似文献   

6.
In this study, a new material consisting of activated‐carbon‐containing magnetic oxide is prepared for assisted microwave (MW) irradiation treatment of coking wastewater. The optimum condition for degrading coking wastewater is 98.14% chemical oxygen demand (COD), under which 87.57% ammonia nitrogen (NH3–N) can be removed. The results are verified by GC–MS, showing that most organic pollutants can be adsorbed by modified activated carbon (MAC). The surface morphology and elemental composition of MAC before and after microwave irradiation and adsorption is determined by scanning electron microscopy. After microwave irradiation, many apertures of pores looked relatively large. It can be shown that MAC as a catalyst in the microwave‐assisted treatment process has many advantages, including rapid degradation of COD and NH3–N. In conclusion, microwave‐irradiation‐assisted MAC treatment of coking wastewater is a novel technology that is economical, efficient, and has broad prospects for development.  相似文献   

7.
A first pilot-scale field experiment using vitamin B12 and reduced titanium was conducted in an in situ vertical circulation column at CFB Borden. The objective of the experiment was to test the applicability of the technology for restoring aquifer source zones contaminated by chlorinated solvents—tetrachloroethene (PCE) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA)—in a mixture of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). Vitamin B12 promotes the reductive dechlorination of chlorinated organics. A highly reducing and slightly alkaline environment must be maintained (Eh < - 480 mV and 7 < pH < 9) to maximize the rate of degradation. In this field test, PCE and 1,1,1-TCA degraded to a limited extent under experimental conditions, with 1,1,1-TCA degrading more readily. Indigenous bacteria were found to metabolize citrate, which caused titanium to precipitate, limiting degradation. The addition of glucose at the end of a second field season effectively limited citrate degradation and helped recover the optimal redox potential by keeping reduced titanium in solution. A laboratory column was used to confirm field results. The column also produced a significant biomass, which provided an additional source of organic carbon onto which the solvents sorbed.  相似文献   

8.
The fate and behavior of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the Segara Anakan Estuarine ecosystem was studied in the Indonesian tropical climate, which is characterized by heavy rainfall in the rainy season and low rainfall in the dry season. Since OCPs have high affinity for soil, a field study on the dissipation and degradation pattern of soil‐applied 1,1,1‐trichloro‐2,2‐bis (4‐chlorophenyl) ethane (p,p′‐DDT) and 1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐bis (4‐chlorophenyl) ethylene (p,p′‐DDE) as model OCPs was carried out. They occurred at a faster rate in the biphasic mode in wet conditions and at a slower rate in dry conditions. In wet conditions, the conversion from p,p′‐DDT to p,p′‐DDE and p,p′‐DDD (1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐bis (4‐chlorophenyl) ethane) was governed by a parallel reaction. In dry conditions, only p,p′‐DDE was formed. The fate and behavior of OCPs in sediment estuary are similar to those in soil under wet conditions, except that their sorption‐desorption constants are influenced by estuarine surface water salinity. In the dry season, due to high salinity, the sediment acts as an OCP sink and a secondary source for the ecosystem, causes higher OCP concentration of local bio‐monitors, i. e., Geloina spp. and Mugil spp. In the rainy season, high water inflow washed the desorbed OCP pesticides out of the estuarine ecosystem, and caused lower concentrations of bio‐monitors. A risk evaluation for the uptake of OCP pesticides during the dry season suggests that adult fish meal consumers are safe, but risk management is required for pregnant woman.  相似文献   

9.
The effect of the overlying water velocity on ammonium (NH4+) uptake by benthic biofilms was studied in a recirculating laboratory flume (260 cm long, 29 cm wide), packed with 5 cm of silica sand arranged into bedforms. NH4+ uptake was determined as the reduction in NH4+ concentration in the water at average overlying water velocities of 0.8, 2, 4 and 8 cm s?1. NH4+ uptake was relatively constant under laminar flow conditions but increased when the flow regime became turbulent (>4 cm s?1). This pattern was observed for two biofilms differing in their total biomass and in the abundance of the ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria, thus indicating that NH4+ uptake was strongly controlled by mass‐transfer processes. The near stoichiometric relationship between the rates of NH4+ uptake and nitrate (NO3?) accumulation suggests that aerobic nitrification was the main route for NH4+ uptake. Microelectrode measurements showed a sharp decline of oxygen concentrations and pH values within the biofilms, thus supporting strong nitrification activity within the surficial section of the benthic biofilms. The results of this study highlight the key role of hydrodynamic conditions in regulating NH4+ uptake in the transition from laminar to turbulent flow conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

