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1.
This paper explores China’s strategies for addressing climate change on the industrial level. Focusing on six energy-intensive industries, this paper applies gray relational analysis theory to the affecting factors to CO2 emissions of each industry after calculating each industry’s CO2 emissions during 2001–2010. Further research based on GM(1, 1) model is conducted to forecast the trend of the factors, the energy consumption and each industry’s CO2 emissions during the 12th Five-Year Plan period. As a breakthrough in previous conclusions, energy consumption structure was divided into the respective proportion of coal, oil, natural gas and electricity in the primary energy consumption, with which industrial output and energy intensity are combined to analyze each of their impacts on the energy-intensive industries. It turns out that all the factors’ impacts on emissions of the six major energy-intensive industries are significant, despite their differentiated extents. It is worth noting that, contrary to previous findings, industrial output is not the leading affecting factor to CO2 emissions of the energy-intensive industries compared with the proportion of coal and electricity in the primary energy consumption. The GM(1, 1) forecast results of energy consumption and CO2 emissions by the end of 2015 show that coal and electricity will remain a large proportion in primary energy consumption. This research may shed some light on China’s adjustment of energy structure under the pressure of addressing climate change and hence provide decision support for the acceleration of renewable energy utilization in the industrial departments.  相似文献   

2.
The paper introduces the sugar industry as one of the important agricultural raw material-based industries, and compares it, operative-wise, with ten other East African manufacturing and service industries. Location of the East African sugar industry is then examined territorially, provincially or regionally and district-wise mainly quantitatively. The factors of location are next introduced and briefly discussed. Considerable details are provided regarding sugarcane hectarages, sugar production, consumption, exports and imports. These are followed by future forecasts relating to sugar output, especially in Kenya and Tanzania. A brief discussion touching on the significance of, at least, three by-products of the sugar industry, particularly as they relate to possible future establishment of important ancillary industries in or peripheral to the sugar belts, is incorporated. Moreover, the sugar processing complexes together with their possible ancillary industries and linkages are briefly examined as potential development points in future regional, especially rural, development planning. With nine tables and two comprehensive East African maps (one qualitative and the other quantitative), the paper is appropriately illustrated.  相似文献   

3.
Industrial development has lead to higher energy consumption, emission of greenhouse gases, as well as air pollutants. Cement factories play an important role in over all greenhouse emissions. This study aims to investigate the role of Iranian cement industries and their contribution of greenhouse gases contribution. The measured emission factors for oil and fuel gas shows that carbon dioxide contribution from fuel oil based cement industries is almost 2.7 times higher than gas based cement factories. The strength, weakness, opportunity and threat technique analysis showed that the best strategy to combat greenhouse gases from Iranian cement factory is to implement energy efficiency measures. Further, strategic position and action evaluation matrix analysis indicates that Iranian cement industries fall within invasive category. Therefore, exploitation of opportunities must carefully be used. One of these opportunities is the utilization of financial assistance provided by clean development mechanism. The results show that replacement of ball mills with vertical roller mill can reduce the electricity consumption from 44.6 to 28 kWh/ton. As a result of such substitution about 720 million kWh/y of electricity would be saved (almost a power plant of 125 MW capacities). Though implementation of new mills may not be economic for the cement industries’ owner, but the overall gain for the government of Iran will be about US$ 304 million. If the duration of such efficiency measure is considered as about 12 y, then the overall CO2 reduction/phase-out would be around 4.3 million tons.  相似文献   

4.
Air quality legislation is entering a transformation phase, shifting the concept of atmospheric emission control towards pollution prevention and emission minimization through a more integrated approach. This transformation, along with public pressure and increased foreign trade, is providing industries with incentives to consider their effect on the environment and to take action where required. To assist industries in determining what air pollution control technologies are best suited to power plants; an assessment of air pollution control technologies used in other countries was carried out. This assessment concluded that the best available technologies for power plants to control air emissions are electrostatic precipitators, low-NOX burners, selective catalytic reduction systems and wet flue gas desulphurization (limestone) systems. An assessment of the financial effects associated with air pollution control at power plants was conducted by completing a cost analysis. This analysis demonstrated that by increasing capital expenditure on control technologies by US$ 0.25 billion, the external costs associated with producing electricity can be reduced by almost US$ 0.5 billion. Formulation of external cost factors and the development of a software database for the information obtained from the different countries, will promote future technology selections.  相似文献   

