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1.
C. D. Burnside 《The Photogrammetric Record》1996,15(87):419-435
The paper entitled The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project was published in The Photogrammetric Record, 14(82): 565-582 and contained, as Appendix A, an extract from the Archive concerned with the history of the Zeiss Stereoplanigraph in Great Britain. Further extracts have appeared in each of the subsequent issues.
This extract, the sixth of the series, completes the history of the use of the various types of Wild instrument in the United Kingdom. It is concerned with the later post-war instruments, in numerical order, from the A7 Autograph to the A10 and therefore includes a note on one of the most popular and successful analogue plotting instruments ever produced, the Wild A8 Stereoplotter.
At the moment, none of the instruments dealt with in this extract appear to be under immediate threat. However, their role as production instruments is fading fast in most organizations but they are being retained, often for training purposes.
The Archive contains no mention of the last and most refined range of analogue instruments produced by Wild as their Aviomap (AM) series. With the benefit of hindsight it is now obvious that, at the time of their introduction, the transition from analogue to analytical techniques was about to take place at an accelerating pace. There is therefore no entry in the Archive for any AM or AM-U instrument; none (or perhaps only a very few) seem to have been imported into the United Kingdom. 相似文献
This extract, the sixth of the series, completes the history of the use of the various types of Wild instrument in the United Kingdom. It is concerned with the later post-war instruments, in numerical order, from the A7 Autograph to the A10 and therefore includes a note on one of the most popular and successful analogue plotting instruments ever produced, the Wild A8 Stereoplotter.
At the moment, none of the instruments dealt with in this extract appear to be under immediate threat. However, their role as production instruments is fading fast in most organizations but they are being retained, often for training purposes.
The Archive contains no mention of the last and most refined range of analogue instruments produced by Wild as their Aviomap (AM) series. With the benefit of hindsight it is now obvious that, at the time of their introduction, the transition from analogue to analytical techniques was about to take place at an accelerating pace. There is therefore no entry in the Archive for any AM or AM-U instrument; none (or perhaps only a very few) seem to have been imported into the United Kingdom. 相似文献
2.
C. D. Burnside 《The Photogrammetric Record》1995,15(86):251-261
The paper entitled The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project was published in The Photogrammetric Record, 14(82): 565-582 and contained, as Appendix A, an extract from the Archive concerned with the history of the Zeiss Stereoplanigraph in Great Britain. A further three extracts have since been published to provide details of direct optical projection instruments used in this country and of the Vivian Thompson Stereo-plotter.
This fifth extract deals with the Wild A5 and A6 instruments. Their introduction into the United Kingdom during and just prior to the Second World War, together with their important contributions to the war effort, make interesting reading. With a grand total of just five such instruments, they were well used throughout the period of hostilities.
This extract also includes a note on the Wild A4 instrument, designed for close range photogrammetry. This was the last instrument in which Wild made use of projector lenses but it has been included at this point so that all of the Wild instruments which are listed in the Catalogue (and therefore included in the Archive) are dealt with in numerical order. 相似文献
This fifth extract deals with the Wild A5 and A6 instruments. Their introduction into the United Kingdom during and just prior to the Second World War, together with their important contributions to the war effort, make interesting reading. With a grand total of just five such instruments, they were well used throughout the period of hostilities.
This extract also includes a note on the Wild A4 instrument, designed for close range photogrammetry. This was the last instrument in which Wild made use of projector lenses but it has been included at this point so that all of the Wild instruments which are listed in the Catalogue (and therefore included in the Archive) are dealt with in numerical order. 相似文献
3.
C. D. Burnside 《The Photogrammetric Record》1995,15(85):85-90
The paper entitled The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project was published in The Photogrammetric Record, 14(82): 565-582 (October 1993) and contained, as Appendix A, an extract from the Archive concerned with the history of the Zeiss Stereoplanigraph in Great Britain. A further two extracts have since been published to provide details of direct optical projection instruments used in this country. This fourth extract now goes on to begin to provide some details of analogue plotters that employed a purely mechanical solution. The first instrument of this type to be described is the Vivian Thompson Stereo-plotter of 1907. It was in fact the very first instrument of this important category ever to be produced but unfortunately it was also the only one produced in Great Britain. 相似文献
4.
