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1.
A new method of estimation of the bulk coefficients of minor component distribution was worked out on the basis of analysis of covariations of minor element concentrations in intrusive bodies. The partition coefficients for some minor elements were calculated using the geochemical data for the Elet-Ozero intrusive complex (North Karelia). The analysis performed shows that the whole rock series of the Elet-Ozero massif from the early basic rocks to leucocratic nepheline syenite was formed during a single process of crystallization differentiation controlled by the same partitioning coefficients as those in common basaltic magmas. The signs of sulfide liquid separation during the evolution of the magmatic system provide evidence for the probable association of sulfide ore deposits with plutons of the Elet-Ozero type. 相似文献
2.
基于模型试验方法,开展砂土中竖向荷载作用下低承台2×1和2×2扩底楔形桩群桩桩-土相互作用模型试验,测得不同荷载等级下桩顶荷载-沉降关系曲线、桩端阻力以及桩身轴力等分布规律,同时开展扩底楔形桩单桩竖向承载特性试验作为对比分析。结合JGJ94规范规定的承台效应系数和群桩效应系数,对扩底楔形桩群桩竖向极限承载力进行了理论计算分析。研究结果表明,文中试验条件下竖向荷载作用下低承台2×1和2×2扩底楔形桩群桩的综合效应系数分别为1.16和1.10;无承台作用下2×1和2×2扩底楔形桩群桩的群桩效应系数分别为0.95和0.88;理论计算中扩底楔形桩承台效应系数和群桩效应系数可以参照等直径桩的相关规范取值。 相似文献
3.
Ian Carmichael spent 45 years thinking about and working on the activities of components in silicate melts and their use to estimate physicochemical conditions at eruption and in the source regions of igneous rocks. These interests, principally in major components such as SiO2, led us to think about possible ways of determining the complementary activity coefficients of trace components in silicate melts. While investigating the conditions of accretion and differentiation of the Earth, a number of authors have determined the partitioning of trace elements such as Co, Ni, Mo and W between liquid Fe metal and liquid silicate. These data have the potential to provide activity information for a large number of trace components in silicate melts. In order to turn the partitioning measurements into activities, however, we need to know the activity coefficient of FeO, γFeO in the silicate. We obtained γFeO as a function of melt composition by fitting a simple model to 83 experimental data for which the authors had measured the FeO content of the silicate melt in equilibrium with metal (Fe-bearing alloy) at known fO2. The compositional dependence of γFeO is weak, but, when calculated in the system Diopside–Anorthite–Forsterite, it decreases towards the Forsterite apex. A similar approach for Ni, for which twice as many data are available, leads to similar composition dependence of activity coefficient and confirms the suggestion that γNiO/γFeO is almost constant over a wide range of silicate melt composition. The activity coefficients for FeO were used in conjunction with measured Mo and W partitioning between Fe-rich metal and silicate melt to estimate activity coefficients for trace MoO2 and WO3 dissolved in silicate melt. When combined with data on Mo- and W-saturated silicate melts a strong dependence of activity coefficient is observed. Calculated in the system Diopside–Anorthite–Forsterite, both MoO2 and WO3 exhibit similar behaviour to FeO and NiO in that activity coefficients decrease as Forsterite content increases. The effect is much larger for Mo and W, however, γMoO2 and γWO3 varying by factors of 20 and nearly 100, respectively, in this system. In order to illustrate the potential applications of the metal–silicate partitioning approach to determine the activity coefficients of volatile elements, we used it to determine activity coefficients of PbO, CuO0.5 and InO1.5 in a silica-saturated melt at 1,650 °C. We find values of 0.22, 3.5 and 0.02, respectively, indicating a strong dependence on cation charge. The value for CuO0.5 is in excellent agreement with experimental data of Holzheid and Lodders (Geochim Cosmochim Acta 65:1933–1951, 2001), which shows that the method is viable. When combined with thermodynamic data on the gas species, we find that Pb is the most volatile of the 3 elements under ‘normal’ terrestrial conditions of oxygen fugacity but that In should become the most volatile under strongly reducing conditions such as those of the solar nebula. The oxygen fugacity dependence of volatility has implications for the high relative abundance of In in silicate Earth. We conclude that metal–silicate partitioning experiments are a viable means for determining activities of trace components in silicate melts and are particularly useful if the metal of the element is unstable or volatile at igneous temperatures. 相似文献
4.