5.
Climate change has not only brought about many natural hazards but also threaten the sustainable development of industry. This study is to investigate the adaptive implications for energy-intensive industries of China in response to climate change impacts. For this purpose, a deep and comprehensive analysis on the change of CO2 emission for 6 energy-intensive sectors is explored over the period of 2000–2007. A Log-Mean Divisia Index based on time series is also introduced in our study to identify the key factors toward the change of CO2 emission. It is shown that there were 146.1 million metric tons carbon increased in energy-intensive industries from 2000 to 2007. And the excessive growth of industrial output and increasingly fossil-intensive energy consumption structure were the main driving forces for the increased CO2 emission. Nevertheless, energy intensity change and declining emission coefficient of electricity played negative role in the growing trend of CO2 emission. On the basis of these four determinants (namely industrial output, energy intensity, fuel mix effect, and emission coefficient), it is suggested that both economic motives and technologically feasible approaches should be implemented to control the scale of excessive productions and improve energy efficiency toward the energy-intensive industries. And more importantly, strengthening energy-intensive sectors’ awareness of climate change adaptation should be given stronger emphasis as long-term work with the help of some propaganda campaigns for instance.  相似文献   

6.
Quantitative knowledge about the impacts of climate change on the hydrological regime is essential in order to achieve meaningful insights to address various adverse consequences related to water such as water scarcity, flooding, drought, etc. General circulation models (GCMs) have been developed to simulate the present climate and to predict future climatic change. But, the coarse resolution of their outputs is inefficient to resolve significant regional scale features for assessing the effects of climate change on the hydrological regimes, thus restricting their direct implementation in hydrological models. This article reviews hierarchy and development of climate models from the early times, importance and inter-comparison of downscaling techniques and development of hydrological models. Also recent research developments regarding the evaluation of climate change impact on the hydrological regime have been discussed. The article also provides some suggestions to improve the effectiveness of modelling approaches involved in the assessment of climate change impact on hydrological regime.  相似文献   

7.
This study uses the total-factor energy productivity change index (TFEPCH) to investigate the changes in energy productivity of construction industry for 30 provincial regions in China from 2006 to 2015, adopting the improved Luenberger productivity index combined with the directional distance function. In addition to traditional economic output indicator, this study introduces building floor space under construction as a physical output indicator for energy productivity evaluation. The TFEPCH was decomposed into energy technical efficiency change and energy technical progress shift. Results indicate that, first, energy productivity of China’s construction industry decreased by 7.1% annually during 2006–2015. Energy technical regress, rather than energy technical efficiency, contributed most to the overall decline in energy productivity of China’s construction industry. Second, energy productivity in the central region of China decreased dramatically, by a cumulative sum of approximately 77.1%, since 2006, while energy productivity in the eastern and western regions decreased by over 54.3 and 65.3%, respectively. Only two of the 30 provinces considered—Hebei and Shandong—improved their energy productivity during 2006–2015. The findings presented here provide a basis for decision-making and references for administrative departments to set differentiated energy efficiency goals and develop relevant measures. Additionally, the findings are highly significant for energy and resource allocation of Chinese construction industry in different regions.  相似文献   

8.
油气管道穿越短距离障碍时,一般穿越技术存在工程投资高、协调难度大、环境破坏严重、施工周期长、施工风险高等问题,因此探索一种技术上可行、经济上合理和方便实施的新的（或改善的）施工方式具有较好的经济和社会效益。短距离水平定向钻穿越是通过改善规范要求的技术参数以及施工措施以达到可实施目的的一种施工方式。改善后的施工方式应用灵活、技术措施安全可行,且能缩短工期、节省工程投资。  相似文献   