C. D. Burnside 《The Photogrammetric Record》1997,15(90):883-899
The paper entitled The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project was published in The Photogrammetric Record 14(82): 565-582 (October 1993). Extracts have appeared in each subsequent issue such that all the standard types of analogue instruments mentioned in the catalogue have now been included, some 28 instruments in all. In this final extract, the three remaining instruments listed in the catalogue are dealt with. All are of a type usually known as approximate solution instruments because they did not attempt any form of accurate space intersection but relied on applying a number of corrections to a model formed on the assumption that the photographs being used were true verticals taken at the same altitude. The accuracies achieved by such instruments depended both on how close the photography being used was to this ideal situation and on the degree of sophistication in the design of the analogue correctors incorporated in any particular instrument. The raison d'être for such a genre of instrument was essentially one of cost. Any organization faced with the requirement to produce small scale topographic mapping of an extensive region within a reasonable period of time might consider spending its available funds on a larger number of cheaper approximate solution instruments, always provided that an acceptable degree of accuracy could be maintained. Fortunately for such projects the specification would normally be for mapping of a graphical order of accuracy produced from high altitude photography. At such altitudes, stable flying conditions and small camera tilts of the order of 3° to 4° could realistically be expected. However, to obtain the best possible results from such photography, the best images possible should be provided for the operator, a factor sometimes overlooked by some manufacturers in their attempts to produce cheaper instruments. In view of the background to the development of British photogrammetry mentioned in previous extracts, it is perhaps surprising that a successful instrument of this type was not produced in the UK at a much earlier point in the era of analogue photogrammetry. Approximate methods were certainly favoured and promoted but only as far as planimetric maps were concerned. For these, form lines rather than contours were drawn when height information was considered necessary. However, when it was finally produced, the Thompson CP1 (manufactured by Cartographic Engineering Ltd.) proved to be an excellent instrument of its type and less approximate in its solution than most of its competitors. The other two instruments described in this extract are the Zeiss Stereotope and the Galileo-Santoni Stereomicrometer. The instruments are introduced in the order of their appearance on the market, which is also the order of the degree of sophistication found in the analogue computers they employed to reduce the errors introduced by any camera and airbase tilt present in the photography. 相似文献
5.
C. D. Burnside 《The Photogrammetric Record》1997,15(89):791-802
This eighth and penultimate extract from the Archive is an unusual one for a number of reasons. Of these the most important one is the fact that it is concerned solely with instruments produced in Great Britain. It is therefore concerned mainly with the Thompson-Watts plotter, the only British instrument to go into full-scale commercial production. Strictly speaking the other instrument included in this extract should not have had a separate entry at all, simply because no instrument of this type exists now and so cannot have an entry in the catalogue of instruments. However, in order to trace the development of the Thompson-Watts Mk 2 plotter, produced in 1963, from the remarkable work of Henry Fourcade carried out in the 1920s, the Barr and Stroud ZA2 plotter based on his work has been accorded an Appendix of its own.
Both instruments in this extract are based on an optical-mechanical solution to the photogrammetric problem of space intersection and the Thompson-Watts is in fact the only instrument of this type to be found in the catalogue. This particular solution did not find great favour on the continent and so few instruments of this type were produced commercially. 相似文献
Both instruments in this extract are based on an optical-mechanical solution to the photogrammetric problem of space intersection and the Thompson-Watts is in fact the only instrument of this type to be found in the catalogue. This particular solution did not find great favour on the continent and so few instruments of this type were produced commercially. 相似文献
6.
The Canadian government's imaginative approach to fostering scientific excellence produced an environment ideal to draw the very best from Uki Helava's fertile intellect when he joined the Photogrammetric Section, Division of Physics, NRC, Ottawa in 1953. Initial work on error control in aerial triangulation led into the design of instruments for image measurement. This work culminated in the production of the NRC Monocomparator, but Helava's main effort was devoted to the analytical plotter, for which a working model was exhibited in 1963. Difficulties with the commercialization of this device led to Helava's decision to leave NRC in 1965. 相似文献
7.
