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1.
On experimentally deposited kaolinite, illite, and Ca-bentonite consolidated under their own load or by additional vertical pressure, the progress of compaction in relation to excess pore water pressure, mass physical properties, gravitational mass movements in a tilted tank, and erodibility under running water in a flume were studied. The very low consolidated sediments near the mud/water interface do not obey the generally used theory in soil mechanics. They show a different, non-linear relationship between void ratio or water content and depth below the sedimentary surface on the one hand, or effective overburden pressure and shear strength on the other. The same is true of other physical properties such as permeability, which changes considerably with depth and time of consolidation. High sedimentation rates on slopes induce shallow sediment flow, whereas at low rates and critical slope angles different types of slope failures including the breaking up of water-rich sediment into sharp boundered blocks are observed. Flume studies on soft clay muds show three different types of erosion: continuously suspending, discontinuous erosion of crumbs or shreds, and wavy deformation of the clay surface with disintegration of particles from the crests. The critical tractive stress depends not only on clay type, void ratio, and shear strength, but significantly also on the ‘geologic history’of the clay (i.e. deposition from thin suspension or dense slurry, fabric, consolidation and swelling generating minute inhomogeneities etc.). The experiments may lead to a better understanding of all mechanical processe's including pore-water flow taking place near or not far below the sediment/ water interface. 相似文献
2.
通过建立沉积压实理论模式和由土体单元压缩前后体积、孔隙比、孔隙度变化的理论关系所导出的压实度与孔隙度关系式表明,沉积过程中下伏沉积压实度不发生变化时,上覆沉积孔隙度变化取决于初始沉积孔隙度,因沉积环境变化导致初始沉积孔隙度发生变化,造成沉积孔隙度与沉积深度不相关,出现下伏沉积孔隙度大于上覆沉积的情况。这是下伏沉积孔隙水不能排出,呈欠压实状态的表现。当无沉积外干扰因素,连续沉积过程中出现土柱下部孔隙度大于土柱上部时,土柱下部一定处于欠压实状态,这是识别滨海相沉积上覆沉积后未被再压实的重要标志。通过广东沿海8个工程场地58个钻孔191个土样相同钻孔相同命名土,及广东和国内其他有关地区不同场地共208个土样不同钻孔相同命名土孔隙度与分布深度比较,分析显示,大约40 m以内或晚更新世中晚期以来滨海相沉积在垂向和横向分布上普遍存在这种欠压实特征。提出沉积压实大致具随序发生的三个阶段:1）最表层的薄层在初始沉积孔隙度影响下的初始沉积压实阶段;2）欠压实阶段;3）再压实阶段。综合研究结果显示,滨海相沉积一般渗透性差,泄水环境不好,除沉积外因素导致再压实的局部相关沉积层外,近地表40 m以内或晚更新世中晚期以来的滨海相沉积压实下沉量不明显,在用滨海相沉积研究古海平面及海岸地壳运动时,一般情况可不考虑沉积压实影响。 相似文献
3.
During the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in sediments iodine is released into solution. Three techniques have been applied to independently estimate the resulting flux of soluble I from the sediments to the overlying water of Mud Bay, Georgetown, South Carolina. Flux estimates (summer) range between ~ 5 and 41 μmol/m2/day. The estimates predicted from either the pore water I concentration gradient across the sediment-water interface or the dissolved I production rate are higher than the apparent flux measured directly at the same site. This suggests that I which is released to the pore water under the anoxic conditions below the sediment surface reacts with a sedimentary component at or near the sediment water interface and is lost from solution. 相似文献
4.
David C. Hurd 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1973,37(10):2257-2282
The solution rate of biogenic opal in near-surface sediments in the Central Equatorial Pacific is three to eight orders of magnitude lower than similar acid-cleaned samples. Iron, magnesium and calcium aluminosilicates may be the minerals which are forming on the surface of the opal and reducing its solution rate. The scale height of the system studied suggests that diffusive and not advective processes are primarily responsible for the removal of dissolved silica in sediments. Solution budget calculations for this area suggest that 90–99 per cent of the biogenic opal produced in surface waters dissolves before reaching the sediment-water interface; an additional amount dissolves within the sediment and diffuses into bottom waters leaving 0.05–0.15 per cent of the original amount of opal produced by organisms in the sedimentary record. The relative solution potential of the upper 1000 m of the water column varies by more than an order of magnitude from the Antarctic to Equator and may have a pronounced effect on the accumulation rate of biogenic opal in underlying sediments. 相似文献
5.
