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1.
Domenico Gallipoli Agostino Walter Bruno Céline Perlot Joao Mendes 《Acta Geotechnica》2017,12(3):463-478
Much research has been devoted over the past 30 years to the development of construction materials that can lower the environmental and economic costs of buildings over their entire life by reducing embodied energy, minimizing air conditioning needs and cutting down demolition waste. In this respect, raw earth is an attractive material because it is natural and largely available. In its simplest form, this material consists of a compacted mixture of soil and water which is put in place with the least possible transformation. Raw earth construction has been practised in ancient times but has only recently been rediscovered thanks to modern technology, which has improved fabrication efficiency. If properly manufactured, raw earth exhibits comparable mechanical characteristics and better hygro-thermal properties than concrete or fired bricks. After a brief historical overview, we discuss the advantages of raw earth construction in terms of environmental impact, energy consumption and indoor air quality together with the main obstacles to its wider dissemination. We also review the hydro-thermo-mechanical behaviour of raw earth in the context of the recent geotechnical literature, by examining the dependency of key parameters such as strength, stiffness and moisture retention on: (a) material variables (e.g. particle size and mineralogy), (b) manufacturing variables (e.g. density and stabilization) and (c) environmental variables (e.g. pore suction, ambient humidity and temperature). 相似文献
2.
Andrea Revell 《Geoforum》2007,38(1):114-126
Ecological Modernisation (EM) theorists argue that businesses in industrialised nations are ecologically restructuring in response to market signals, and that economic actors increasingly perceive a business case for sustainability. Whilst UK policymakers urge companies to undertake environmental measures voluntarily on the basis that it will be good for business, a qualitative study exploring the environmental practices of small and medium-sized construction firms found that the opinions of owner-managers had little resonance with this ‘win-win’ rhetoric. Respondents did not perceive the financial returns to be gained from eco-efficiency measures to be significant enough to warrant the short-term investment in time and resources required to pursue them. Moreover, the market was not signalling that product value could be raised or that customers could be won by embracing environmental best practice. The paper concludes by questioning the UK government’s faith in EMs ‘win-win’ ideology to encourage the greening of industry. 相似文献
3.
放射性物质一方面具有巨大的原子能造福于人类，另一方面对人体健康有害。因此应予以监测并防止污染环境。本课题的研究成果包括：理论基础；方法和技术；仪器与应用规则；监测结果；结论与建议。 相似文献
4.
房屋注浆抬升实践与监测分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
厦门梧村山浅埋大跨隧道,要求下穿浦南片区密集建筑群,其工程难度国内外罕见。通过对现场房屋的抬升实践和监测分析发现：房屋注浆抬升可分为两个层次,即注浆止沉和注浆抬升。现场抬升试验表明：采用动态跟踪补偿注浆能够较好地实现房屋止沉,而房屋的抬升则极富挑战性。一方面房屋抬升必须以补偿注浆、止浆墙完成、地层加固密实为前提;另一方面还必须选取合适的注浆工艺、注浆量、压力、抬升孔分布、注浆深度等,才可能实现抬升。抬升过程监控还发现：地层抬升明显,房屋止沉效果良好;但房屋抬升呈波动趋势,最终房屋仍呈沉降趋势。该结果反应了注浆地层抬升与房屋抬升是不一致的,只有较大范围、稳定的、均匀的、不消散的地表抬升,才能形成安全有效的房屋抬升。通过相关的解析和数值方法,对抬升注浆参数进行初步优选以及对房屋抬升量进行预测,结果可以满足工程需要。 相似文献
5.
能源地下结构是将热交换管埋设在建筑基础构件和地下结构物中,兼具承载及换热功能的结构形式,在有效节省宝贵且不可逆的地下空间资源的同时,还能充分利用非碳基的连续稳定、安全清洁的地热能资源,这比传统的地源热泵更具优势。系统总结了能源地下结构的概念、优势、国内外研究及应用进展,重点阐述了能源隧道、能源桩(能源锚杆)、能源地下连续墙和能源综合管廊4种目前常见能源地下结构的现状。将地源热泵系统与煤矿巷道等矿区建设相结合,既能够对地热能资源进行综合利用,还可有效解决传统深部采矿掘进作业时的高温热害及寒区煤矿巷道的保温防冻难题,具有环保、低碳、节能、高效的显著优势,是实现绿色矿井建设及碳达峰碳中和目标的有效途径,可产生显著的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益。然而,现有能源地下结构的研究模型均有其适用性和局限性、研究结果与实际工况存在较大偏差、能源地下连续墙和能源综合管廊研究较少等是当前存在的主要问题,对于能源地下结构的研究工作应结合工程实际情况,并尽可能考虑所有因素对结构工程的影响,以期提升研究成果的精度和水平;此外,对煤矿巷道等矿区建设中运用能源地下结构的可行性和前景进行了探讨,在能源地下结构的基础上,进一步综合太阳能、风能等非碳基清洁能源构建复合能源利用系统也是值得尝试的思路;同时,还对能源地下结构在抗(减)震、抗爆和防火等方面的防灾减灾设计给出建议,可为能源地下结构及其在绿色矿井建设方面的研究、应用与发展提供参考。 相似文献
6.
