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辽宁省典型地区大气颗粒物重金属元素分布特征及对土地质量影响研究 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
大气颗粒物是大气质量评价中的一个通用的重要指标,近年来,对于大气颗粒物污染这一热点问题开展了大量的研究。文中选取辽宁省沈阳市、锦州市和葫芦岛市等典型地区研究大气颗粒物(TSP、PM10、PM2.5)中Cd等重金属元素的分布特征。结果表明,辽宁省大气可吸入颗粒物中Pb和Zn的含量最高,其次是Cu、Mn、As、Cr、Cd。燃煤、燃油和工业污染源等方面可能是造成这些元素含量较高的主要原因。此外,文中还对大气颗粒物对土地质量的影响研究进行一些有益尝试。研究表明,大气颗粒物中重金属元素含量对土地质量的影响是显而易见的。政府管理部门应该重视对大气颗粒物中重金属元素含量的监控,努力减少其对土地质量的影响。 相似文献
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Epidemiological studies have provided evidence for the association of air particulate matter (PM) and heavy metals concentrations with adverse health effects for human population but also for environment. Even if the knowledge of PM and metals concentration is important, it has been clearly demonstrated that the chemical form of an element is essential to understand its environmental behaviour and its potential toxicity. Studies have demonstrated that zinc (Zn), particularly in its soluble forms, induces inflammatory response in lungs. As steel plant is an important heavy metals emitter, and as atmospheric emissions are rich in Zn, the aim of our work was to determine Zn bearing phase and speciation in steel work air particulate matter by a multi-technical approach including physical methods like SEM, Extended X-Rays Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) and chemical techniques like ICP-AES and sequential leaching. Results show that Zn is mainly associated with two phases, (i) one insoluble phase which has been clearly identified, as Zn–Fe oxide and similar to franklinite, and (ii) one easily soluble phase, containing calcium and probably associated with carbonates which present a greater toxical potential for environment and human health. 相似文献
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北京市大气颗粒物中Cd的地球化学分布特征及其生态风险评估 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采集北京市11个区县内的大气颗粒物样品,分析了TSP、PM10、PM2-5的含量分布特征,重金属元素Cd在大气颗粒物中的地球化学分布特征及其生态风险,结果表明：北京市3种粒径的大气颗粒物中PM2-5的超标幅度最大,并且PM10中载带的重金属大部分都集中在PM2-5中。除密云、通州地区外,Cd元素在不同粒级大气颗粒物中浓度的高低表现为 TSP＞PM10＞PM2-5;不同功能区相比,公园中大气颗粒物中Cd元素浓度明显高于农田区和教育区,因此公园的环境质量问题应该引起相关部门的关注。研究区内不同粒径大气颗粒物中Cd元素的非致癌风险较小,但与其他地区相比,海淀区的非致癌风险较高,大气颗粒物超标幅度最大,因此应该重视海淀区的环境健康问题。 相似文献
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江汉平原大气污染源分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过选择不同的环境功能区布置大气干湿沉降样点,分析重金属污染元素和有机氯农药的颗粒态与溶解态指标,计算季沉降通量和年沉降总量,了解其随季节变化的规律,分析比较不同地貌条件、不同城市及不同污染源区对其沉降的源贡献。结果表明:大气对江汉平原重金属的输入途径以降水为主;重金属元素颗粒物在平原区的沉降通量略高于岗丘地区;武汉市高于其他城市;工业污染源区明显高于一般农田区;三类污染源区相比,颗粒态为烟尘>化工尘>交通尘,溶解态为化工尘>交通尘>烟尘(个别元素除外),且大气降水中的营养元素N、K、Fe在化工工业区较为富集,而P的沉降在烟尘和化工工业区则受到一定程度的抑制。两种主要有机氯农药不同异构体间的组分关系表明本区环境中近期仍有林丹输入。 相似文献
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南方某工业区大气总悬浮颗粒物重金属来源解析及其对土壤环境质量的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