9.
徐中华  李靖  王卫东 《岩土力学》2014,35(Z2):398-404
提出了一种结合Ucode反分析软件和Abaqus有限元分析软件,并根据围护墙实测变形来反分析基坑工程平面竖向弹性地基梁法中土的水平抗力比例系数的方法。重点讨论了反分析的原理和实现流程,给出了反分析过程中迭代控制参数的确定方法及待估参数取值的确定方法。通过参数敏感分析可找到对围护结构变形影响较大的土层,针对起主导作用的土层m值进行反分析,既可提高迭代效率,又能保证反分析结果的准确性。实际工程反分析的结果表明,计算值与实测围护墙变形吻合得很好。在此基础上,根据多个测孔的反分析结果给出了各层土的水平抗力比例系数的建议取值。  相似文献   

10.
In liner shipping, the objective of a shipping company is to gain profits with a certain number of dispatched vessels and shipping costs depending on the shipping line conditions and market trends. In view of the current need to address global warming and reduce carbon emissions, the issue of greenhouse gases produced by shipping line operations should be considered in addition to profits. This study applied centralized decision making involving centralized data envelopment analysis for optimal resource allocation for each shipping line in order to achieve optimal output and undesirable output levels with reallocation of resources while using currently available resources. In the empirical analysis, this study sought to verify the resource allocation model for the intra-Asia lines of a Taiwanese shipping company by using the network centralized data envelopment analysis. The results showed that the proposed model provides shipping line operators with information on the amounts by which they should reduce undesirable outputs (carbon emissions), increase line revenue and revenue TEU-nautical mile, and reallocate resources. As such, the model can serve as a guide for resource allocation in shipping lines.  相似文献   

11.
基于第二产业产品提供部门、第二产业劳动力提供部门和工业用地提供部门的三部门模型,通过分析上海市1997~2010年相关数据,探讨了上海市工业用地需求的驱动力问题。结果表明：第二产业产出增加和第二产业劳动力供给增加都会推动工业用地需求增加,并且第二产业产出增加是工业用地需求增加的主要原因;而满足工业用地需求的有效供给是第二产业发展必须付出的资源支撑,应当以产出效益为核心用好增量、优化存量工业用地。  相似文献   

12.
Keeping temperature rise well below 2 °C is Paris Climate Agreement’s main commitment and corporate-level participation will be crucial to achieve national mitigation targets. Hence, companies should adopt measures that allow them to adapt to upcoming scenarios where low-carbon production is expected to become mandatory and a great competitive advantage. However, mitigation strategies cannot be evaluated without consideration of subjective environmental criteria. Consequently, lack of decision support methodologies for climate change evaluation in industries is a barrier for innovation. Aiming at consideration of non-monetary aspects, we develop a support method that incorporates costs, benefits, opportunities and risks related to climate change in manufacturing industries. First, we compared the most relevant multi-criteria decision analysis methodologies and identified an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as the most suitable for ranking corporate climate change strategies. Then, we collected global analysis criteria from the most important socially responsible investment indices, and climate change scientific studies. To adapt these criteria to the AHP method, each criterion was sorted into benefits, opportunities, costs or risks hierarchies. Proposed method was efficient for assessing long-term subjective criteria and ranking alternatives for GHG emission management in two large manufacturing companies. A sensitivity analysis of the outcome revealed its consistency and flexibility for ranking alternatives and weighting criteria. Finally, the method is not limited to a particular type of industry and it can be adapted to other areas, such as service companies, sanitation or public sector.  相似文献   

13.
In this paper we present error and performance analysis of quasi-Monte Carlo algorithms for solving multidimensional integrals (up to 100 dimensions) on the grid using MPI. We take into account the fact that the Grid is a potentially heterogeneous computing environment, where the user does not know the specifics of the target architecture. Therefore parallel algorithms should be able to adapt to this heterogeneity, providing automated load-balancing. Monte Carlo algorithms can be tailored to such environments, provided parallel pseudorandom number generators are available. The use of quasi-Monte Carlo algorithms poses more difficulties. In both cases the efficient implementation of the algorithms depends on the functionality of the corresponding packages for generating pseudorandom or quasirandom numbers. We propose efficient parallel implementation of the Sobol sequence for a grid environment and we demonstrate numerical experiments on a heterogeneous grid. To achieve high parallel efficiency we use a newly developed special grid service called Job Track Service which provides efficient management of available computing resources through reservations.  相似文献   

