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1.
舌状三角洲和鸟足状三角洲形成及演变的沉积模拟实验 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本实验是在美国科罗拉多州立大学地球资源系的一个长6m?宽4.5m?高0.8m的水槽内进行的?实验中保持流量?含沙量?粒度级配等参数不变,仅改变湖平面高程?实验分三个阶段进行,即:Ⅰ.湖平面固定;Ⅱ.湖平面由高逐渐降低;Ⅲ.湖平面由低逐渐升高?本文着重提出入湖斜坡区的坡度控制着舌状三角洲?鸟足状三角洲的形成?演变;对舌状三角洲的成因提出新的观点;用三角洲沙体的宽厚比值作为识别舌状三角洲和鸟足状三角洲的另一个重要标志,这对于从事石油天然气勘探是很有意义的? 相似文献
2.
Richard Stanulla Thomas Pohl Christin Müller Jacqueline Engel Mandy Hoyer Broder Merkel 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(11):404
The isle of Panarea (Aeolian Arc, Italy) is an active hydrothermal system, characterized by different types of fluid emissions, which cause various types of unique hydrothermal structures that are typical for hydrothermal fluid discharges. Such fluid discharge structures at shallow depths of less than 30 m have not been described in marine hydrothermal systems until now to the authors’ knowledge. The focus of the investigations was set on morphological, mineralogical, geochemical, and structural analyses. A broad variety of analytical methods was applied to gain as much information as possible. In addition to geological and sedimentological documentation and standard methods like making and analyzing thin and polished sections, optical microscopy or X-ray fluorescence analysis, the samples were investigated by X-ray computer tomography and scanning electron microscopy, including energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Because discharge features occur in various settings, a general classification of the features in the hydrothermal system was performed with special focus on their preservability in geological archives. In total, nine different facies types were distinguished based on genetic and/or morphological differences. All samples show laminated structures from µm to cm scale. The single laminae vary in shape and material witnessing various chemical compositions. 相似文献
3.
《Sedimentology》2018,65(5):1761-1776
Grain shape plays an important role in textural analysis of sedimentary grains. Textural analysis helps to determine the formation, transportation and deposition processes of sedimentary rocks. However, there is a lack of standardized methodology for quantitative characterization of grain shapes. The utility of fully automated image analysis for grain shape measurement is assessed in this paper. This research aimed to identify the most useful shape parameters for textural characterization of populations of grains and determine the relative importance of the parameters. A key aspect of this study is to determine whether, in a particular sedimentary environment, textural maturity of the samples can be ranked based on their grain shape data. Furthermore, discrimination of sedimentary depositional environments is explored on the basis of grain shape. In this study, 20 loose sediment samples from four known depositional environments (beach, aeolian, glacial and fluvial) were analysed using newly implemented automatic image analysis methods. For each sample, a set of 11 shape parameters were calculated for 200 grains. The data demonstrate a progression in textural maturity in terms of roundness, angularity, irregularity, fractal dimension, convexity, solidity and rectangularity. Furthermore, statistical analysis provides strong support for significant differences between samples grouped by environment and generates a ranking consistent with trends in maturity. Based on novel application of machine learning algorithms, angularity and fractal dimension are found to be the two most important parameters in texturally classifying a grain. The results of this study indicate that textural maturity is readily categorized using automated grain shape parameter analysis. However, it is not possible to absolutely discriminate between different depositional environments on the basis of shape parameters alone. This work opens up the possibility of detailed studies of the relationship between textural maturity and sedimentary environment, which may be more complicated than previously considered. 相似文献
4.