The Imbrie-Kipp method of paleotemperature estimation is rigorously tested by comparing Atlantic temperature equations independently derived from the microfossils of three biotic groups: the Foraminifera, Coccolithophorida, and Radiolaria. This method consists of two steps: factor analysis of the modern sea-bed data of the individual groups which resolves discrete biogeographic assemblages and regression analysis of the modern assemblage data with observed sea-surface temperature data to obtain paleotemperature equations. Assemblage biogeography shows a simple subdivision into warm (low latitude) and cold (high latitude) for all biotic groups. Between biotic groups there is greater similarity among high-latitude assemblages than low-latitude ones. Correlating the assemblage data with observed sea-surface temperatures to produce temperature distribution patterns shows differences of less than 2°C in their optimum and critical temperatures. Regression analysis produced accurate temperature equations for each biotic group, all with standard errors of estimate of less than or equal to 2°C. Multiple correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.970. Applying these equations to two multiple biotic data sets (the modern and ice-age sea-bed data) and comparing their temperature estimates using the standard error pooled, shows over 87% concordancy for both data sets. Unlike the modern data, the discordancy among temperature estimates of the ice-age data shows a distinct geographic distribution; its cause is believed to be oceanographic, a difference in the water-mass structure between the modern and ice-age ocean. 相似文献
5.
A new multidimensional scaling (MS) technique, referred to as the Pijk model, is formulated on the basis of associations among triple objects (samples or variables), instead of pairs of objects as used in the usual MS methods, such as factor analysis. The computational scheme provided for this method is the reduction of an original problem to a standard eigenvalue-eigenvector problem. The major goal of the technique is simplification and reduction of data structures and the rescaling of original objects into a new and reduced space, so that patterns and relations of the original objects can be conventiently examined in two-dimensional “factor” plots. The Pïjk method is illustrated and tested by using a set of geochemical data related to the epithermal gold and silver vein deposits in the Walker Lake quadrangle of Nevada and California. The characteristics of element associations suggested in the Pijk analysis are consistent with field observations. A preliminary comparison between the new method and the ordinary factor analysis also is made on the basis of the same data set. Results are encouraging in that analysis by the Pijk model captures triple-object associations that might be missed by the ordinary factor analysis which considers only pair-variable correlations 相似文献
6.
以新型快速成像及处理技术为基础的动态图像法可为单个样品快速建立百万至上亿个颗粒的图像及粒度、粒形参数数据库,可直观表现天然沉积物的海量颗粒的大小和形状信息,但目前对其与激光法测试结果之间的异同尚缺乏深入理解。本文对采自山东半岛黄岛地区黄海沿岸3处海滩共190个样品进行动态图像粒度分析,通过等效投影面积径(等积径)计算均值粒径、分选系数、偏度、峰度等粒度参数,并与激光法测试结果进行对比。结果表明:1)现代海滩沉积物图像法统计粒径比激光法稍粗,但二者之间的差异较之细粒沉积物较多的类型(如冲洪积物)而言已经很小;2)现代海滩沉积物图像法粒度分析较之激光法分选更优,偏度和峰度均更小;3)图像法和激光法粒度分析结果在沉积环境判别中具有相近的功能,但图像法对沉积环境和动力条件的响应更为敏感。这些认识为动态图像粒度分析技术的应用推广和资料解释提供了新的理论与技术支持。 相似文献
7.
微量元素在幔源矿物与热液之间分配系数的差异是造成地幔不均一的一个重要因素，对于认识地球演化、元素的分异和板块构造具有重要的意义。热液的组成、矿物的结构、温度、压力以及氧逸度都与分配系数密切相关。不同微量元素在相同矿物或热液中的分配系数存在差别，而相同的元素在不同矿物中的分配系数也可能出现很大的变化，这是研究微量元素分异和不同地幔端员形成的理论基础。在较低的温度和压力下，热液的组成对分配系数的影响很大，随着温度和压力的升高，热液组成的影响逐渐减弱，而矿物的组成与结构的影响逐渐增大。由于分配系数影响因素的复杂性，因此在考虑地球深部微量元素的迁移和分异时需慎重对待。 相似文献
8.