西部水资源与生态环境建设 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
水不仅是西部经济发展的主要制约因素、山川秀美的重要保证，而且是西部脱贫致富的希望所在，调整能源结构的重要途径。本文在分析我国西部水资源基本态势的基础上，讨论了水资源开发的主要问题，并结合中国工程院“西北地区水资源配置、生态环境建设和可持续发展战略研究”项目，探讨了西部水资源与生态环境建设。 相似文献
7.
传统工业矿物——纤蛇纹石，是一种具有独特卷管状构造的一维纳米管材料，具有机械强度好、耐热、绝缘等优良性能，同时具有高表面化学活性和生物活性。其活性主要源自表面不饱和键、纳米晶体巨大的比表面积所带来的高表面能以及卷曲构造导致的晶格弯曲而引起的附加内能和表面能。优良的物理和化学性能使其在纳米新材料中具有广阔的应用前景；高表面活性使其可被用来治理环境污染，但也可对人体造成致命威胁，导致石棉肺并引发癌症。因此，积极开展纤蛇纹石污染和致病机理的深入研究，有针对性的对其进行表面改性，降低或消除其毒性，同时加强采、选及加工企业粉尘污染的监测、改善人员防护，纤蛇纹石可以发挥优良性能，实现物尽其用。 相似文献
8.
浅层地热能开发利用是崇明生态岛建设的重要工作内容。结合崇明县经济社会发展规划,充分发挥绿色能源示范县建设的作用,推进浅层地热能开发利用管理机制建设,将促进崇明生态岛建设与环境保护。 相似文献
9.
In Europe the process of agricultural engagement or disengagement is attributed to the economic factor and mainly on the level
of alternative employment source development. It is the relational quality of economic, social and environmental factors that
determine sustainability of agricultural holdings and, hence, households. In regions of poor agricultural structures and of
many employment opportunities as well as in regions suffering from agricultural depression, households exhibit stronger tendencies
towards agricultural disengagement. Remarkably in southern Europe a stable agricultural engagement and not disengagement is
observed, even though in recent years there are limited possibilities of alternative income sources and prevailing agricultural
depression. This article highlights the factors which lead households to stable engagement with agriculture in a region of
southern Europe, the island of Lesvos. The island is characterised by traditional olive grove mono-culture, poor agricultural
structures and limited employment opportunities. The investigation of the economic, social and environmental farm household
characteristics concluded that in regions where poor agricultural infrastructure and lack of employment prevail, all three
factors of sustainability contribute to stability and/or low agricultural disengagement. Among these, the economic factor
is the most sensitive and hence highly influential. The social factor is highlighted as a quality and consistent factor due
to the respect for tradition. The environmental factor, finally, is characterised by mild cultivation practices, contributing
to environment conservation. 相似文献
10.
11.
环境经济帐户的研究综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在传统的国民经济帐户体系中加入环境的内容日益引起各国政府的重视。在总结国内外环境经济帐户研究的基础上,系统介绍了当前国际上最新发展的综合环境经济帐户体系（SEEA）的基本框架和结构。将环境成本内生于生产和收入帐户,同时调整生产帐户中资产和收入帐户中的存量和流量是当前的环境经济帐户体系有别于其它帐户体系的基本特征。详细介绍了建立环境经济帐户的十大步骤。指出了建立区域尺度环境经济帐户中的难点,并提出了相应的解决方法。最后系统地总结了环境经济帐户在政策分析中的应用前景。 相似文献
12.
An appropriate multiple criteria decision making method for solving electricity planning problems, addressing sustainability issue 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
N. Bagheri Moghaddam M. Nasiri S. M. Mousavi 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2011,8(3):605-620
In the past, decision making within the energy sector, especially in Iran, was limited to economic analysis. Lately, multiple criteria decision making has gained great popularity. However, this is not enough to make a right decision by considering sustainability. This paper deals with designing an appropriate multiple criteria decision making method to address the multifaceted nature of such problems. This task is the second precondition to make a decision which meets the sustainability criterion. This is done by revealing new facts about quantitative and qualitative data and the degree of compensation between the criteria. Moreover, this paper illustrates the capability of different methods with regard to sustainable energy planning and management in two steps: 1) comparison of two main approaches in the strategic energy planning context; 2) evaluation of multi attribute decision making methods and combining them. Combining four methods including Analytical hierarchy process, Preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation II, geometric mean and weighted sum seems to result in designing an appropriate method which meets the sustainability criterion. These contributions are proposed for comparing the renewable energy technologies with non-renewable ones. Nevertheless, these seem to be applicable in any comparison between discrete alternatives in the energy sector. 相似文献
13.