10.
A method is proposed for calculating the equivalent hydraulic conductivity (EHC) within a finite difference block (FDB). Application of the constant‐flux assumption of Darcy's Law, the EHC equals to the integration of effective hydraulic conductivity (Kw) as a function of pressure head (hw) divided by the head difference at the ends of the FDB. Error analysis show that the constant‐flux (CF) EHC estimates are better than those computed by the commonly used arithmetic‐mean (AM), geometric‐mean (GM), and harmonic‐mean (HM) techniques. CF EHC results are even more superior at larger interblock head difference situations. Simulations of water infiltration experiments show that simulations using the CF EHC or AM or GM weighting technique have only slight difference while applying the Neumann type boundary condition at the ground surface. In case of the Dirichlet type boundary condition, however, the CF EHC is superior to the other two in correctly estimating the depth of infiltration while enlarging the grid size. Therefore, it is recommended to adopt the CF EHC with a larger grid size to the more stable and more efficient results. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

11.
An indigenous bacterial strain of Delftia sp. capable of degrading 2,4‐dicholorophenol and an indigenous bacterial community that degrades 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol (TCP) were employed to inoculate continuous down‐flow fixed‐bed reactors. Continuous‐reactors were constructed from PVC employing hollow PVC cylinders as support material. Synthetic wastewater was prepared by dissolving the corresponding chlorophenol in non‐sterile groundwater. Biodegradation was evaluated by spectrophotometry, chloride release, GC, and microbial growth. Detoxification was evaluated by using Daphnia magna as test organism. Delftia sp. was able to remove an average of 95.6% of DCP. Efficiency in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was of 88.9%. The indigenous bacterial community that degrades TCP reached an average efficiency of 96.5 and 91.6% in terms of compound and COD removal, respectively. In both cases stoichiometric removal of chloride and detoxification was achieved. When synthetic wastewater feed was cut off for 7 days, both reactors showed a fast recovery after inflow restarting, reaching average outlet concentration values within 36 h. The promising behavior of the microorganisms and the low cost of the reactors tested allow us to suggest their possible application to remediation processes.  相似文献   

12.
Wan Y  Hu J  Liu J  An W  Tao S  Jia Z 《Marine pollution bulletin》2005,50(4):439-445
Concentrations of ten DDTs (2,2-bis-(chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane) of which p,p'-DDA (2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)acetic acid), p,p'-DDM (bis(chlorophenyl)methane) and p,p'-DBP (dichlorobenzophenone) are often neglected, were measured in 25 water and 25 sedimentary samples from Bohai Bay and its adjacent Haihe Basin. The ratio of o,p'-DDX/p,p'-DDX in the upper reaches of Yongdingxin River ranged from 0.71 to 2.44, suggesting that the potential source of pollution would be the manufacturing or use of dicofol near this river. While DDA accounted for 52-93% of the SigmaDDT concentration in water, DDA was only detected in three sedimentary samples. And DDM was found to be an important degradation product of DDT in water following DDA. It should be noted that DBP (0.60-3.30 ng/g) is a major metabolite comparable with DDE (2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene, nondetectable-1.80 ng/g) and DDD (2,2-bis-(chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane, nondetectable-2.86 ng/g) in sediment in Bohai Bay. Finally, the SigmaDDT concentration in sedimentary sample from Bohai Bay was found to be dependent on the TOC (total organic carbon) value.  相似文献   

13.
The Main Endeavour Field, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge, experienced intense seismic activity in June 1999. Hydrothermal vent fluids were collected from sulfide structures in September 1999 and July 2000 and analyzed for the abundance of H2, H2S, CH4, CO2, NH3, Mg and Cl to document temporal and spatial changes following the earthquakes. Dissolved concentrations of CO2, H2, and H2S increased dramatically in the September 1999 samples relative to pre-earthquake abundances, and subsequently decreased during the following year. In contrast, dissolved NH3 and CH4 concentrations in 1999 and 2000 were similar to or less than pre-earthquake values. Aqueous Cl abundances showed large decreases immediately following the earthquakes followed by increases to near pre-earthquake values. The abundances of volatile species at the Main Endeavour Field were characterized by strong inverse correlations with chlorinity. Phase separation can account for 20-50% enrichments of CO2, CH4, and NH3 in low-chlorinity fluids, while temperature- and pressure-dependent fluid-mineral equilibria at near-critical conditions are responsible for order of magnitude greater enrichments in dissolved H2S and H2. The systematic variation of dissolved gas concentrations with chlorinity likely reflects mixing of a low-chlorinity volatile-enriched vapor generated by supercritical phase separation with a cooler gas-poor hydrothermal fluid of seawater chlorinity. Decreased abundances of sediment-derived NH3 and CH4 in 1999 indicate an earthquake-induced change in subsurface hydrology. Elevated CO2 abundances in vent fluids collected in September 1999 provide evidence that supports a magmatic origin for the earthquakes. Temperature-salinity relationships are consistent with intrusion of a shallow dike and suggest that the earthquakes were associated with movement of magma beneath the ridge crest. These data demonstrate the large and rapid response of chemical fluxes at mid-ocean ridges to magmatic activity and associated changes in subsurface temperature and pressure.  相似文献   