A new multidimensional scaling (MS) technique, referred to as the Pijk model, is formulated on the basis of associations among triple objects (samples or variables), instead of pairs of objects as used in the usual MS methods, such as factor analysis. The computational scheme provided for this method is the reduction of an original problem to a standard eigenvalue-eigenvector problem. The major goal of the technique is simplification and reduction of data structures and the rescaling of original objects into a new and reduced space, so that patterns and relations of the original objects can be conventiently examined in two-dimensional factor plots. The Pïjk method is illustrated and tested by using a set of geochemical data related to the epithermal gold and silver vein deposits in the Walker Lake quadrangle of Nevada and California. The characteristics of element associations suggested in the Pijk analysis are consistent with field observations. A preliminary comparison between the new method and the ordinary factor analysis also is made on the basis of the same data set. Results are encouraging in that analysis by the Pijk model captures triple-object associations that might be missed by the ordinary factor analysis which considers only pair-variable correlations 相似文献
9.
This article presents an analysis of the interactions and static movement of 37 organic solvents as vapors through the unsaturated soil zone. The physicochemical interactions of the organic vapors with unsaturated soil materials were emphasized with focus on diffusive, and adsorptive interactions. Fick's Law and porous media diffusion coefficients for most of the solvent vapors were either compiled or estimated; coefficients were not available for some of the fluorinated solvents. The adsorption of some of the solvent vapors by silica was concluded to be due to hydrogen bond formation with surface silanol groups. Heats of adsorption data for different adsorbents were also compiled. There were very few data on the adsorption of these solvent vapors by soils, but it appears that the magnitude of adsorption of nonpolar solvents is reduced as the relative humidity of the vapor-solid system is increased. Consequently, the interaction of the vapors may then separated into two processes; (1) gas-water partitioning described by Henry's Law constants, and (2) solid-water adsorption coefficients which may be estimated from liquid-solid partition coefficients (K
d values). 相似文献
10.
Calorimetric measurements of fusion enthalpies for Ni2SiO4 and Co2SiO4 olivines were carried out using a high-temperature calorimeter, and Ni and Co partitioning between olivine and silicate liquid was analyzed using the measured heats of fusion. The fusion enthalpy of Co2SiO4 olivine measured by transposed-temperature drop calorimetry was 103 ± 15 kJ/mol at melting point (1688 K). The fusion enthalpy of Ni2SiO4 olivine was calculated based on the enthalpies of liquids in the system An50Di50-Ni2SiO4 measured by transposed-temperature drop calorimetry at 1773 K, and was 221 ± 26 kJ/mol at its metastable melting point (1923 K). The fusion enthalpy of Ni2SiO4 is the largest among those of olivine group, this is caused by the large crystal field stabilization energy of six-coordinated Ni2+ in olivine. The larger fusion enthalpy of Ni2SiO4 can account for the large and variable partition coefficient of Ni between olivine and silicate liquid. Based on the comparison between partition coefficients calculated from thermodynamic data and those observed in partition experiments, it is considered that the magnitude of partition coefficients is primarily dependent on the heats of fusion of the components. Furthermore, the activity coefficients for Ni-, Co- and Mn-bearing components in magmatic liquid are nearly of the same magnitude. 相似文献
11.
Oliver J. Schatz David Dolej John Stix Anthony E. Williams-Jones Graham D. Layne 《Chemical Geology》2004,210(1-4):135-147
Fluid-saturated experiments were conducted to investigate the partitioning of boron among haplogranitic melt, aqueous vapor and brine at 800 °C and 100 MPa. Experiments were carried out in cold-seal pressure vessels for 1 to 21 days, and utilized powdered synthetic subaluminous haplogranite glass doped with 1000 ppm B (crystalline H3BO3) and variable amounts of NaCl and H2O at a fluid/haplogranite mass RATIO=1:1. Run-product glasses were analyzed for boron concentration by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and for major elements and chlorine by electron microprobe. The composition of the coexisting fluid was calculated by mass balance. Boron partition coefficients between aqueous vapor and hydrous granitic melt range from 3.1 to 6.3, and demonstrate a clear preference of boron for the vapor over the hydrous melt. Partition coefficients between brine and hydrous granitic melt vary from 0.45 to 1.1, suggesting that boron has no preference for the brine or the melt. The bulk fluid–melt partition coefficients for low-salinity and high-salinity experiments are DB(vapor/melt)=4.6±1.3 and DB(brine/melt)=0.91±0.49, respectively. The corresponding vapor–brine partition coefficient is 5.0±3.1, demonstrating that boron partitions preferentially into the vapor over the brine at the conditions of this study. The preferential incorporation of boron in the aqueous vapor is controlled by borate speciation and solution mechanism. The dominant borate species in aqueous fluids, H3BO3o, is highly soluble in aqueous vapor (XB2O3=0.187); however, B2O3 is immiscible in NaCl liquid. Consequently, concentrations of boron in aqueous vapor are significantly higher than in the coexisting brine. Furthermore, Na–B complexing in the melt at high chlorine fluid contents stabilizes boron in the melt thereby contributing to the non-preferential partitioning of boron between brine and melt. The commonly observed association of tourmalinization (boron metasomatism), brecciation and ore deposition in nature is consistent with the preferential partitioning of boron into aqueous vapor of magmatic-hydrothermal systems predicted by this study. 相似文献
12.