解析大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)的重金属来源可为重金属生态风险评价和环境修复提供理论依据。本文研究了中国南方某工业城市冶炼厂周边冬季TSP和表层土壤(0~20 cm)中的重金属环境效应。采用大气主动采样技术收集TSP样品,原子荧光光谱法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定其中重金属的含量,结合富集因子法和Pearson系数法分析重金属含量特征及其来源。结果表明,研究区TSP中Zn、Pb、Cd含量最高达到30809.06×10-6、9902.91×10-6、1011.21×10-6,分别是中国土壤背景值的201.43、222.53、5616.20倍,属于污染严重级别;Ni、Cr含量分别是中国土壤背景值的1.83倍和2.96倍。冶炼厂、火力发电厂和化工厂等人为源是Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、As等重金属富集的主导因素;土壤重金属含量与TSP重金属含量呈显著正相关,可判定研究区土壤的重金属来源主要为大气沉降。 相似文献
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土壤溶解性有机质对植物吸收-输送-贮存重金属的影响研究现状与进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤溶解性有机质对重金属生物地球化学循环中的生物可利用性起着重要作用。近年来,在土壤溶解性有机质对植物吸收、输送和贮存重金属过程的影响研究领域,国际上主要聚焦于以下三个探索方向:①土壤溶解性有机质与重金属形成配位体,改变重金属在土壤中的迁移性和植物根际环境的作用机理研究;②土壤溶解性有机质可突破植物细胞内重金属吸附点位的限制,通过控制植物细胞壁-重金属复合体的形态及重金属在细胞壁内外的吸收平衡,来干预重金属穿过细胞壁进入植物体的动力学过程研究;③土壤溶解性有机质-重金属的络合形态影响重金属在植物体内的输送和贮存作用过程与机理研究。本文基于研究溶解性有机质和重金属的植物过程中,水体溶解性有机质研究多而土壤溶解性有机质研究少的现状,针对溶解性有机质异质性的研究难点和溶解性有机质与植物亚细胞结构的配位特征的复杂性与局限性,从极性、官能团、配位结构等角度,分析并评述了土壤溶解性有机质和重金属生物地球化学中,植物吸收、输送和贮存重金属过程的研究现状和未来发展趋势。 相似文献
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In recent years, there has been a rapid growth in the two industrial port cities of Iran, the port of Mahshahr and the port of Imam Khomeini. In spite of their importance for the economy, the two cities require monitoring and assessment from an environmental and human health perspective. In this study, environmental quality and heavy metals pollution of soils influenced by human activities were investigated. A total of 30 soil samples were collected and subjected to detail physicochemical characterization. The results showed high levels of heavy metals in the urban soils of port of Mahshahr (POM) and elevated respective levels in surface soils of the port of Imam Khomeini (PIK) with Ni being significantly higher than those in POM. The integrated pollution index (IPI) values of metals ranged from 1.22 to 1.87 in POM and 1.52 to 3.31in PIK, 50% of soil samples in PIK were classified as highly polluted, and all of the soil samples in PM were classified as moderately polluted. These results are in accordance with Enrichment Factor (EF) values, which showed the role of anthropogenic activities in the soil heavy metal enrichment. Moreover, the highest potential ecological risk index (RI) was found in the sites of petrochemical industries in PIK indicating serious metal contamination. Statistical analysis showed that heavy metals were mainly controlled by human activities. The results showed more dense industrial activity in PIK is responsible for higher pollution. This study establishes a benchmark against which future monitoring and remediation programs can be based on. Because of proximity to the Persian Gulf, continued the release of contaminants into the region, could have adverse biological health effects. 相似文献
9.
福建龙海土壤重金属含量特征及影响因素研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为有效预防土壤重金属生态风险,以福建龙海市表层土壤为研究对象,应用经典统计分析、随机森林等方法,研究重金属元素含量特征及其影响因素。结果表明：(1)第四纪冲洪(海)积成因水稻土中多数重金属元素含量较高;(2)燕山期中酸性岩风化形成的残坡积红壤中重金属元素活动态含量较高;(3)As、Cu、Ni形态含量与全量相关性较好,而Cd、Cr、Hg的多数形态含量与全量相关性较差;(4)除元素全量外,土壤有机质对弱有机结合态重金属(不包括Ni、Pb元素)以及离子交换态、碳酸盐结合态Cd、Zn有重要影响,阳离子交换量对各形态Ni,(Fe×Al)/Si对各形态Cu具有重要影响,而土壤成因、土壤类型对重金属形态组成的影响较小。研究表明土壤重金属形态组成及其富集区与其全量不尽一致,土壤重金属生态风险评价应考虑土壤重金属形态分布特征。 相似文献
10.