14.
Lake‐water quality is highly dependent on the landscape characteristics in its respective watershed. In this study, we investigated the relationships between lake‐water quality and landscape composition and configuration within the watershed in the Yangtze River basin of China. Water quality variables, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), Secchi depth (SD), NO2?, NO3?, NH4+, TN, TP, chemical oxygen demand (CODMn), chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a), and trophic state index (TSI), were collected from 16 lakes during the period of 2001–2003. Landscape composition (i.e. the percentage of vegetation, agriculture, water, urban, and bare land) and landscape configuration metrics, including number of patches (NP), patch density (PD), largest patch index (LPI), edge density (ED), mean patch area (MPA), mean shape index (MSI), contagion (CONTAG), patch cohesion index (COHESION), Shannon's diversity index (SHDI), and aggregation index (AI), were calculated for each lake's watershed. Results revealed that the percentage of agriculture was negatively related to NO2?, TN, TP, Chl‐a concentrations, and TSI, while the percentage of urban was significantly correlated with EC, NH4+, and CODMn concentrations. Among landscape‐level configuration metrics, only ED showed significant relationships with TN, TP concentrations, and TSI. However, at the class level, the PD, LPI, ED, and AI of agriculture and urban land uses were significantly correlated with two or more water quality variables. This study suggests that, for a given total area, large and clustered agricultural or urban patches in the watershed may have a greater impact on lake‐water quality than small and scattered ones. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

15.
Groundwater contamination associated with two former industrial facilities in Denver, Colorado, has led to concerns about vapor intrusion into residences adjacent to the facilities. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA), 1,1-dichloroethene (1,1-DCE), and trichloroethene (TCE) are the main contaminants of concern in groundwater, with trace levels of 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) present at one of the sites. Indoor air monitoring programs have been ongoing at these two sites since 1998 and recent results have suggested that background, indoor source, 1,2-DCA has been increasing in the frequency of detection, and median and maximum concentration over the past several years. A lines of evidence evaluation was undertaken for both sites in order to document the predominance of indoor sources of 1,2-DCA. Evidence utilized included spatial evaluation of 1,2-DCA in indoor air; comparison of 1,2-DCA concentrations in mitigated and unmitigated homes; a phone survey to evaluate the potential for smoking to contribute to indoor air 1,2-DCA levels; evaluation of mitigation system effluent data; and an evaluation of volatile organic compound (VOC) ratios in groundwater and indoor air. The results of this evaluation indicated that smoking had no demonstrable influence on measured indoor air concentrations. In addition, it appears that consumer products have had a markedly increased influence on indoor air concentrations since 2005. Data from one of the industrial facilities at one of the sites also indicated that polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and vinyl composite floor adhesive used in a building remodel in 2005 apparently generated elevated levels of indoor 1,2-DCA and vinyl chloride, which have been sustained up to the present time.  相似文献   

16.
The present work demonstrates the applicability of ferrites as photo‐Fenton catalysts for deterioration of different phenolic derivatives. To analyze optimal reaction conditions, experiments are performed with four magnetic spinel ferrites MFe2O4 (M = Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn) and two inorganic oxidants, i.e., hydrogen peroxide (HP) and potassium peroxymonosulfate (PMS). The reactions are performed using p‐nitrophenol as phenolic probe. CuFe2O4 and CoFe2O4 possessed excellent ability to activate HP and PMS, respectively, among all four synthesized catalysts. A noteworthy aspect of two oxidizing agents is that the concentration of PMS used during the reaction is four times less than HP. Further, the broad pH activity of PMS provides a significant advantage over HP. The optimal reaction conditions, when HP is the oxidant in the photo‐Fenton degradation, are 0.50 g L?1 MFe2O4, pH 2.5, and 8.8 mM HP. Although PMS is active in a wide pH range (2–10), adequate reaction conditions are 0.50 g L?1 MFe2O4, natural pH, and 2.2 mM PMS. The photo‐Fenton activity of ferrites is extended to the degradation of different nitro‐ and chloro‐analogs of phenol (2‐nitrophenol, 3‐nitrophenol, 4‐nitrophenol, 2,4‐dinitrophenol, 2,4,6‐trinitrophenol, 2‐chlorophenol, 3‐chlorophenol, 4‐chlorophenol, 2,4‐dichlorophenol) with only two ferrites (CuFe2O4 and CoFe2O4). A comparative study is performed with the two oxidants (HP and PMS) with positive results. Finally, stability and reusability of magnetic ferrites as catalysts are also studied to prove their use in phenolic solution treatment.  相似文献   