C. D. Burnside 《The Photogrammetric Record》1993,14(82):565-582
In 1989, the Council of the Photogrammetric Society decided that some record of the use of analogue photogrammetric equipment in Great Britain should be preserved before it was too late. The author agreed to investigate this matter as a research project funded by a number of survey organisations. Work on the project so far has resulted in the completion of two documents. The first is a Catalogue of Analogue Instruments that list some 230 instruments of 30 different types. The second is an Archive that gives further details of the history and use of the 30 different types of instrument. The entry included in his paper, by way of example, is that concerned with the Zeiss Stereoplanigraph. Readers are encouraged to provide corrections and additional information wherever possible. 相似文献
8.
C. D. Burnside 《The Photogrammetric Record》1994,14(83):769-782
The paper entitled The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project was published in The Photogrammetric Record, 14(82): 565-582 (October 1993). It contained, as Appendix A, the entry from the Archive that dealt with the Zeiss Stereoplanigraph. This paper provides a second extract from the Archive concerned with the entries relating to the Barr & Stroud ZA1 plotter, the Williamson Multiplex equipment and the Thompson pinhole plotter. 相似文献
9.
ABSTRACTRecent discoveries of Wehrmacht Maps in the Military Archive of the Federal Archive of Germany in Freiburg im Breisgau raised the motivation for further investigations into the history of the internationally employed Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection which actually represents a prerequisite for the global use of Global Positioning System (GPS) – and thus of any type of navigation – instruments. In contrast to the frequently stated opinion that this map projection was first operationally used by U.S. Americans it turned out that presumably the first operational maps with indication of the orthogonal UTM grid were produced by German Wehrmacht officers prior to the post World War (WW) II triumph of this projection. Based on the authors´ recent discoveries this article reveals some hitherto hardly known facts concerning the history of cartography of the 1940s. 相似文献
10.
11.
A. S. Walker 《The Photogrammetric Record》1986,12(68):135-142
M embers of the Photogrammetric Society, both individual and corporate, were sent a questionnaire during December 1985. The content of the questionnaire touched upon many aspects of Society activities and it is intended that the substance of the replies should help to direct the Society in the future. An analysis of these responses was presented to the Thompson Symposium at the University of Birmingham on 19th April. 1986. It is reproduced here, together with a summary of the discussion which ensued on that occasion. Readers are encouraged to add their comments to those which follow. sending them to the Editor of The Photogrammetric Record or to the Honorary Secretary of the Photogrammetric Society. 相似文献
12.
13.
I. Newton J. D. Leatherdale J.-P. Muller M. Sowton A. S. Walker 《The Photogrammetric Record》1991,13(78):877-888
The President of the Photogrammetric Society, Mr. I Newton, chaired a panel discussion concerned with those developments in photogrammetry which may take place during the 1990s. 相似文献
14.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND THE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The scanning electron microscope forms images of the surfaces of objects located in a vacuum specimen chamber. A fine beam of electrons scans the surface in synchronism with a cathode ray tube whose spot brightness is modulated by the secondary electron signal emanating from the specimen. The system is capable of giving a large depth of focus and thus allows different projections of the specimen to be photographed by tilting the specimen between successive exposures. From a knowledge of the geometry of the projection (which is central or perspective, but may be justifiably treated as a parallel or orthogonal case for high magnification images), it is therefore possible to proceed to three dimensional analyses from the measurement of parallaxes. Part I of this paper deals with the practical problems resulting from mechanical design limitations of specimen stages and plotting instruments, as well as the nature and sources of image distortions. Part II deals with the practical features of the successful plotting instruments designed especially for the solution of a standardised scanning electron microscope problem in which the magnification of the two members of a stereoscopic pair of images is held constant, the angle of divergence of the peripheral “rays” of the projection from the central “ray” is assumed to be negligible (which is the case for high magnification images) and the tilt angle difference between the two specimen attitudes is constant. 相似文献
15.
A. D. Jones 《The Photogrammetric Record》1966,5(27):181-188
The paper traces the history of the Wild series of rectifiers, paying particular attention to the mechanical solutions of the Newton and Scheimpflug conditions. 相似文献
16.
D. W. G. Arthur 《The Photogrammetric Record》1954,1(4):50-53
The following article and correspondence have been reproduced from 'The Photogrammetric Review,' the journal of the Ordnance Survey Photogrammetric Society, by permission of the editor, as it is relevant to the paper by Professor Thompson, published in 'The Photogrammetric Record,' Vol. 1, No. 1, of March , 1953. 相似文献
17.