Conventional modelling of transport problems for porous media usually assumes that the Darcy flow velocities are steady. In certain practical situations, the flow velocity can exhibit time‐dependency, either due to the transient character of the flow process or time dependency in the boundary conditions associated with potential flow. In this paper, we consider certain one‐ and three‐dimensional problems of the advective transport of a chemical species in a fluid‐saturated porous region. In particular, the advective flow velocity is governed by the piezo‐conduction equation that takes into account the compressibilities of the pore fluid and the porous skeleton. Time‐ and/or mesh‐refining adaptive schemes used in the computational modelling are developed on the basis of a Fourier analysis, which can lead to accurate and optimal solutions for the advective transport problem with time‐ and space‐dependent advective flow velocity distributions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
Carbonate concretions, lenses and bands in the Pleistocene, Palaeogene and Upper Triassic coalfields of Japan consist of various carbonate minerals with varied chemical compositions. Authigenic carbonates in freshwater sediments are siderite > calcite > ankerite > dolomite >> ferroan magnesite; in brackish water to marine sediments in the coal measures, calcite > dolomite > ankerite > siderite >> ferroan magnesite; and in the overlying marine deposits, calcite > dolomite >> siderite. Most carbonates were formed progressively during burial within a range of depths between the sediment-water interface and approximately 3 km. The mineral species and the chemical composition of the carbonates are controlled primarily by the initial sedimentary facies of the host sediments and secondarily by the diagenetic evolution of pore water during burial. Based on the regular sequence and burial depth of precipitation of authigenic carbonates in a specific sedimentary facies, three diagenetic stages of carbonates are proposed. Carbonates formed during Stage I (< 500 m) strongly reflect the initial sedimentary facies, e.g. low Ca-Mg siderite in freshwater sediments which are initially rich in iron derived from lateritic soil on the nearby landmass, and Mg calcite and dolomite in brackish-marine sediments whose pore waters abound in Ca2+ and Mg2+ originating in seawater and calcareous shells. Carbonates formed during Stage II (500–2000 m) include high Ca-Mg siderite, ankerite, Fe dolomite and Fe–Mg calcite in freshwater sediments. The assemblage of Stage II carbonates in brackish-marine sediments in the coal measures is similar to that in freshwater sediments. This suggests similar diagenetic environments owing to an effective migration and mixing of pore water due to the compaction of host sediments. Carbonates formed during Stage III (> 2000 m) are Fe calcite and extremely high Ca-Mg siderite; the latter is exclusively in marine mudstones. The supply of Ca is partly from the alteration of silicates in the sediments at elevated burial temperatures. After uplift, calcite with low Mg content precipitates from percolating groundwater and fills extensional cracks. 相似文献
7.
E.V. Grill 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1978,42(5):485-494
The processes controlling Mn deposition in the vicinity of a nodule site in Jervis Inlet, a fjord in the British Columbia mainland coast, were studied. The results indicate that Mn, due to reductive remobilization in the subsurface sediments, undergoes intensive exchange across the sediment-water interface and, because of this exchange and the effects of water circulation processes within the inlet, tends to be stripped from shallow water sediments and to be redeposited as an oxide precipitate in the surface sediment of the deepest areas. There it undergoes diagenetic reactions in the subsurface sediments that, as demonstrated by saturation of the pore waters, finally result in its burial as a carbonate phase. The distribution of properties in the vicinity of the Mn nodule site indicates that concretion growth occurs in an area of strong currents and low sedimentation rate where rocks resting on the bottom act as centers to which Mn-oxide particles suspended in the bottom water are apparently being cemented. 相似文献
8.
本文将沉积、成岩和储集性三者结合起来研究，建立了泥云坪压实沉积成岩相区、含膏云坪岩溶孔洞沉积成岩相区，膏泥云坪浅凹压 实交代充填沉积成岩相区等 三种沉积成岩类型，分析了各相区的沉积构造特征，成岩特征，储集性能，指出了含膏云坪岩溶孔沉和只成岩相带是天然气富集的最有利储集相带。 相似文献
9.
