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1.
Regarded as an effective method for treating the global warming problem, carbon emissions abatement (CEA) allocation has become a hot research topic and has drawn great attention recently. However, the traditional CEA allocation methods generally set efficient targets for the decision-making units (DMUs) using the farthest targets, which neglects the DMUs’ unwillingness to maximize (minimize) some of their inputs (outputs). In addition, the total CEA level is usually subjectively determined without any consideration of the current carbon emission situations of the DMUs. To surmount these deficiencies, we incorporate data envelopment analysis and its closest target technique into the CEA allocation problem. Firstly, a two-stage approach is proposed for setting the optimal total CEA level for the DMUs. Then, another two-stage approach is given for allocating the identified optimal total CEA among the DMUs. Our approach provides more flexibility when setting new input and output targets for the DMUs in CEA allocation. Finally, the proposed approaches are applied for CEA target setting and allocation for 20 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation economies. 相似文献
2.
Regarded as an effective method for treating the global warming problem, carbon emissions abatement (CEA) allocation has become a hot research topic and has drawn great attention recently. However, the traditional CEA allocation methods generally set efficient targets for the decision-making units (DMUs) using the farthest targets, which neglects the DMUs’ unwillingness to maximize (minimize) some of their inputs (outputs). In addition, the total CEA level is usually subjectively determined without any consideration of the current carbon emission situations of the DMUs. To surmount these deficiencies, we incorporate data envelopment analysis and its closest target technique into the CEA allocation problem. Firstly, a two-stage approach is proposed for setting the optimal total CEA level for the DMUs. Then, another two-stage approach is given for allocating the identified optimal total CEA among the DMUs. Our approach provides more flexibility when setting new input and output targets for the DMUs in CEA allocation. Finally, the proposed approaches are applied for CEA target setting and allocation for 20 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation economies. 相似文献
3.
China is preparing to develop and implement an emissions trading system in its 13th five-year plan. Allowance allocation is one of the key issues to settle during the establishment of this system. This study applies the China Energy and Environmental Policy Analysis model to assess how the allowances should be allocated. Simulation results show that, while impacts on China’s economic development vary according to how allowances are allocated, the negative impacts cannot be mitigated completely, which are between −0.5 and −0.1 % when 5 % of carbon emissions are reduced. In terms of the impacts on the macroeconomy, sectoral output, and capital revenue, results suggest that auctioning the allowances and recycling the revenue to reduce the indirect tax will perform best in alleviating the negative impacts. Meanwhile, impacts of carbon mitigation on international competitiveness can be reduced most in the approach where only key energy- and trade-intensive sectors are able to receive free allowances. However, if citizens’ welfare and quality of life is prioritized, auctioning the allowance and transferring the revenue to households in proportion to their occupation will be the most effective approach; in this case, the negative impacts on rural households’ disposable incomes and welfare will be reduced, and the income gap between rural and urban households will be narrowed. 相似文献
4.
灌区水资源合理配置是提高灌区水资源利用效率及保障粮食安全的重要途径,也是实现灌区水资源可持续利用的有效调控措施。从灌区水资源管理政策、水资源循环转化规律、水资源优化配置模型与方法和水文生态4个方面,对国内外该领域的研究现状进行了对比分析。研究发现,国内灌区水资源配置主要存在4个方面的问题:水资源合理配置与保护政策落实不到位、水资源的统一管理机制不健全、水资源优化配置模型实用性不强和水资源优化配置基础条件较为薄弱。建议加强灌区水资源的统一管理政策与机制、变化环境下水资源循环转化规律、水资源承载力基础理论与评价新方法、水文生态调控技术、水资源实时风险调度与智能化管理技术以及水资源优化配置耦合技术研究。 相似文献
5.
近年来,气候变化背景下的水资源问题得到日益增加的关注,其研究从水资源短缺、供需平衡等内容转向适应可持续发展的综合研究。基于投入产出理论的水资源研究,从系统循环的角度分析资源的流动性和持续性,能够揭示水资源-经济社会复合系统中各要素的内在数量关系,提出面向可持续发展的水资源价值观和方法论。首先,从模型拓展和实际应用两条主线梳理了国内外基于投入产出理论的水资源相关研究。在模型方面,概括了投入占用产出模型、水资源投入产出模型和区域间投入产出模型的发展和适用性,对比分析了不同区域间投入产出模型的优缺点。在应用方面,分别从不同时空尺度、驱动力因素等方面对虚拟水、水足迹和水资源优化配置三个热点内容进行了整理,并指出：基于投入产出理论的水资源研究基本建立在价值型模型的基础上;区域间投入产出模型已成为分析区域间经济结构、资源流动等环境问题的重要工具。其次,讨论了投入产出模型在冰冻圈水资源管理中的应用,提出基于服务角度的水资源管理模式。最后,展望了投入产出理论在水资源研究中的应用,以期能够为决策者提供额外的信息以便更好的管理水资源。 相似文献
6.