Settling rates of natural sand-size particles are influenced, to some extent, by their shapes and this may be an important factor in using settling rates to estimate grain size. In order to gauge the sensitivity of this influence, two natural sand populations from the Mesozoic Nubian Sandstones of Southern Israel, with a high probability of being similar in their bulk shape characteristics, were examined in ¼φ sieved fractions for their shape characteristics and settling rates. Fine surface features (roundness and surface roughness) were evaluated using Fourier shape analytical methods. Significant differences in bulk shape were detected and their influence on settling rates was measured empirically in a settling tube. The most marked differences were in the coarse grain sizes and, to a lesser extent, in the intermediate sizes. Sampling of raw settling data at closely-spaced time intervals yielded high-resolution grain size frequency plots which were usually polymodal in nature. Subtle shape contrasts, which are an important influence on settling rates, are thus an important consideration when working at this level of sensitivity. Natural sand populations which have followed a more varied provenance or process pathway could be expected to have even greater contrasts in settling rates than the samples analysed here. Thus it is recommended that the bulk shape factor should be taken into account in order to minimize errors in the conversion of settling times to grain size. An easy method, outlined in this paper, is through the establishment of an empirically derived calibration curve for each individual suite of sand undergoing analysis. Sieved ¼φ samples, derived from a split of the total composite sample undergoing analysis, forms the basis of the calibration and hence a correction factor converting sieve diameters to true diameters must be applied. In this research, nominal section diameters were obtained optically through an image analyser. 相似文献
5.
河流搬运体系中,颗粒的形状属性可以反映其来源、搬运、沉积的过程。长期以来沉积学界缺乏相对统一的定量的、多维的颗粒形状参数。本研究以西藏雅鲁藏布江支流帕隆藏布为例,运用图像分析、软件分析等计算机辅助技术,对8个天然河流砂样品中的2276个颗粒开展碎屑成分鉴定和形状参数量化等工作。重点评估了11个颗粒形状参数,通过因子分析等统计方法提取并定义了3个形状信号,包括圆形度因子、规则度因子和平滑度因子。这些参数可用于表征颗粒宏观形状上接近圆形的程度、中观尺度上轮廓规则的程度及轮廓平滑的程度。挖掘天然河流砂的重要形状特征后,进一步探索了这些形状参数与颗粒成分、粒度的关系。本研究成果为解释河流系统中颗粒的形状信号、理解颗粒自身微观属性和外部物理过程等提供重要借鉴。 相似文献
6.
黄河三角洲（泄水）包卷层理的成因研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
黄河三角洲上发育了大量的（泄水）包卷层理,按形态和规模可以分为两类;一类是规模较小,呈规则褶曲状的包卷层理,其“背斜”尖锐紧闭“,”向斜“圆滑宽阔;另一类规模较大,高度在１０－２０ｃｍ左右,形态复杂,可以是直立圆柱状,直立板片状,也可以是直立卷曲板片状。 相似文献
7.
河流搬运体系中,颗粒的形状属性可以反映其来源、搬运、沉积的过程。长期以来沉积学界缺乏相对统一的定量的、多维的颗粒形状参数。本研究以西藏雅鲁藏布江支流帕隆藏布为例,运用图像分析、软件分析等计算机辅助技术,对8个天然河流砂样品中的2276个颗粒开展碎屑成分鉴定和形状参数量化等工作。重点评估了11个颗粒形状参数,通过因子分析等统计方法提取并定义了3个形状信号,包括圆形度因子、规则度因子和平滑度因子。这些参数可用于表征颗粒宏观形状上接近圆形的程度、中观尺度上轮廓规则的程度及轮廓平滑的程度。挖掘天然河流砂的重要形状特征后,进一步探索了这些形状参数与颗粒成分、粒度的关系。本研究成果为解释河流系统中颗粒的形状信号、理解颗粒自身微观属性和外部物理过程等提供重要借鉴。 相似文献
8.
C. J. R. BRAITHWAITE 《Sedimentology》1973,20(2):251-262
One thousand grains selected from sieved samples of a bioclastic sand have been individually measured, weighed and timed in free unhindered fall at terminal velocity in a 250 cm column of sea water. Four fall regimes are represented: straight fall, spinning and spiral modes and erratic tumbling. As size increases grains pass through this series at rates dependent upon shape and effective density. Computed best-fit curves for velocities/intermediate diameter and an equivalent sphere/intermediate diameter illustrate considerable divergencies in behaviour between the eleven grain types and five shape classes examined. Current methods of analysis of carbonate sediments, by sieving, by grain-counting of components, and by sedimentation balance, provide different kinds of information which it is impractical to consider as having any simple relationship to each other. 相似文献
9.
10.