应用储层饱和度仪（RST）在水平或大斜度的生产井中进行测量,可以取得连续的油、气、水持率测量值。笔者探讨了RST测井求持油率的方法,在RST双探测器测井模型分析的基础上确定井筒持油率。在反演过程中,采用了随机数分析方法获取仪器的灵敏度系数,获得的灵敏度系数较为精确。结合其他测井资料,将所求的系数用于反演模型求取井筒持油率的计算中,通过计算值和实测值的对比及其相关系数分析,证明了该方法的可行性。 相似文献
13.
为了解决长时间正演模拟的不稳定性问题, 实现天然地震波场长时间数值模拟.在高阶有限差分数值模拟的基础上, 给出了多轴向完全匹配吸收边界(M-PML)二维划分方式, 讨论了M-PML吸收边界转换系数P的取值对其吸收能力与截断误差对数值模拟有效信号的影响.实现了二维弹性波高阶有限差分的长时间数值模拟.采用2013年12月16日湖北省巴东县地震及余震信息, 对该地震数据进行了数值模拟, 并与武汉、秭归两台站数据进行了分析和讨论, 验证该正演模拟方法的正确性和有效性.为天然地震波场传播规律、成像和震相识别及震源定位等研究提供了基础. 相似文献
14.
Implications of liquid-liquid distribution coefficients to mineral-liquid partitioning 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The effect of silicate liquid structure upon mineral-liquid partitioning has been investigated by determining element partitioning data for coexisting immiscible granitic and ferrobasaltic magmas. The resulting elemental distribution patterns may be interpreted in terms of the relative states of polymerization of the coexisting magmas. Highly charged cations (REE, Ti, Fe, Mn, etc.) are enriched in the ferrobasaltic melt. The ferrobasaltic melt is relatively depolymerized due to its low ratio. This allows highly charged cations to obtain stable coordination polyhedra of oxygen within the ferrobasaltic melt. The granitic melt is a highly polymerized network structure in which Al can occupy tetrahedral sites in copolymerization with Si. The substitution of Al+3 for Si+4 produces a local charge imbalance in the granitic melt which is satisfied by a coupled substitution of alkalis, thus explaining the enrichment of low charge density cations, the alkalis, in the granitic melt. P2O5 increases the width of the solvus and, therefore, the values of the distribution coefficients of the trace elements. This effect is attributed to complexing of metal cations with PO4?3 groups in the ferrobasaltic melt.The values of ferrobasalt-granite liquid distribution coefficients are reflected in distribution coefficients for a mineral and melts of different compositions. The mineral-liquid distribution coefficient for a highly charged cation is greater for a mineral coexisting with a highly polymerized melt (granite) than it is for that same mineral and a depolymerized melt (ferrobasalt). The opposite is true for low charge density cations. Mineralliquid and liquid-liquid distribution coefficients determined for the REE's indicate that fractionated REE patterns are due to mineral selectivity and not the state of polymerization of the melt. 相似文献
15.
为了探讨新的加权系数估计方法对于消除或减弱证据层不满足条件独立性假设时对预测结果的影响, 对加权证据权模型的加权系数估计方法进行了新的探讨,尝试用顺序估计法估计加权系数.加权系数的顺序估计法是将加权证据权模型与基于模糊预测对象的证据权模型相结合,将证据层按照一定顺序逐步加入到加权证据权模型中,在加入到模型的过程中依次用已经获得的后验概率作为模糊训练层对证据层加入到模型的顺序进行修正,并通过条件相关系数的方法估计加权系数.分别以1组多元正态分布模拟数据和个旧锡铜多金属矿产资源预测为例,比较了多种模型的后验概率,结果表明加权证据权模型对减弱证据层不满足条件独立性假设所产生的影响是有效的. 相似文献
16.