乡镇水权分配是乡镇水资源承载力研究的前提,是乡镇落实最严格的水资源管理和水权交易制度的基础,为新时期乡村振兴与美丽乡村建设提供物质保障。以最严格水资源管理制度确定的甘州区用水总量控制目标为可分配水权总量,在优先保障生活和生态基本用水基础上,选取2017年为规划水平年,采用人口、面积、产值单指标和混合分配模式,以及综合指标分配模式5种方法,开展了乡镇尺度水权分配对比研究。结果表明：领域专家对水权分配的公平性的重视程度略大于效率性,区域水资源的管理者更注重水权分配的公平性,而研究学者更倾向于效率性。5种模式对同一乡镇的水权分配结果范围较为均衡,但不同模式因侧重点各异对具体乡镇的分配比例存在差异。各乡镇不同模式下最大水权分配比例处于10%以上,而最小比例不超过0.3%。基于AHP的综合指标模式的分配结果更为合理,更贴合各乡镇水资源利用现状与经济社会未来发展潜力,其分配结果为各乡镇水资源承载力研究奠定了基础。 相似文献
7.
根据马莲河流域水资源总量极端贫乏、年际年内分配不均、常规水资源量低、水污染问题较严重等特点,利用系统分析理论和优化技术建立了流域的大系统、多目标水资源优化配置模型,并利用优化的NSGA-Ⅱ方法进行求解,得到流域2020年期望水资源配置下的最佳分配方案为:流域总供水量57 086×104m3,工业供水量21 690×104m3(总产值约为144.6亿元),能源基地供水量4 329×104m3(总产值约为346.32万元),农业供水量20 840×104m3,生活供水量9 452×104m3,生态供水量811×104m3。对比期望方案供水量增加了6 710×104m3,综合缺水率减少了11.41%。并根据预测的流域的分配方案和预测的流域需水量,进行了流域的水资源平衡分析,通过平衡分析的结果进行流域的综合管理研究。2020年在最优水资源分配方案下,工业缺水率3.21%、减少了4.51%;能源基地缺水率0.00%;农业缺水率4.64%、缺水率增加26.17%;生活缺水率0.00%;生态缺水率1.00%、缺水率增加了1.00%。配置方案实现了流域内水资源的最佳分配,使宝贵、有限的水资源产生最大的社会、经济及环境效益,为流域经济、能源产业的快速发展提供水资源保障。 相似文献
8.
Based on input–output table to measure inter-industry R&D technology spillover, this paper introduces inter-industry R&D technology spillover into panel econometric model for carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions factor analysis. Using the panel data of 34 industrial sectors in China from 2005 to 2014, the results reveal that there is an inverted “U-shaped” nonlinear relationship between R&D technology spillover (intensity) and carbon emission; it is estimated that R&D technology spillover can reduce carbon emission currently; the indirect impact of R&D technology spillovers or spillovers intensity through R&D intensity on carbon emissions is also beneficial to carbon emission reduction; at last, this study suggests that industrial sectors should improve R&D intensity and strengthen technical exchanges and cooperation with other related sectors for the purpose of R&D technology spillover increase and CO 2 emissions reduction. 相似文献
9.
针对廊坊市的水资源概况,对廊坊市南部地区水资源建立面向可持续发展的区域水资源优化配置模型。综合考虑地表水、地下水、处理后可回用水、外调水等水资源,同时充分考虑社会、经济、环境三个方面效益,运用多目标优化规划方法,确定不同用户的用水效益系数,调用Matlab优化工具箱中的fgoalattain函数对多目标进行求解。从而获得社会、经济、环境协调发展的最佳综合效益,为缓解廊坊市南部地区用水供需矛盾和环境规划提供依据。 相似文献
10.