粗粒土的颗粒级配、形状和密实度都是影响其孔隙结构,进而影响其渗透特性的重要因素。但长期以来,对颗粒形状影响的关注度较少,其主要原因在于不容易定量描述颗粒形状及其影响的孔隙结构特征。选取已获取长宽比和圆形度的不规则形状碎石、规则形状的球和八面体颗粒分别装填试样,针对颗粒级配和颗粒形状的差异,开展孔隙结构特征和渗透性的对比研究。通过CT扫描试样内部结构图像,重构试样的三维孔隙结构并计算孔隙比表面积。通过渗透试验测得试样的渗透系数。结果表明：试样孔隙比表面积是表达孔隙结构特征的有效参数,在相同级配和孔隙率的条件下,试样孔隙比表面积随颗粒圆形度和趋近球形程度的增加而减小;相同级配和孔隙率的条件下,渗透系数随孔隙比表面积的减小而增大,随颗粒圆形度增大而增大;球形颗粒试样的渗透性最强,试样颗粒越偏离球形,孔隙系统中水流阻力越大,试样渗透性越弱。 相似文献
11.
Geochemical studies on urban soil from two sampling depths in Tampere Central Region,Finland 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Preliminary geochemical mapping was carried out within urban areas in Tampere Central Region, Finland, to gain a better understanding of element concentrations in urban soil and to provide information on baselines in soil within urban centres for soil contamination assessment purposes. The soil samples were taken from central city parks, day-care centres and school yards, and residential areas. Various sampling depths have generally been used in urban geochemical surveys. The aim of this study was to compare the results from two commonly used sample types taken from the same sites in urban soil: single samples of minerogenic topsoil from the 0–25 cm layer and composite samples of minerogenic topsoil from a depth of 0–2 cm. The concentrations of most of the studied trace elements showed a significant correlation between samples from 0 to 2 and 0 to 25 cm, but element concentrations differed between the two studied sample depths. For most of the studied elements, the median concentrations were higher in the 0–25 cm samples, but anomalous concentrations were more often found in the 0–2 cm samples. Some elements had elevated concentrations when compared with the Finnish guideline values for soil contamination assessment. This study did not conclusively establish whether a sampling depth of 0–2 or 0–25 cm should be recommended for similar studies in the future. Selection of the sampling depth in geochemical studies greatly depends on the aim of the project. In order to determine the upper limits of geochemical baseline variation, the deeper sampling depth appears to be more feasible. However, for the preliminary health risk assessment of areas with sensitive land uses, e.g. children’s playgrounds, samples from 0–2 cm depth are considered informative. Such samples may also be used to indicate local sources of dusting creating site-specific hotspots of potentially harmful elements in urban topsoil. 相似文献
12.
西北地区黑河中游盐渍化地区土壤盐分特征 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
土壤盐渍化是黑河中游可持续发展面临的主要问题之一,有必要深入分析该区盐渍化土壤的盐分含量以及各可溶性离子的相关性。通过野外考察和GPS定点等手段,在甘肃张掖市高台县境内黑河两侧盐渍化土壤进行了采样。采样方式为人工坑探分层取样法,地表5 cm内取样,如土壤剖面层位变化时取样,层位不变或者层位厚度超过50 cm时,平均30 cm取一次样;待水位静止后,采取地下水样品。一共坑探15个剖面,共采取90个土壤样品和15个地下水样品。样品的盐分以及各可溶性离子含量的测试结果表明:区内表层土壤属于重度盐渍土,土壤中盐类主要为硫酸盐,其次为氯化物,盐分聚集层的厚度在20~30 cm之间;在各层中,含盐量与SO24-、K++Na+、Cl-、Mg2+相关性较强,SO42-、Cl-与K++Na+的相关性较强,但在深度为90~100 cm的土层中各种相关性都减弱;土壤垂直剖面上,颗粒越细的层位其盐分含量越大,颗粒越粗的层位其盐分含量越小,而且颗粒粗大的层位越厚其表层盐渍化程度越低,颗粒细小的层位越厚则表层盐渍化程度增高。 相似文献
13.