Ellen P. Bonnesen Flemming Larsen Torben O. Sonnenborg Kurt Klitten Lars Stemmerik 《Hydrogeology Journal》2009,17(7):1643-1663
High-concentration saltwaters occur in many places in the regional Chalk aquifers of North-West Europe; to investigate deep occurrences, profiles of interstitial porewater chemistry have been studied from three 250–450m deep cores drilled in the eastern parts of Zealand, Denmark. At the studied location, saline water in the Chalk resides at depths from 40 to 80m and salinity increases with depth. Concentrations of chloride up to ca. 30,000ppm have been observed at depths of 400m. Measured vertical hydraulic heads in open boreholes suggest that advective groundwater flow is now restricted in deeper parts of the Chalk formation and diffusive transport is thus the predominant transport mechanism. Laboratory-measured porosity and effective diffusion coefficients were used as input to a numerical 1D diffusion model of the interface between freshwater in an upper, fractured aquifer and modified connate formation water below. The model satisfactorily simulated the observed chloride and δ18O profiles. The diffusive refreshening of the Chalk formation has been going on for about 0.9 million years. The connate water in the Chalk of parts of the sedimentary basin seems to have been modified by transport of saltwater from underlying Mesozoic and Paleozoic sediments during compaction, which presumably ceased around 4 million years ago. 相似文献
10.
塔里木盆地库车坳陷白垩系辫状三角洲砂体成岩作用和储层特征 总被引：40，自引：8，他引：40
通过对库车坳陷白垩系辫状三角洲的研究,总结辫状三角洲的沉积特征是:1.由于辫状河流直入湖泊,沉积物比较粗,中砂岩和细砂岩占有相当的比例,可达 6 0 %～ 80 %,最高达 95 %。 2.成分和结构成熟度低-中等,一般为长石砂岩、岩屑长石砂岩和岩屑砂岩,石英含量 30 %～ 5 0 %,岩屑含量可高达 5 0 %以上,一般为 30 %左右,岩屑成分复杂。3.沉积构造以块状层理、大型槽状交错层理和斜层理为主,见平行层理、波状层理和极少量的水平层理。4.辫状河道的主要沉积期是洪水期,因而河道具快速迁移性,沉积作用具有阶段性,砂体之间多次重复叠加,在滨岸地区辫状砂体性质相似而垂向侧向连接,成为分布面积很大的砂体,砂层之间只有薄层的泥质夹层。对研究区露头和岩心的普通薄片、铸体薄片、阴极发光及扫描电镜等资料的分析研究,认为该区成岩作用包括压实、胶结、溶蚀、交代、压溶和重结晶等作用,并且以前三类为主。根据对自生矿物、粘土矿物、I/S间层中的S %、包裹体测温、成岩作用类型及特点等分析,判断研究区白垩系成岩阶段已达晚成岩A期。白垩系砂岩储层特殊的沉积-成岩水介质条件、构造-埋藏演化史、异常高压背景等决定了其特有的成岩序列演化的特点。白垩系巴什基奇克组上部和底部、巴西盖组砂 相似文献
11.
Analysis, in a free surface steady flow, of the interstitial velocity field inside a sedimentary bed
The objective of our study is to exploit ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry (UDV) to analyze the velocity field within a steady flow on a porous sedimentary bottom. Velocities are measured for several sedimentary beds, as well within the fluid vein as within the sediment. Our results highlight an exponential distribution of the velocities inside the sediment and a discontinuity of the velocity at the interface water–sediment, between the velocity in the free flow and the velocity within the sediment. These results highlight the need to base the analysis of sedimentary transport on the reality of the physical processes at the interface water–sediment. 相似文献
12.
川西拗陷上三叠统气田水化学形成演化的重溯 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文在研究区沉积演化、构造演化和上三叠统含水系统、水文地质期定位的基础上, 论证了T3x2水起源于35 g/kg的海相同生沉积盐水, 经历了沉积、沉压埋藏、构造热液3个“期”的浓缩盐化正向变质, 演化成为最高浓度160 g/kg的海相后生沉积孔隙裂隙卤水、浓卤水; T3x4、T3x6水均起源于陆相同生沉积淡水, T3x4经历了沉积、沉压埋藏—淋滤、沉压埋藏、构造热液4个“期”, 主要是高度浓缩盐化正向深变质, 演化成为最高浓度100 g/kg的后生沉积孔隙裂隙盐卤水; T3x6与T3x2经历的期相同, 经高度浓缩盐化正向深变质, 演化成为最高浓度84 g/kg的后生沉积孔隙裂隙盐卤水。 相似文献
13.