油气是重要的战略资源。其中天然气作为清洁能源,它曾经是,现在是,在可预期的未来——全球碳减排、中国碳达峰情景下,仍然是最重要的能源资源。能源进口渠道的多元化一直是中国缓解能源紧张的有效措施之一。北极地区油气资源丰富且以天然气为主,已发现的油气资源中绝大多数在俄罗斯,尤其是天然气。但是俄罗斯天然气生产的油气田80%以上已经进入北极圈。2012年,中俄合作开发北极亚马尔液化天然气项目正式启动,标志着中国参与北极油气资源开发利用取得重要进展,也事实上开启了中国主导的"丝绸之路经济带建设"和俄罗斯主导的"欧亚经济联盟建设"对接合作的进程。北极地区已发现的油气资源共计3289.4亿桶油当量,其中石油605.4亿桶（84.1亿吨）油当量,仅为全球已发现石油资源的2.5%;天然气41.4万亿立方米（约合2683亿桶,372.6亿吨油当量）,占全球已发现天然气资源的15.5%。北极地区已发现的油气总资源中绝大多数在俄罗斯,俄罗斯已发现的北极油气资源合计2905亿桶油当量（403.5亿吨）,占88.3%;其中天然气约39.47万亿立方米,约合2557.9亿桶（355.3亿吨）油当量,占北极地区已发现天然气总资源的95%以上。北极待发现的油气资源量也非常可观,约占世界待发现常规石油资源的15%;天然气占世界待发现常规天然气资源的30%,其分布也主要在俄罗斯。随着全球气候变暖和能源战略博弈,俄罗斯为确保其天然气出口及财政来源,必然要加大北极油气、特别是天然气的开采和开发,并通过北极航道运到中国和其他消费国。本文在概括分析北极油气资源分布特点、俄罗斯油气资源与北极战略及北方海航道通行能力的基础上,回顾了北极亚马尔液化天然气项目诞生、发展演变及其国际博弈的背景;概括介绍了中国成功介入北极油气资源项目这一标志性事件过程,并进一步提出了中国对北极油气资源利用战略举措的建议。 相似文献
11.
In order to investigate the main drivers of CO 2 emissions changes in China during the 11th Five-Year Plan period (2006–2010) and seek the main ways to reduce CO 2 emissions, we decompose the changes of energy-related CO 2 emissions using the production-theoretical decomposition analysis approach. The results indicate that, first, economic growth and energy consumption are the two main drivers of CO 2 emissions increase during the sample period; particularly in the northern coastal, northwest and central regions, where tremendous coal resources are consumed, the driving effect of their energy consumption on CO 2 emissions appears fairly evident. Second, the improvement of carbon abatement technology and the reduction in energy intensity play significant roles in curbing carbon emissions, and comparatively the effect of carbon abatement technology proves more significant. Third, energy use technical efficiency, energy use technology and carbon abatement technical efficiency have only slight influence on CO 2 emissions overall. In the end, we put forward some policy recommendations for China’s government to reduce CO 2 emissions intensity in the future. 相似文献
12.
进行了北京市朝阳区水资源经济优化模型的实例研究。提出了地表水、地下水、自来水、中水4种水源类型。考虑生活用水（城镇生活用水、农村生活用水）、工业用水（电子及通讯制造业用水,一般工业用水,石油化工用水,电力、蒸汽、热水的生产和供应业用水）、农业用水（种植业、渔业、林业、畜牧业）和生态环境用水等4大用水部门、十几个小用水部门,建立了多目标水资源规划模型,并运用单纯形法求解模型,计算了2010年、2020年的水资源量最佳分配。 相似文献
13.
Human activities have become a major source of Earth’s climate change, which brings the rise of surface air temperature and subsurface ocean temperature. Therefore, promoting sustainable consumption and production patterns is imperative to minimize the use of natural resources and reduce emissions of pollutants. This study uses Economic Input–Output Life-Cycle Assessment method and structural decomposition model to identify the driving forces that influence the changes in carbon emissions from China’s residential consumption in the context of sustainable consumption. The findings of the study are as follows: (1) indirect carbon emissions from Chinese household consumption increase rapidly over time; (2) the largest carbon dioxide emitting sector turns from agriculture sector in 1992 into service sector in 2007; (3) the consumption level and the emission intensity are the main drivers that influence the change in indirect carbon emissions; and (4) the factor of consumption level presents positive effect on the emissions, while the emission intensity effect plays a negative role. Besides, the factors of urbanization, production structure, population size and consumption structure also promote the rapid increase in carbon emissions. 相似文献
14.
水资源合理配置是实现水资源可持续利用的有效调控措施之一。将现状的水资源合理配置研究划分为广义和狭义两类,进而从内在机制、实践进程和评价三方面系统综述了狭义流域水资源合理配置研究进展。指出目前中国在流域水资源配置过程中存在若干问题,主要表现为缺乏有效的初始水权分配机制、缺乏有机的补偿和机理机制、缺乏广泛的社会参与机制和缺乏系统的后效评价体系,致使现状水资源配置难以实现真正意义上的合理。为解决上述配置实践中存在的相关问题,今后我国水资源配置研究的重点主要集中在建立符合现代流域水循环过程的"天然 人工"二元认知模式,建立以水循环为基础的水资源合理配置模式、建立具有统一基础的水资源配置准则和建立水资源配置合理性评价标准和体系等。 相似文献
15.