河北省平山县大柳树村崩塌地质灾害治理设计 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
崩塌与落石是山区常见的一种地质灾害,传统的治理方法多以圬工结构和钢木结构为主,这些方法存在着材料用量大、施工强度大、破坏当地原始生态环境、缺乏可靠的设计技术保障等缺点。为克服传统治理方法的缺点,本文综合考虑平山县大柳树村崩塌发育的地质环境条件,并详细分析地质灾害的发育特征后,进行设计方案比选,采用SNS柔性防护网系统对其进行治理。作者通过现场实际工程地质条件研究,确定基本计算参数和建立计算模型,计算了崩塌落石的运动能量及弹跳高度。根据计算结果,选用5m高RX-050型被动防护网,达到防灾减灾的目的。 相似文献
14.
The urban fringe, which can be seen as a special form of regional ecosystem with a spatial transition from urban to rural
areas, has strong heterogeneity and is a typical ecologically sensitive area. The expansion of cities and the landscape effect
of the changes have attracted wide attention. The primary aim of this study is to obtain an understanding of the spatial patterns
of landscape conversion and the corresponding environmental sustainability. With the help of GIS and Fragstats software, the
changes of landscape patterns before and after town planning were compared in An-Ding town of Beijing, of which the sustainability
was also revealed based on the ecological footprint using social and economic statistic data. The results showed that the
landscape pattern changed greatly during its conversion from several villages to a small town and the landscape fragmentation
increased due to road construction. Meanwhile, human disturbance increased with the constructed land extension. For the gap
between the ecological footprint and the biological capacity, An-Ding town ran an ecological deficit at that period, which
means it was unsustainable. However, the environmental sustainability decreased after planning due to the degraded green land
and forest. The results suggested that ecological management should be strengthened during the town planning period. 相似文献
15.
Jennifer Houghton 《Geoforum》2005,36(4):418-428
Sustainable development is accepted worldwide as a programme for the improvement of human-environment relations. It has been argued that the local level is the optimum level at which to implement sustainability. However, variability of local characteristics problematises this process as engagements with the principles and practices of sustainable development in unique places are likely to result in varying interpretations of the internationally accepted discourses of sustainable development. In order to assess local level interpretations of sustainability [Sharp, L., 1999. Local policy for the global environment: in search of a new perspective. Environmental Politics 8 (4), 137-159] calls for a more contextual analysis of the relationship between sustainability and the local level.This paper evaluates the interpretations of sustainability that were evident in a capacity building workshop in the Ugu District Municipality on the south coast of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa through consideration of the context in which they emerged. The notion of place as a construction of social and spatial interrelations, the social relations of power within places and the environmental discourses through which debates over sustainability often occur have been used in this study to consider how unequal power relations and the process of political and social transition taking place within the Ugu District Municipality drive the social construction of sustainability agendas. Consequently, the case study draws attention to the need to consider the ways in which local contexts set the terms for interpretations of sustainability as these conceptualizations can direct actions for sustainability and may interrelate to assist or hinder the implementation of local level sustainability plans. 相似文献
16.
António Viana da Fonseca Rodrigo Caberlon Cruz Nilo Cesar Consoli 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2009,27(6):681-686
Soil stabilization with cement is a good solution for the construction of subgrades for roadway and railway lines, especially
under the platforms and mostly in transition zones between embankments and rigid structures, where the mechanical properties
of supporting soils are very influential. These solutions are especially attractive in line works where other ground improvement
techniques are extensive and, therefore, very expensive. On the other hand, the economic and environmental costs of such works
should be optimized with good balances between excavation and embankment volumes. For this purpose, the improvement of locally
available soils can bring great advantages, avoiding a great amount in borrowing appropriate material, as well as the need
of disposing huge volumes in deposits. This paper focus on the characteristics of two soils, Osorio sand and Botucatu residual
sandstone, which can be converted to well acceptable materials for this purpose, if stabilized with cement. The study of soil
stabilization with cement relies on the quantification of the influence of percentage of cement and porosity adopted in the
admixing process for different state and stress conditions. This influence will be evaluated from the analysis of unconfined
compression strength (UCS or q
u
) test results. This experimental framework will enable a good definition of mechanical parameters used in design of foundations
and subgrades of railways platforms and for their execution quality control. 相似文献
17.