综述了大气气溶胶颗粒物的特征、颗粒物的界面反应与矿物协同演化意义;重点介绍了大气颗粒物粒径分布和矿物成分,以及常见有毒有害气体的界面反应产物特征与关键化学过程;总结了矿物颗粒在大气气溶胶形成过程中汇聚、调控、催化的作用,以及颗粒物与大气中SO2、NOx的协同反应机制;分析了微纳米颗粒对二次有机气溶胶形成的影响,以及大气矿物相颗粒界面反应产物组合及协同演化作用.可为进一步研究大气颗粒物与大气中痕量污染气体反应形成二次气溶胶进而影响大气化学组成的过程提供指导,对深入探讨大气矿物颗粒表面特性在复合污染物中多介质反应的微界面化学过程,矿物尘-污染物气溶胶体系在雾-霾形成、转换、新生粒子和阻断行为的复合作用具有重要的环境学意义. 相似文献
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为科学认识淄博市区大气颗粒物污染状况,探讨颗粒物的污染水平和元素在颗粒物中的分布与分配特征,对颗粒物中元素的来源进行分析。于2015年冬季和夏季期间分别布设45个和16个采样点采集悬浮颗粒物（TSP）、PM10及PM2.5样品,分析了颗粒物和18种元素（或化合物）的质量浓度。结果表明：1）大气颗粒物中冬季TSP、PM10及PM2.5的质量浓度均值高于夏季;PM10和PM2.5质量浓度均超过国家标准,其中冬季PM2.5质量浓度是标准限值的1.96倍。2）不同粒径的颗粒物中元素质量分数差别显著,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn等多数重金属元素主要富集在PM2.5中,且PM2.5约占PM10的65%（冬季）和73%（夏季）。3）颗粒物PM2.5中Al2O3、CaO、Fe2O3、K2O、MgO等氧化物主要受土壤扬尘控制;As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Se、Zn等元素主要源于人为污染;Se的富集因子最高,反映了PM2.5污染主要来源于燃煤;Co、Cu、Ni、Na2O受土壤扬尘和人类活动的共同作用,而Cr具有混合污染的特点。 相似文献
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饮水水源水质的人体健康安全是水源是否安全的首要问题。在调查锡矿矿坑水作为个旧市A镇及B矿段锡矿生活区饮用水源情况的基础上,应用国际辐射防护委员会和美国环保署推荐的风险评估模型,开展饮用水的人体健康风险评价。结果表明,水源中重金属致癌物质所引起的健康危害较高,风险值超过了国际辐射防护委员会推荐的最大可接受风险水平,其中以Cr6+和As的致癌风险最大,应优先控制;非致癌物质所引起的健康风险较小,风险值在10-8以下,远低于推荐的最大可接受风险水平。虽然水中重金属含量符合相关标准要求,但是长期饮用对人体存在健康风险。 相似文献
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饮水水源水质的人体健康安全是水源是否安全的首要问题。在调查锡矿矿坑水作为个旧市A镇及B矿段锡矿生活区饮用水源情况的基础上,应用国际辐射防护委员会和美国环保署推荐的风险评估模型,开展饮用水的人体健康风险评价。结果表明,水源中重金属致癌物质所引起的健康危害较高,风险值超过了国际辐射防护委员会推荐的最大可接受风险水平,其中以Cr6＋和As的致癌风险最大,应优先控制;非致癌物质所引起的健康风险较小,风险值在10-8以下,远低于推荐的最大可接受风险水平。虽然水中重金属含量符合相关标准要求,但是长期饮用对人体存在健康风险。 相似文献
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潮滩沉积物重金属累积特征研究进展 总被引：21，自引：1，他引：21
在分析总结国内外潮滩重金属研究现状和成果的基础上，指出潮滩重金属来源的定量分析尚很不完整；沉积物的物质组成、粒径、水动力作用、潮滩生物、河流输入量、人类活动等都对重金属在潮滩的分布有着重要影响。在垂岸方向，重金属从高潮滩到低潮滩含量逐渐降低，反应了水动力以及粒径对潮滩重金属的分布的控制；沿岸方向，淤涨岸段，重金属含量低，排污口严重影响着重金属的沿程分布，重金属含量随离排污口的距离增大而呈指数减少；垂向方向，在许多地方重金属分布与人类活动、经济发展状况相吻合。生物活动使潮滩重金属的累计特征变得复杂，改变了潮滩局部的微环境。与国内外河口重金属研究相比，潮滩重金属的研究远远不足。沉积物中重金属常用研究方法，如Tes sier地球化学相连续提取法、Meso cosm模型，以及数值和现场模拟的方法的应用，对潮滩重金属的研究将有很大帮助。在潮滩重金属的污染评价中，生物标准较其它标准更为适合。 相似文献
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Excessive heavy metal content in sandy soils poses risk to human health and the environment. The rapid expansion of urban areas makes it imperative to manage contaminated sites so that land can be reclaimed for beneficial purposes. Several methods have been proposed to control the leaching of heavy metals from contaminated soils. In this study, four techniques for mobilization and immobilization of metals in sandy soil were compared. The assessed mobilization techniques included chemical extraction using aqueous solutions of acids and chelating agents as well as biochemical extraction using sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms. The evaluated immobilization techniques included lime-cement-pozzolan stabilization and natural-zeolite stabilization. The immobilization techniques do not involve removing metals from soil and instead focus on addition of substances to the soil that alter its composition, volume, and properties. On the other hand, mobilization techniques entail the removal of metals from soil and changes in the soil properties. The findings confirmed that both mobilization and immobilization are effective in controlling the leaching of metals from sandy soils and thereby minimize the risk to the environment and human health. However, the appropriate technique for application at a given site should be chosen on a case-by-case basis, while accounting for the economic and technical feasibility, the necessary level of cleanup, and effect of residual metals on human health and the environment. 相似文献