湖泊沉积物中DNA提取与PCR扩增 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对湖泊沉积物中保存的生物大分子—DNA进行研究分析,以探讨湖泊生态系统随环境改变而演变的过程。根据前人对土壤和海洋沉积物DNA的提取方法,针对湖泊沉积物的特点进行改进,在此基础上对太湖梅梁湾湖泊沉积岩芯进行DNA提取和扩增。结果表明：不同深度湖泊沉积物均能获得DNA,且纯度较高,OD260/ OD280均大于1.4、OD260/ OD230大于1.1,可直接用于PCR（polymerase chain reaction ）扩增。对微囊藻的16S rRNA基因进行PCR扩增,结果发现在前5个沉积物样品中,均得到了200 bp左右的微囊藻16S rRNA基因片段,表明微囊藻或已降解的微囊藻基因片段存在于这5个层位的湖泊沉积物中。这为利用湖泊沉积物中的生物分子来推断历史湖泊生物群落结构,判断湖泊生态演变的历史提供了新的研究思路。 相似文献
14.
Discrimination of particle zonation on a pebble beach 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
JULIAN D. ORFORD 《Sedimentology》1975,22(3):441-463
The extent to which pebble shapes are zonally sorted on a pebble beach is examined. On the basis of comprehensive point samples from a pebble beach in west Wales, and using factor analysis, a pebble shape index for each point sample is derived. It is proposed that the sum of squares (%RSS) explained by a linear trend surface of shape index values, approximates to the degree to which the second derivative of pebble shape with respect to distance downbeach, tends towards zero. If the second derivative is zero there is no zonation of sample shape values but, rather, a uniform trend. Strength of zonation on one beach is calculated for eight beach samples during 1971. A heterogeneity index (Ht) is introduced to show the degree of difference between clustered point samples on the basis of shape and size. On the basis of %RSS and Ht value, discrimination between pebble facies type on the sample beach over time can be made. 相似文献
15.
本文通过对太湖西山岛衙甪里孔(YLL1)沉积物的粒度、总有机碳含量(TOC)、质量磁化率、元素含量及沉积年代等进行测试分析,探讨了全新世以来太湖湖盆的演化历史。根据沉积特征,可将4m深的YLL1孔分为上、中、下三段明显不同的沉积层。中段(153~231cm)沉积物平均粒径为7.65φ,粘土级颗粒含量高达48.78%,对比上段(0~153cm,6.29φ,21.77%)和下段(231~400cm,6.91φ,30.88%)为全孔最细;并且中段粒径随深度变化很小,平均粒径标准偏差为0.13,明显低于上段的0.70和下段的0.38;中段TOC和质量磁化率平均值分别为0.78%和19.41×10^-8m^3/kg,为全孔最高;XRF扫描数据显示元素含量在三段中变化显著:中段Al、K、Fe等元素含量相对上段和下段为最高,而Si含量最低。YYL1孔沉积特征参数显示,近80cm厚的中段泥质层与上下段截然不同,是一段标志性沉积层。该标志层广泛存在于太湖及其周边地区的地层中,并且该层位含有大量的富铁质小球粒结核和菱铁矿结核,AMS14C显示该层位年龄约为7kaB.P.。研究表明,太湖YLL1孔沉积记录了湖盆环境的3个不同阶段:下段对应末次冰期后期11kaB.P.左右的风成硬黄土层沉积,此时太湖尚未完全形成;中段泥质沉积标志层代表太湖第一次大水面形成,时代在7kaB.P.左右;上段对应5kaB.P.左右以来的湖相沉积。 相似文献
16.
Carlos Bandeira Luiz Antonio Trindade 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):59-59
The Brazilian Society of Geochemistry--SBGq founded in 1985, is located at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, having more than 300 affiliates that represent most of the principal Brazilian universities. The main SBGq way of divulgation is an international magazine-Geochimica Brasiliensis and a site： www.sbgq.org.br/. Regular meeting of SBGq is realized in each two years in odd years The last meeting it has been realized together the Geochemistry of Portuguese Language Countries and Geochemistry Symposium of the MERCOSUL countries （Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay）. During the even years are realized specific meeting as Environmental Geochemistry in Tropical Countries. The SBGq is associated with other Brazilian scientific societies as Latin American Association of Organic Geochemistry--ALAGO. During its existence the SBGq has published approximately 3000 papers related to the environment, lithogeochemistry, isotopes, surface geochemistry, organic geochemistry, coastal environmental geochemistry, secondary environments, hydrogeochemistry, exploration geochemistry, magmatic geochemistry, rare earth geochemistry, geochemistry of carbonations, biogeochemistry, mineral geochemistry, geochemistry vs. geochronology and geochemistry of precious metals. 相似文献
17.