为揭示深水重力流沉积致密砂岩储层发育特征及分布规律,笔者等以鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区三叠系延长组7段（简称长7段）为例,通过岩芯描述、铸体薄片以及扫描电镜观察,结合物性数据以及分析化验资料对研究区长7段沉积、储层岩石学、孔隙类型以及成岩作用特征进行了分析,在沉积和成岩作用特征研究基础上探讨了优质储层的形成机理,据此建立了湖相深水重力流致密砂岩储层质量的演化模式。结果表明：合水地区长7段储层岩性以长石岩屑砂岩为主,孔隙类型主要为溶蚀孔和残余粒间孔,属于特低孔—超低渗储层,主要成岩作用为压实、胶结和溶蚀作用。重力流致密砂岩储层质量受沉积相和成岩作用共同影响,限制性水道中沉积的砂体由于具有强的抗压实能力、少的伊利石和碳酸盐矿物含量以及较多长石、岩屑溶蚀孔隙,储层质量最好。不同沉积环境中的砂岩在颗粒粒度、分选、沉积厚度方面存在差异,通过影响成岩作用类型与强度综合控制储层质量。研究成果可为相同类型储层的预测和评价提供参考。 相似文献
14.
15.
Fluid overpressure as a control on sandstone reservoir quality in a mechanical compaction dominated setting: Magnolia Field,Gulf of Mexico 
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下载免费PDF全文 The reservoir quality (porosity and permeability) of deeply buried hydrocarbon reservoir sandstones in sedimentary basins is significantly affected by burial diagenesis. Many deep reservoirs develop anomalous fluid overpressures during burial. Previous studies on the effect of fluid overpressure on reservoir quality in these deep reservoirs have been inconclusive because of the difficulty in constraining the individual contributions of various porosity preserving factors that are simultaneously active in these reservoirs. Owing to its rapid burial and low burial temperatures, the Neogene gravity‐flow sandstone reservoirs from the Magnolia Field, Gulf of Mexico, offers a unique opportunity to investigate in isolation the effect of fluid overpressure on reservoir quality. Examination of petrography, pore pressure and routine core analysis datasets showed a positive correlation between high fluid overpressure and enhanced reservoir quality. This study confirms that fluid overpressure preserves reservoir quality in deeply buried sandstone reservoirs in compaction dominated, high sedimentation basin settings. 相似文献
16.
Mudstone compaction and its influence on overpressure generation, elucidated by a 3D case study in the North Sea 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
H. Broichhausen R. Littke T. Hantschel 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2005,94(5-6):956-978
Mudstones are one of the least permeable rocks in most sedimentary sequences. Accordingly they can act as seals for fluid
flow leading to abnormal overpressures. Nevertheless, mudstone compaction and related permeability and porosity decrease are
not adequately described in current basin modelling software, because only mechanical compaction is taken into account. In
reality, however, clay minerals undergo severe chemical diagenesis which certainly influences petrophysical properties and
compaction. In this context a mathematical approach which has been originally developed in soil mechanics has been adapted
to basin modelling. The underlying mathematical equations are carefully explained in the text. In the basic equation the compression
coefficient is a function of void ratio and effective stress. Using these equations, overpressure can be predicted by using
petroleum systems modelling techniques. This is shown for a real 3D case study in the North Sea, in which strong overpressure
occurs. A compaction model for mudstones that depends strongly on the clay content of the individual stratigraphic units is
used for the calibration of porosities in the 3D case study. In addition, a chemical compaction model that reduces porosities
by using a kinetic reaction is used for the deeper part of the basin where mechanical compaction processes are less important.
The pressure generation process depends strongly on permeability and compressibility of the porous medium. Therefore, the
use of mudstone compaction and permeability models is sufficient to produce pore overpressures. In the case studied, abnormal
overpressures are generated during burial together with the petroleum generation process. The mechanical and chemical compaction
mechanisms ensure that the pressures are preserved in the deeper part of the basin. 相似文献
17.