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The effects of organic matter (80% humic and 15% fulvic acid) and coexistence of heavy metals (Ni, Pb and Zn) on sorption of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)—acenaphthene, fluorene and fluoranthene—were examined for kaolinite, 60% kaolinite?+?40% sand, and 43% kaolinite?+?42% sand?+?15% bentonite. In total 108 batch sorption tests of PAHs were conducted for three types of clay mineral mixtures in six possible combinations of soil organic matter and heavy metal contents from no heavy metals and organic matter added to maximum organic matter added with spiked heavy metals. Results showed that the existence of metals increased the sorption of PAHs onto kaolinite from 4.7% for acenaphthene to 17.9% for fluoranthene. Organic matter in a kaolinite-sand-bentonite matrix could increase PAH sorption by up to 140% for fluoranthene. In all cases, increases were greater for fluoranthene, a larger PAH molecule. Heavy metals coexisting with organic matter led to enhanced sorption of PAHs compared to clay minerals without organic matter. Synergistic effects of organic matter and heavy metals on PAH sorption increments in the mixtures studied were such that the overall sorption could be 10–41% higher than that based on summation of the separate effects of metals and organics. 相似文献
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海洋上空颗粒物(即海洋气溶胶)体系组成和来源非常复杂,它对于大气颗粒物总数贡献非常大,是大气科学及全球变化领域研究的重要组成部分。与传统离线滤膜采样技术相比,气溶胶质谱技术具有灵敏度高、检测效率高、时空分辨率高等特点,已广泛应用于大气细颗粒物的特征和来源判别研究中。综述比较了目前应用最广泛的气溶胶质谱仪(AMS)和气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪(ATOFMS)在岛屿、沿海城市、近海、开阔大洋及南北极地等区域细颗粒物特征的研究进展。指出2种一起联合使用,可以较为全面地观测海洋气溶胶的粒径、化学组分及混合态的特征,为中国近海的雾霾监测网建设和治理空气污染提供一定的科学依据。 相似文献
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矿物颗粒是大气颗粒物的重要组成部分,其物相组成和微观形貌等特征既对人体危害的机理研究具有重要意义,同时蕴藏着颗粒物来源及变化等有用信息。自上个世纪80年代至今,大气颗粒物中矿物颗粒物相组成及微观形貌的研究大致经历了3个阶段,主要体现在研究方法和手段的不断探索与进步,研究对象由总悬浮颗粒向PM2.5甚至更细颗粒物以及由全颗粒分析向单颗粒分析转移,不断重视原生矿物变化及次生矿物生成机理研究。本文提出发生硫化现象的原生矿物及二次成因硫酸盐颗粒是未来研究的重要方向之一。 相似文献
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《Applied Geochemistry》2001,16(11-12):1397-1403
The results from past pollution control practices have shown that environmental quality can not be ensured by simply controlling the concentration of pollutants discharged into it. Instead, it is necessary to control the actual amount of the pollutants formed in the environment. Therefore, the loading capacity of agricultural soil for heavy metals (LCASHM) was introduced. LCASHM is defined as the maximum permitted amount of heavy metals in agricultural soil which preserves the benign cycle of materials in the pedosphere and limits the adverse effects of heavy metals on the biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and lithosphere. LCASHM was found to be affected by many factors such as soil characteristics, indicator organisms, forms and history of pollutants, and a combination of other pollution and environmental factors. The LCASHM value is not fixed but instead encompasses a range. The acceptable LCASHM range in China is 23–37 g/ha/a for Cd, 6750–10,125 g/ha/a for Pb, 687–2812 g/ha/a for Cu and 450–675 g/ha/a for As, respectively. On-going research involving LCASHM should focus on the long-term and multiple-factor effects, and the mechanisms of pollutant reactions in soils. In addition, the practical application of LCASHM should also be stressed. 相似文献