M. A. R. Cooper 《The Photogrammetric Record》1996,15(87):403-417
A few of the many interesting aspects of the mind, life and work of Robert Hooke (1635-1703) are discussed, particularly some that are relevant to opto-mechanical photogrammetric plotters and cameras. Evidence from primary and secondary sources is presented which indicates that Hooke devised instruments with optical and mechanical components which later came to be used in photogrammetric plotters, that he recognized the value of perspective projection in accurate recording of terrain, and devised a "Picture-Box" for that purpose. The question of how far he progressed in photography in experiments with purple dyes is left open. These "photogrammetric" activities of Hooke's are shown to have been only a small part of his work in London which included duties as Curator of Experiments to the Royal Society, Professor of Geometry at Gresham College, and Surveyor to the City of London Authorities following the Great Fire in 1666. 相似文献
18.
R. P. Kirby 《The Photogrammetric Record》2003,18(101):59-74
The attempts by A. S. Macdonald in the late 1980s and by J. A. Allan in the mid-1990s to integrate the UK societies and professional organisations within the spatial science field are described. The Photogrammetric Society, noting a long-term decline in its membership, set up an internal working group in 1997 to consider the future of the Society. A lengthy questionnaire to all individual members produced a 57% response and mandatory support for renewed action on greater inter-society cooperation.
A further effort to produce a wide amalgamation of bodies in the UK spatial science field on the Macdonald/Allan models failed for lack of support nationally. As a smaller step, perhaps to be extended later, a merger with the Remote Sensing Society was eventually agreed. The subsequent lengthy and delicate negotiations necessary to bring about a successful merger between these two mature, independently minded learned societies are described. The two societies were formally merged on 1st April 2001.
The author was a member of both the Photogrammetric and the Remote Sensing Societies and chaired the External Affairs Committee of the Photogrammetric Society preceding the merger. 相似文献
A further effort to produce a wide amalgamation of bodies in the UK spatial science field on the Macdonald/Allan models failed for lack of support nationally. As a smaller step, perhaps to be extended later, a merger with the Remote Sensing Society was eventually agreed. The subsequent lengthy and delicate negotiations necessary to bring about a successful merger between these two mature, independently minded learned societies are described. The two societies were formally merged on 1st April 2001.
The author was a member of both the Photogrammetric and the Remote Sensing Societies and chaired the External Affairs Committee of the Photogrammetric Society preceding the merger. 相似文献
19.
《The Cartographic journal》2013,50(2):109-116
AbstractIn this paper the cartographic grids engraved on two antique instruments from Iran for finding the sacred direction and distance to Mecca are discussed. It appears that these grids can be well explained in terms of the Mecca-centred retro-azimuthal orthographic projection described in 1968 by J. E. Jackson. In this projection the lines of constant latitude reduce to a set of ellipses with their major axes parallel to the equator and the lines of the constant longitudes reduce to a set of non-equidistant straight lines parallel to the north-south direction. It is shown that the curves actually engraved on the instrument conform to this projection and can be fairly easily constructed. This interpretation of the grid on the Iranian instruments stands in contrast with another explanation, recently proposed by King (1999), which is based on medieval Arabic concepts such as the so-called 'methods of the zijes'. Insufficiently accurate workmanship makes it impossible to distinguish between the two explanations through the study of the instruments themselves. The newly gained insight into the projection itself, however, shows that a direct relation between the Iranian maps and Islamic mappings insight knows from the ninth century, as suggested by King, does not exit. Thus, it is concluded that it is as yet completely unknown when and where the very idea behind the Iranian cartographic grid was first conceived, and that the quest for their historical background is still open. 相似文献
20.
本文主要介绍和研究一种统计坡面上土地表面积的方法。建立在G IS的基础上,利用江浦县1∶25万、1∶5万地形图、六合县1∶5万地形图的数字化等高线生成的DEM数据,自动提取坡度信息、计算坡度的正割值信息,并分别与江浦县和六和县的同空间分辨率的土地利用栅格数据进行叠合分析,得出两县不同土地利用类型在不同坡度级上的表面积和投影面积数值。并经不同比例尺、不同空间分辨率、不同区域内各类土地的表面积与投影面积之比作比较。研究结果表明,利用此方法提取的表面积在一定研究范围内,对于那些坡度较大而且面积亦大的土地利用类型面积的准确统计有重要意义。 相似文献