14.
The high computational costs associated with the implicit formulation of discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) have been one of the major obstacles for its implementation to engineering problems involving jointed rock masses with large numbers of blocks. In this paper, the Newmark-based predictor-corrector solution (NPC) approach was modified to improve the performance of the original DDA solution module in modeling discontinuous problems. The equation of motion for a discrete block system is first established with emphasis on the consideration of contact constraints. A family of modified Newmark-based predictor-corrector integration (MNPC) scheme is then proposed and implemented into a unified analysis framework. Comparisons are made between the proposed approach and the widely used constant acceleration (CA) integration approach and central difference (CD) approach, regarding the stability and numerical damping features for a single-degree-of-freedom model, where the implications of the proposed approach on open-close iteration are also discussed. The validity of the proposed approach is verified by several benchmarking examples, and it is then applied to two typical problems with different numbers of blocks. The results show that the original CA approach in DDA is efficient for the simulation of quasi-static deformation of jointed rock masses, while the proposed MNPC approach leads to improved computational efficiency for dynamic analysis of large-scale jointed rock masses. The MNPC approach therefore provides an additional option for efficient DDA of jointed rock masses.  相似文献   

15.
Attempts at improving comminution machines generally have been directed towards increasing the performance efficiency, particularly increasing throughput rate and decreasing energy consumption. The latest and most successful new comminution technology has been the high-pressure grinding rolls (HPGR), which have proved to be highly efficient in energy consumption and to have a relatively high throughput rate at low steel consumption. Already used extensively in cement plants worldwide, the first HPGRs in the mineral industry were installed in plants processing diamond ores. They are now finding their way into the large-scale base-metal mining industry. Since feed constituents in natural ores vary in their physical properties such as hardness, plasticity and brittleness, the present paper is concerned with an investigation of the behavior of a heterogeneous feed as it passes through the HPGR. The effect of feed composition on operational parameters, the energy efficiency of comminution, and energy distribution among the feed components is addressed. Mineral particles with high hardness act as energy transfer agents in the roll gap and enhance the grinding of softer mineral particles in a mixed feed.  相似文献   

16.
Gas drainage not only ensures safety in coal mine but also produces clean energy and reduces emission of greenhouse gases. However, a good method to evaluate the efficiency of gas drainage is still absent. In this study, we firstly propose a definition of gas drainage efficiency which is defined as the ratio of the real output–input efficiency to the ideal output–input efficiency. The definition combines both engineering parameters such as radius, length of borehole and economical parameters such as drilling cost to develop a comprehensive index for the assessment of the engineering–economical efficiency. Then, three important factors to determine gas drainage efficiency including the difficulty level, the input and output, namely investment and production, and the attenuation characteristic of gas drainage are discussed. Based on the relative standards, the index can reasonably evaluate gas drainage projects with different difficulty levels, thereby avoiding dependence on an absolute standard for the evaluation of overall difficulty levels. The indicator can also take both input and output into consideration and reflect the reduction of gas drainage flow with time. Besides, we investigate the relationship between gas drainage efficiency and several engineering parameters, including borehole radius, borehole length and the quality of borehole sealing. The results show the possibility of optimizing engineering parameters to maximize gas drainage efficiency. Finally, the evaluation method is proven efficient by performing case studies.  相似文献   