Engineering properties of unfired clay masonry bricks 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
The shortage of low cost and affordable housing in the UK has led to many investigations into new building masonry materials. Fired clay masonry bricks are conventionally used for mainstream masonry wall construction but suffer from the rising price of energy plus other related environmental problems such as high energy usage and carbon dioxide emission. The use of stabilised unfired clay bricks for masonry construction may solve these problems.This paper reports on the engineering properties of unfired clay bricks produced during the first industrial trial of unfired clay material development carried out at Hanson Brick Company, in Stewartby, Bedfordshire, under the Knowledge Exploitation Fund (KEF) Collaborative Industrial Research Project (CIRP) programme. The mixes were formulated using a locally available industrial by-product (Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag — GGBS) which is activated with an alkaline (lime or Portland cement) combined with clay soil. Portland cement was not used in the formulation of the unfired stabilised masonry bricks, except as a control, which is a significant scientific breakthrough for the building industry. Another breakthrough is the fact that only about 1.5% lime was used for GGBS activation. This level of lime is not sufficient for most road construction applications where less strength values are needed and where 3–8% lime is required for effective soil stabilisation. Hence, the final pricing of the unfired clay bricks is expected to be relatively low.The laboratory results demonstrate that the compressive strength, moisture content, rate of water absorption, percentage of void, density and durability assessment (repeated 24-hour freezing/thawing cycles) were all within the acceptable engineering standards for clay masonry units. The paper also discusses on the environmental performance of the unfired clay in comparison to the bricks, used in mainstream construction of today. The bricks produced using this technology can be used for low-medium cost housing and energy efficient masonry wall construction. 相似文献
18.
Transportation is vital for the economic and social development and prosperity of every country. Weather phenomena can significantly affect transportation, having huge impacts on the economy and transport user safety. Research indicates that the road transportation system is the most vulnerable system to weather effects. Results from a nine-year period in Cyprus showed that extreme weather conditions resulted in a 5.8 % increase in fatalities on the roads. On the other hand, there is pressure to develop more environmentally sustainable materials to be used in roads, considering the availability of natural aggregate resources and the amount of waste concrete material arising from construction and demolition. This paper describes the use of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) as a paving material in roads and its properties related to weather effects. Eight different concrete mixtures containing recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) were tested for the weather-related parameters of sorptivity, porosity and permeability. Results showed that the use of RCA and eventually RAC will affect the behaviour of road pavements, due to their higher sorptivity, porosity and permeability. However, it is believed that this will not be detrimental to the quality of road surfaces. 相似文献
19.
Danial Amini Baghbadorani Ali-Asghar Beheshti Behzad Ataie-Ashtiani 《Natural Hazards》2017,85(2):977-1003
Flooding is the most costly natural hazard event worldwide and can severely impact communities, both through economic losses and social disruption. To predict and reduce the flood risk facing a community, a reliable model is needed to estimate the cost of repairing flood-damaged buildings. In this paper, we describe the development and assessment of two models for predicting direct economic losses for single-family residential buildings, based on the experience of the 2013 Boulder, Colorado riverine floods. The first model is based on regression analyses on empirical data from over 3000 residential building damage inspections conducted by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). This model enables a probabilistic assessment of loss (in terms of FEMA grants paid to homeowners for post-flood repairs) as a function of key building and flood hazard parameters, considering uncertainties in structural properties, building contents, and damage characteristics at a given flood depth. The second model is an assembly-based prediction of loss considering unit prices for damaged building components to predict mean repair costs borne by the homeowner, which is based on typical Boulder construction practices and local construction and material costs. Comparison of the two proposed models illustrates benefits that arise from each of the two approaches, while also serving to validate both models. These models can be used as predictive tools in the future, in Boulder and other US communities, due to adaptability of the model for other context, and similarities in home characteristics across the country. The assembly-based model quantifies the difference between the FEMA grants and true losses, providing a quantification of out-of-pocket homeowner expenses. 相似文献
20.
浅层地温能资源开发利用发展综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
能源是人类生存、经济可持续发展和社会文明进步的重要物质保证和必要推动力,是关系国家经济命脉的重要战略物资。随着全球变暖、温室效应和能源紧缺等问题的日益严重,作为清洁可再生的浅层地温能资源逐渐得到各国政府高度重视,到2010年已有43个国家开发利用这种资源。近年来我国新能源和可再生能源得到了长足的发展,可再生能源利用的技术水平有了很大提高,产业已初具规模,特别是浅层地温能的开发利用,已从20世纪90年代的起步阶段步入快速发展期,据不完全统计,目前我国浅层地温能的服务面积已近2×108m2,成为建筑节能的主力军。本文对国内外浅层地温能资源的开发利用现状进行了概括,特别是热泵技术,有助于了解和掌握浅层地温能开发利用的发展动态,对开展浅层地温能资源评价和工程建设具有重要意义。 相似文献