The importance of relict burrow structures and burrow irrigation in controlling sedimentary solute distributions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Robert C. Aller 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1984,48(10):1929-1934
Some areas of the seafloor, particularly the deep sea, are characterized by large numbers of apparently uninhabited or relict burrow structures formed by macrobenthic organisms. Because of low sedimentation rates or lack of physical disturbance these structures are stable for long periods of time and could potentially influence solute diffusion patterns in surface sediments. A two-dimensional diffusionreaction model which allows for diffusive rather than advective transport within stagnant, water-filled burrows demonstrates that, in the absence of advective irrigation, relict burrow structures are unlikely in most cases to significantly alter average solute distributions from those predicted by one-dimensional vertical models. This conclusion assumes changes in diffusive transport properties alone and does not account for any effects of relict structures on reaction rates or physical ventilation of deposits by bottom currents. Significant changes (≥5%) in solute distributions are generally produced only when the ratio of the halfdistance between burrows to relict burrow radii is ≤10 and sedimentary diffusion coefficients are ≤60% that in free solution. Because solute distributions in stagnant burrow waters are nearly that in surrounding sediment, sediment-water solute fluxes are also essentially unaffected by relict burrows except at extremely high abundances or fairly large differential diffusion rates between sediment and free solution. In contrast, even at low abundance, biologically irrigated or physically ventilated burrows produce major changes in solute transport and build-up patterns. 相似文献
18.
Robert C. Aller 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1980,44(12):1955-1965
The bioturbated zone of marine sediments is a region having a complex, time-dependent geometry of diffusion and chemical reactions. It is possible to simplify this geometry by postulating an average sediment microenvironment and modelling it as representative of the sediment body as a whole. The microenvironment is assumed to correspond to a single, tube-dwelling animal together with its surrounding sediment and can be represented by a finite hollow cylinder. A transport-reaction model derived from this postulate produces good agreement between observed and predicted pore water profiles using realistic physical constants. The average vertical distributions of pore water solutes and their sediment-water fluxes are influenced by the presence of irrigated burrows to varying degrees depending on the kind of reactions governing their behavior. Pore water profiles of solutes, such as NH+4, subject to zero order reaction rates are highly sensitive to the abundance and sizes of burrows while the net flux of the constituent across the sediment-water interface is not. In contrast, profiles of solutes such as Si that are subject to first order reaction rates are less sensitive to the presence of irrigated burrows but net fluxes are greatly affected. Average pore water concentrations, fluxes of solutes like Si and the apparent one-dimensional diffusion coefficients required to match vertical gradients with measured solute fluxes, are influenced by both the size and spacing of burrows. Because of the range of solute concentrations within the microenvironment at any given depth it is not strictly valid to make detailed solubility calculations on the basis of average pore water concentrations within the bioturbated zone. 相似文献
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20.
Diagenesis of oxyanions (V, U, Re, and Mo) in pore waters and sediments from a continental margin 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Jennifer L. Morford Steven R. Emerson Suk Hyun Kim 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(21):5021-5032
This research tests the hypothesis that trace metals respond to the extent of reducing conditions in a predictable way. We describe pore water and sediment measurements of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), vanadium (V), uranium (U), rhenium (Re), and molybdenum (Mo) along a transect off Washington State (USA). Sediments become less reducing away from the continent, and the stations have a range of oxygen penetration depths (depth to unmeasurable O2 concentration) varying from a few millimeters to five centimeters. When oxygen penetrates ∼1 cm or less, Fe is reduced in the pore waters but reoxidized near the sediment-water interface, preventing a flux of Fe2+ to overlying waters, whereas Mn oxides are reduced and Mn2+ diffuses to overlying waters. Both Re and U authigenically accumulate in sediments. Only at the most reducing location, where the oxygen penetrates 0.3 cm below the sediment-water interface, does the surface 30 cm of sediments become reducing enough to authigenically accumulate Mo.Stations in close proximity to the Juan de Fuca Ridge crest are enriched in Mn and Fe from hydrothermal plume processes. Both V and Mo clearly associate with Mn cycling, whereas U may be associating with either Mn oxides and/or Fe oxyhydroxides. Rhenium is uncomplicated by adsorption to Mn oxides and/or Fe oxyhydroxides, and Re accumulation in sediments appears to be due solely to the extent of reducing conditions. Therefore, authigenic sediment Re enrichment appears to be the best indicator for intermediate reducing conditions, where oxygen penetrates less than ∼1 cm below the sediment-water interface, when coupled with negligible authigenic Mo enrichment. 相似文献