17.
In earth and environmental sciences applications, uncertainty analysis regarding the outputs of models whose parameters are spatially varying (or spatially distributed) is often performed in a Monte Carlo framework. In this context, alternative realizations of the spatial distribution of model inputs, typically conditioned to reproduce attribute values at locations where measurements are obtained, are generated via geostatistical simulation using simple random (SR) sampling. The environmental model under consideration is then evaluated using each of these realizations as a plausible input, in order to construct a distribution of plausible model outputs for uncertainty analysis purposes. In hydrogeological investigations, for example, conditional simulations of saturated hydraulic conductivity are used as input to physically-based simulators of flow and transport to evaluate the associated uncertainty in the spatial distribution of solute concentration. Realistic uncertainty analysis via SR sampling, however, requires a large number of simulated attribute realizations for the model inputs in order to yield a representative distribution of model outputs; this often hinders the application of uncertainty analysis due to the computational expense of evaluating complex environmental models. Stratified sampling methods, including variants of Latin hypercube sampling, constitute more efficient sampling aternatives, often resulting in a more representative distribution of model outputs (e.g., solute concentration) with fewer model input realizations (e.g., hydraulic conductivity), thus reducing the computational cost of uncertainty analysis. The application of stratified and Latin hypercube sampling in a geostatistical simulation context, however, is not widespread, and, apart from a few exceptions, has been limited to the unconditional simulation case. This paper proposes methodological modifications for adopting existing methods for stratified sampling (including Latin hypercube sampling), employed to date in an unconditional geostatistical simulation context, for the purpose of efficient conditional simulation of Gaussian random fields. The proposed conditional simulation methods are compared to traditional geostatistical simulation, based on SR sampling, in the context of a hydrogeological flow and transport model via a synthetic case study. The results indicate that stratified sampling methods (including Latin hypercube sampling) are more efficient than SR, overall reproducing to a similar extent statistics of the conductivity (and subsequently concentration) fields, yet with smaller sampling variability. These findings suggest that the proposed efficient conditional sampling methods could contribute to the wider application of uncertainty analysis in spatially distributed environmental models using geostatistical simulation.  相似文献   

18.
The K-Ar method (both modifications) is typically applied to solve stratigraphic relations of young Meso-Cenozoic rocks and events. However, its application for determining the stratigraphic position of older rocks is complicated by the instability (easy disturbance and resetting) of the K-Ar system. At the same time, such instability is useful for reconstructing stages of the geological evolution and estimating the degree of geochemical transformation of sedimentary rocks at postsedimentary stages. Some examples and methods of application of the K-Ar method for determining the scale and time of epigenetic transformations of sedimentary complexes are demonstrated based on the literature material.  相似文献   

19.
This paper provides a framework for evaluation of innovation risk based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. In this framework, the common paradigms of innovation risk are considered as inputs and the various types of innovation are as outputs. These risk paradigms were extracted from valid resources of innovation sector, and a comprehensive classification of innovation types, provided by OECD, was used as outputs category. The relationship between these inputs and outputs is assessed by DEA method based on the CCR model. In this survey, the framework was implemented for innovative activities in various industries, and the results lead us to draw the “Innovation Path” that shows the development direction for each understudy cases. The Innovation Path that is derived from the numerical results shows the numerical goal and useful information about innovation management systems. This path can be used by industrial managers, decision makers and strategists to take the best decision and design the practical strategies to manage the innovation risks.  相似文献   

20.
真实节水基本概念分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
周忠生 《地下水》2003,25(2):98-102
利用世行贷款发展节水灌溉项目以来，项目区通过工程、农业和管理节水措施，取得显著的节水效果：一是不仅项目区，而且全县渠系水、田间水和灌溉水的有效利用系数大大提高，灌溉提取水量大幅度浅少，与此同时，农作物ET值不断下降，预计2010年ET值降到当地平均降雨量。二是灌区各部分耗水量发生显著变化，有项目以后，不仅灌溉提取水量，作物ET大幅度下降，而且深层渗漏也显著减少。三是真实节水效果显著：(1)净开采量大幅度浅少；(2)真实(资源)节水量不断增加；(3)作物ET值不断减少，尤其重要的是田间水的有效利用系数不断提高，无效蒸发相应减少。四是地下水超采状况显著好转，到2010年项目区可实现地下水的零超采，全县地下水下降幅度大大减小。  相似文献   

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