17.
Norman E. Peters 《水文研究》2009,23(20):2860-2878
A long‐term stream water quality monitoring network was established in the city of Atlanta, Georgia during 2003 to assess baseline water quality conditions and the effects of urbanization on stream water quality. Routine hydrologically based manual stream sampling, including several concurrent manual point and equal width increment sampling, was conducted ～12 times annually at 21 stations, with drainage areas ranging from 3·7 to 232 km2. Eleven of the stations are real‐time (RT) stations having continuous measures of stream stage/discharge, pH, dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, water temperature and turbidity, and automatic samplers for stormwater collection. Samples were analyzed for field parameters, and a broad suite of water quality and sediment‐related constituents. Field parameters and concentrations of major ions, metals, nutrient species and coliform bacteria among stations were evaluated and with respect to watershed characteristics and plausible sources from 2003 through September 2007. Most constituent concentrations are much higher than nearby reference streams. Concentrations are statistically different among stations for several constituents, despite high variability both within and among stations. Routine manual sampling, automatic sampling during stormflows and RT water quality monitoring provided sufficient information about urban stream water quality variability to evaluate causes of water quality differences among streams. Fecal coliform bacteria concentrations of most samples exceeded Georgia's water quality standard for any water‐usage class. High chloride concentrations occur at three stations and are hypothesized to be associated with discharges of chlorinated combined sewer overflows, drainage of swimming pool(s) and dissolution and transport during rainstorms of CaCl2, a deicing salt applied to roads during winter storms. One stream was affected by dissolution and transport of ammonium alum [NH4Al(SO4)2] from an alum‐manufacturing plant; streamwater has low pH (<5), low alkalinity and high metals concentrations. Several trace metals exceed acute and chronic water quality standards and high concentrations are attributed to washoff from impervious surfaces. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

18.
On a bench scale the treatment of electroplating effluents (ZnCl2, NiCl2, NH4Cl, NH3 and two polyether compounds) with Wofatit CA20 is investigated. If the capacity of the resin is utilized to a high degree for the heavy metal ions, the organic matter remains in the filtrate. The results are discussed with regard to the recovery and waste-disposal technology on a large scale.  相似文献   

19.
The degradation of two pesticides: atrazine and metazachlor was investigated in aqueous solution under UV-irradiation with and without H2O2. Rate constants of the photochemical degradation were determined applying a first order kinetics and quantum yields of the processes were calculated. This approach leads to an apparent decrease of the quantum yield with increasing initial pesticide concentration. At low H2O2 initial concentrations, the pesticide degradation was shown to be much more efficient than the degradation under UV-irradiation only. However, at high H2O2 concentrations (>2 mmol L?1), the efficiency of the UV/H2O2 system dropped down and the quantum yields of degradation were lower than for the direct photolysis. In the absence of H2O2, no influence of the pH value on the photodegradation of the pesticides could be noticed in a range between pH 3 and pH 11. At low H2O2 initial concentrations, the photochemical degradation of the pesticides was much faster at pH 3 and pH 7 compared with the degradation at pH 11. The results emphasize the potential of optimized reaction conditions in advanced oxidation.  相似文献   

20.
This paper presents a field study conducted in northwest Turkey and characterizes the NH3 concentration and emission measured in summer season from three chicken farms. The influence of environmental conditions on NH3 concentration and emission was also investigated in this study. Ammonia concentration, temperature, relative humidity and airflow rate were continuously recorded for four sequential days. The environmental conditions were measured using a multifunction temperature and humidity‐meter with a hot wire probe. Portable multiple gas detectors with electro‐chemical sensors were used to measure NH3 concentration. The NH3 emission rates for houses were calculated by multiplying simultaneously measured NH3 concentrations and air flow rates. The average daily mean (ADM) house concentrations of house 1 (H1), house 2 (H2), and house 3 (H3) were measured as 4.43, 3.71, and 6.20 ppm, respectively. NH3 concentration was inversely proportional to temperature (r = ?0.279), relative humidity (r = ?0.063) and airflow rate (r = ?0.554) for all monitored houses. The ADM house NH3 emission was 135 g/(h house) for H1, 255 g/(h house) for H2, and 117 g/(h house) for H3. The combined average emission rate in this study (0.26 g/(d bird)) was lower than the emission rate measured in chicken farms in the USA. However, our results were comparable to rates calculated in European studies because house design, ventilation system and bird diet applied in Turkish chicken farms are very similar to those employed in European countries. The NH3 emissions were significantly correlated to NH3 concentrations (r = 0.45, p ≤ 0.001) and airflow rates (r = 0.97, p ≤ 0.001). A clear diurnal pattern was obtained for NH3 concentrations rather than NH3 emissions at the end of the study.  相似文献   

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