Geochemical study of groundwater from 58 selected fluoride-rich areas in different parts of India that includes eight states indicates that: 1. These groundwaters are alkaline in pH (7.4-8.8) and their electrical conductivity varies from 530-2,680 µS/cm and fluoride concentration from 1.7-6.1 mg/l. Presence of fluoride-bearing minerals in the host rocks and their interaction with water is considered to be the main cause for fluoride in groundwater. 2. The decomposition, dissociation and dissolution are the main chemical processes for the occurrence of fluoride in groundwater. During rock-water interaction, concentration of fluoride in rock, aqueous ionic species and residence time of interaction, etc. are also important parameters. 3. This study indicates that 85% groundwater samples have EC: 1,000-2,000 µS/cm, pH: 7.5-8.5, and HCO3/Ca (epm ratio): 0.8-2.3. 4. The Ca and HCO3 contents of groundwater samples have shown good correlation with fluoride. 相似文献
18.
Wiwat Kamolpornwijit Scott C. Brooks Young-Jin Kim Timothy D. Scheibe 《Applied Geochemistry》2007,22(12):2630
The Fe content of soils and aquifer solids is usually quantified using different extraction solutions performed with homogenized samples in a well-mixed batch experiment. For structured media where preferential flow prevails over the matrix flow, however, the Fe content determined from homogenized samples may not well represent the Fe available for biogeochemical reactions. In this study ammonium oxalate extraction was performed on a core of intact saprolite where physical structure was preserved. An unsaturated flow setup was modified with the intent of allowing the extraction under two pore tensions, 15 and 0 cm of water, although a malfunctioning vacuum regulator made this more difficult than anticipated. Approximately 85% of the oxalate-extractable Fe was contained within the finer pore domain (matrix potential larger than 15 cm). Less than 15.5% of the extracted Fe mass (an upper bound) was present in domains of pore tension less than15 cm. To the extent that Fe(III) oxides play an important role in contaminant biogeochemistry and solute transport, their distribution in structured subsurface media is critical to the understanding of these processes. 相似文献
19.
土体的微观结构是决定其工程特性的重要内在因素,但对于砂土而言,如何制备适合微观分析的样品以及快速准确量化结构参数一直面临诸多挑战。为此,提出一种真空冷冻干燥?注胶相结合的砂土样品制备技术,该技术可在有效去除土样水分的同时保持样品原状结构不被扰动,并可用于后续加工处理。针对不同粒度的砂土样品,分别使用扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜对制备的试样进行观察,基于自主研发的土体微观结构定量分析系统SMAS对拍摄的照片进行精细量化分析,提出了由土颗粒数量、颗粒周长、表观孔隙率、形状系数、等效直径、分形维数和形态比等参数构成的量度指标体系对砂土样品微观结构特征进行定量评价。研究结果表明：提出的真空冷冻干燥?注胶相结合的砂土样品制备技术具有操作简单、稳定可靠等特点,能有效维持砂土的原状结构;比较而言,扫描电镜更适用于粉细砂的微观结构分析,而光学显微镜更适用于中粗砂的微观结构分析;SMAS能有效识别微观结构图像中的土颗粒及孔隙,为定量分析砂土或其他土体的微观结构特征提供了高效的工具。 相似文献
20.
近期国内珠宝市场上出现一种产自巴西的绿欧泊,该类绿欧泊表现出的宝石矿物学特征与传统的欧泊有着明显差异。采用常规宝石学测试手段,并结合电子探针、X射线粉末衍射、扫描电子显微镜、红外吸收光谱、紫外吸收光谱等测试分析方法,就其化学成分、物相、微结构、谱学特征及颜色成因等问题展开初步研究。结果表明,巴西绿欧泊的主要矿物组成为蛋白石,含不等量的α-方石英和α-鳞石英等次要矿物,整体呈不规则胶柬状结构,局部微波纹理发育;该类欧泊主要由直径约10～30nm的SiO2球粒聚集而成;由H2O和M—OH倍频振动致近红外吸收谱带位于7000cm-1处,由H2O合频振动致近红外吸收谱带分别位于5200,5612cm叫处,由M—OH与[SiO4]合频振动致近红外吸收谱带位于4600-4100cm-1范围内。笔者还对巴西绿欧泊的呈色机理一并给予了探讨。 相似文献