节理中接触面积的存在使得渗流曲折效应更加明显,将对渗流产生显著影响。为了研究节理接触面积对节理渗流的影响,建立节理渗流概念模型,推导得到了节理渗流的接触面积影响系数;然后在节理渗流计算公式中引入该影响系数,得到了考虑接触面积影响的渗流计算公式。同时,由于接触面积的存在使得渗流曲折因子的计算更为复杂,在获得节理隙宽分布的基础上提出了计算节理渗流曲折因子的五点比较法。然后以人工大理岩节理试件为研究对象,在获得其三维表面形貌的基础上,一方面对其进行不同接触状态下5级法向应力作用下的渗流试验;另一方面,在根据节理试件的三维表面形貌数据计算节理的渗流平均曲折因子和接触面积比的基础上,分别采用考虑接触面积影响的渗流计算公式和Zimmerman计算公式对节理试件在不同法向应力作用下的渗流体积流量进行计算,并将计算结果与实测值进行比较。结果表明：考虑接触面积影响的渗流计算公式计算结果与实测值吻合较好,从而验证了考虑接触面积影响的渗流计算公式的正确性,而Zimmerman计算公式高估了节理的渗流流量。 相似文献
17.
For applications of data mining techniques in geosciences, through mining spatial databases which are constructed with geophysical
and geochemical data measured in fields, critical knowledge, such as the spatial distribution of geological targets, the geophysical
and geochemical characteristics of geological targets, the differentiation among the geological targets, and the relationship
among geophysical and geochemical data, can be discovered. Due to the complexity of geophysical and geochemical data, traditional
mining methods of cluster analysis and association analysis have limitations in processing complex data. In this paper, a
clustering algorithm based on density and adaptive density-reachable is presented which has the ability to handle clusters
of arbitrary shapes, sizes, and densities. For association analysis, mining the continuous attributes may reveal useful and
interesting insights about the data objects in geoscientific applications. An approach for distance-based quantitative association
analysis is presented in this paper. Experiments and applications indicate that the algorithm and approach are effective in
real-world applications. 相似文献
18.
19.
粗糙度系数是结构面抗剪强度的主要影响因素,然而由于结构面表面形态的复杂性,粗糙度系数尺寸效应研究并未获得较大进展。总结了结构面粗糙度系数的3种获取手段：标准剖面对比法、理论公式法、试验反分析法。在此基础上分析了3种方法在研究粗糙度系数尺寸效应方面存在的问题和困难。为了研究结构面粗糙度系数与试样尺寸的相关度,对中砂、硅粉、水泥、非引气型萘系减水剂等原材料的配比进行了研究,获得了与天然钙质板岩物理力学特性相类似的岩石模型材料,然后采用研发的结构面制作模具及其制备工艺制作了8组共176对具有不同尺寸和表面起伏粗糙程度的结构面,并利用改进的高精度岩石结构面推拉仪对结构面粗糙度系数进行了推拉试验研究和数据统计分析,结果表明：模型结构面粗糙度系数的统计均值随试样尺寸的增加而降低,但特定结构面粗糙度系数的尺寸效应规律需要根据结构面的具体表面形貌进行测试;Barton理论公式计算的结构面粗糙度系数尺寸效应变化规律与推拉试验测试规律总体上一致,但试验值与理论值有差异,且结构面试样尺寸越小,二者的差异就越大;具有特定表面形貌的模型结构面粗糙度系数也有差异,工程大尺寸岩体结构面粗糙度系数需要根据表面形貌和分布特征进行综合判定。 相似文献
20.
E.Bruce Watson 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1980,44(6):895-897
Partition coefficients for La, Sm, Ho and Lu (REE) between synthetic zircon and felsic, peralkaline liquid were determined at 800°C and 2 kbar water pressure by adding small amounts of REE to experimental charges and analyzing zircons in the quenched runs with an electron microprobe. The preferred zircon/liquid partition coefficients obtained by this method are: La, 1.4–2.1; Sm, 26–40; Ho, 340+; Lu, 72–126. These results confirm the strong heavy rare earth enrichment discovered by Nagasawa (1970) in zircon separates from dacites and granites, but they also introduce a modification to the supposed zircon/liquid partition coefficient pattern. The heavy REE end of the pattern is concave downward, in qualitative resemblance to some garnet/liquid and hornblende/liquid REE partitioning patterns. 相似文献