运用超模博弈理论,以流域水资源管理制度形成的角度来解释流域各区段水资源管理政策执行面临的外部环境约束与激励,并通过模型描述了水资源管理域与外部关联域之间的博弈关系。分析发现：超模结构在当前钱塘江与黑河流域的水资源博弈中发挥着重要影响。钱塘江流域水资源管理制度收益函数对水功能区治理变量和经济域治理变量有递增差异。黑河流域水资源管理制度收益函数对分水治理变量和社会域治理变量有递增差异。由于这种关联作用对各区段主体策略集的限制,流域间水资源管理制度逐渐异质化,各流域管理结构呈现出一定的区域特色。钱塘江流域水资源管理偏重于扁平化、职能化管理,黑河流域为科层结构下水资源的层级分配。并依据以上研究结论提出了制度建议。 相似文献
16.
This study establishes theoretical models of supply and demand for carbon trading and proposes conditions for optimal trading prices and periods. Taiwan’s carbon market is used to verify the validity of the models. Simulations and empirical analysis position firms that emit greenhouse gases as the market buyers, and landowners that convert agricultural lands into plantation forests as the market sellers. The study compares four trading scenarios to determine optimal trading prices and time periods. There were four key conclusions. First, the higher the buyer’s cost to reduce carbon emissions, the higher the demand price is in the carbon trading market. The longer the trading period, the higher the carbon offsets, and the higher the demand price is for emissions trading. Second, the higher the emission trading price, the longer the optimal forest rotation period is for landowners. If emission costs do not exist at the time of logging, landowners are encouraged to log early, reducing the length of rotation periods. Furthermore, as the extension period in the trading scenarios increases, landowners’ costs increase, raising the market equilibrium price. Third, when landowners participate in forest carbon trading mechanisms or carbon subsidy policies, they may not always lengthen forest rotation periods. Therefore, if and when the government implements these mechanisms or policies, it should consider the factors affecting the length of forest rotation period. Finally, to respond to international interest in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the government should design separate carbon programs and trading mechanisms for different types of private landowners. This would strengthen incentives for participating in the afforestation program. 相似文献
17.
This study establishes theoretical models of supply and demand for carbon trading and proposes conditions for optimal trading prices and periods. Taiwan’s carbon market is used to verify the validity of the models. Simulations and empirical analysis position firms that emit greenhouse gases as the market buyers, and landowners that convert agricultural lands into plantation forests as the market sellers. The study compares four trading scenarios to determine optimal trading prices and time periods. There were four key conclusions. First, the higher the buyer’s cost to reduce carbon emissions, the higher the demand price is in the carbon trading market. The longer the trading period, the higher the carbon offsets, and the higher the demand price is for emissions trading. Second, the higher the emission trading price, the longer the optimal forest rotation period is for landowners. If emission costs do not exist at the time of logging, landowners are encouraged to log early, reducing the length of rotation periods. Furthermore, as the extension period in the trading scenarios increases, landowners’ costs increase, raising the market equilibrium price. Third, when landowners participate in forest carbon trading mechanisms or carbon subsidy policies, they may not always lengthen forest rotation periods. Therefore, if and when the government implements these mechanisms or policies, it should consider the factors affecting the length of forest rotation period. Finally, to respond to international interest in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the government should design separate carbon programs and trading mechanisms for different types of private landowners. This would strengthen incentives for participating in the afforestation program. 相似文献
19.
近年来,烟台经济开发区重视土地储备工作,从完善规章制度入手,对土地储备工作运行机制进行了规范。加强了土地资源的优化配置,实现了土地收益的最大化,有力的支持了当地经济的发展。但仍存在着一些不容忽视的问题,针对存在的问题进行了分析、探讨,并提出相应的对策建议。 相似文献
20.
Human activities have become a major source of Earth’s climate change, which brings the rise of surface air temperature and subsurface ocean temperature. Therefore, promoting sustainable consumption and production patterns is imperative to minimize the use of natural resources and reduce emissions of pollutants. This study uses Economic Input–Output Life-Cycle Assessment method and structural decomposition model to identify the driving forces that influence the changes in carbon emissions from China’s residential consumption in the context of sustainable consumption. The findings of the study are as follows: (1) indirect carbon emissions from Chinese household consumption increase rapidly over time; (2) the largest carbon dioxide emitting sector turns from agriculture sector in 1992 into service sector in 2007; (3) the consumption level and the emission intensity are the main drivers that influence the change in indirect carbon emissions; and (4) the factor of consumption level presents positive effect on the emissions, while the emission intensity effect plays a negative role. Besides, the factors of urbanization, production structure, population size and consumption structure also promote the rapid increase in carbon emissions. 相似文献
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