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1.
新疆巴楚地区中上奥陶统生物礁群落古生态学 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
新疆巴楚东部地区良里塔格山出露有中奥陶统达瑞威尔阶一间房组和上奥陶统中部凯迪阶良里塔格组的生物礁。一间房组礁的厚度为数米到十多米,以棘屑滩为礁基,主要造礁生物为托盘类,形成典型的骨架岩,托盘类中央腔形成的原生孔隙发育,基质为灰泥,纹层状、皮壳状的藻类缠结包裹托盘类生长,可定为皮壳状藻托盘类密群落。良里塔格组的礁体主要由分枝状绿藻形成骨架岩,基质为灰泥,原有的原生或次生孔隙现被亮晶方解石充填;该组下部一些直径约1 m的小型礁由丰富的分枝状绿藻和少量乳孔藻构成,为分枝状绿藻密群落。良里塔格组上部较大的礁体（直径10~30 m）由分枝状绿藻和一种未知的球状生物（可能也是绿藻）构成,可称为“球状藻”分枝状绿藻密群落。 相似文献
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3.
浙江桐庐二叠纪海绵生物丘的沉积环境和成岩环境 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
浙江桐庐二叠纪茅口期海绵丘发育于碎屑陆棚上，呈透镜状，无礁前和礁后相。由于当时相对频繁的海进海退，使该丘在生长过程中出现三次成礁期，海进成礁，海退消亡。其主要的礁岩类型为海绵（或水螅）障积岩，在上部出现纹层藻和古石孔藻粘结岩，最后为潮坪相叠层石灰泥岩所覆盖。该丘经历了早期海底、海水潜流带、混合水和大气淡水成岩环境。早期成岩作用以灰泥淀积作用为主，大部分孔隙都为灰泥所充填，少量残余孔隙中可见形成于早期海底成岩环境的纤状和针状方解石胶结物。 相似文献
4.
本文研究了塔中I号断裂带西北端顺6井上奥陶统地层第一次取芯段的古生物群落,共划分出5种类型:分别为隐蓝细菌群落、海德菌-疑源类-四分珊瑚群落、四分珊瑚-海得菌群落、四分珊瑚-红藻类稀群落、棘皮类稀群落,各群落的生物组成均不同。确定礁群落有3种:隐蓝细菌群落、海德菌-疑源类-四分珊瑚群落和四分珊瑚-海得菌群落。隐蓝细菌群落发育于台地边缘较深水的灰泥丘,海德菌-疑源类-四分珊瑚和四分珊瑚-海德菌群落发育于台地边缘较浅水的生物礁,红藻类稀群落和棘皮类稀群落发育于台地边缘滩。灰泥丘、四分珊瑚骨架礁和海德菌障积礁地层溶蚀孔洞很发育,但是均被亮晶方解石充填。生屑砂屑滩中的溶孔具有残余孔隙,可能构成油气的储集空间。 相似文献
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通过对红花生物礁露头的精细解剖和微相分析,研究了礁的内部构成和成礁模式。红花生物礁发育3期礁体旋回：礁A、礁B和礁C。礁A由生屑泥晶灰岩和骨架岩构成;礁B由生屑泥晶灰岩、粘结岩、骨架岩和生屑灰岩构成;礁C由粘结岩、骨架岩和生屑灰岩构成。红花生物礁造礁生物有钙质海绵、钙藻类、苔藓虫和水螅类,附礁生物为有孔虫、腕足类、双壳类、腹足类和棘皮动物等。单个礁体内,由下往上的生物演化为：腕足类+双壳类+有孔虫组合→钙藻类→钙质海绵+水螅类+钙藻类+苔藓虫组合→生物碎屑;岩性演化为：生屑泥晶灰岩→粘结岩→骨架岩→生屑灰岩。礁B的生屑滩内生屑间为泥晶充填,生屑分选、磨圆较好,是由相邻的高能生屑滩侵蚀搬运到礁B侧翼低能区沉积形成。3期礁都发育在碎屑滩上,礁A为低能环境下形成的礁,礁B和礁C在礁A形成的高地上成礁,为高能环境礁;单个礁体的完整成礁模式为：在浅滩之上,钙藻类大量生长、粘结吸附颗粒固结基底,钙质海绵和钙藻类在硬质基底上繁茂生长,形成具有抗浪格架的生物礁,礁体暴露水面死亡后遭波浪、水流改造形成生屑滩。 相似文献
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The complex pattern of biological accretion, internal sedimentation, early lithification, and biological destruction, that characterizes modern reefs and many fossil reefs has been recognized in archaeocyathid-rich patch reefs of Lower Cambrian age in the Forteau Formation, southern Labrador. Patch reefs occur as isolated masses or complex associations of many discrete masses of archaeocyathid-rich limestone and skeletal lime sands, surrounded by well-bedded skeletal limestones and shales. Each reef is composed of many loafshaped mounds stacked on top of one another. The limestone of each mound comprises archaeocyathids and Renalcis or Renalcis-like structures in a matrix of argillaceous lime mud rich in sponge spicules, trilobite and salterellid skeletons. Numerous growth cavities roofed by pendant Renalcis-like organisms and Renalcis are partially to completely filled with geopetal sediment indicating that much of the matrix was deposited as internal sediment. Two stages of diagenetic alteration are recognized: (1) syn-depositional, which affected only the reefs, and (2) post-depositional, which affected both reefs and inter-reef sediments. On the sea floor reef sediments were pervasively cemented and fibrous carbonate was precipitated in intraskeletal and growth cavities. These limestones and cements as well as archaeocyathid skeletons, were subsequently bored by endolithic organisms. Later post-depositional subaerial diagenesis resulted first in dissolution of certain skeletons and precipitation of calcite cement above the water table, followed by extensive precipitation of pore-filling calcite below the water table. These carbonate reefs are similar in structure to the basal pioneer accumulations of much younger lower and middle Palaeozoic reefs. They did not develop into massive ‘ecologic’ reefs because archaeocyathids never developed the necessary large, massive, hemispherical skeletons. This occurrence indicates that reefs developed more or less coincident with, and not long after, the appearance of skeletal metazoans in the Lower Cambrian. 相似文献
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LEE Jeong-Hyun KIM Byeong-Jun LIANG Kun PARK Tae-Yoon S. CHOH Suk-Joo LEE Dong-Jin WOO Jusun 《《地质学报》英文版》2016,90(6):1946-1954
Mid to late Cambrian thrombolites and maze-like maceriate reefs from the western North China Platform, Wuhai, Inner Mongolia, northwestern China, occur in the middle of a succession dominated by thin-bedded lime mudstone-shale/marlstone alternations, and are laterally surrounded by limestone conglomerate and/or grainstone. Thrombolite, characterized by meter-scale lenticular mounds composed of millimeter- to centimeter-scale mesoclots and wackestone matrix, occurs in the lower middle part of the sequence. Thrombolite mesoclots are composed of microstromatolites with alternating dark gray and light gray micritic laminae. The maze-like maceriate reefs occur in the middle to the upper part of the sequence, commonly forming lenticular mounds up to 1 m thick. They are characterized by centimeter- to decimeter-scale branched maze-like structures, whose biogenic portions (maceria) are selectively dolomitized. The maceriae are composed of poorly preserved microstromatolites and siliceous sponges. Inter-macerial sediments consist of lime mud and scattered bioclasts. These Wuhai reefs are generally similar to but older than various other Cambrian reefs previously reported from the Shandong region, northeastern China. 相似文献
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湖北利川见天坝上二叠统海绵礁中的硅化作用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
见天坝海绵礁发育于湖北省利川县见天坝(图1)上二叠统长兴组第二段。下伏地层长一段主要为盆地相黑灰色含泥质、有机质骨针和虫介屑粒泥岩与泥粒岩(即生物碎屑泥晶灰岩与泥晶生物碎屑灰岩),含燧石结核、团块以及条带,层内泥质纹层及不规则泥纹条带发育,底部含丰富的碳酸盐化的放射虫和海绵骨针,顶部厚10米的钙屑浊积岩是海绵礁的生长基底。 相似文献
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内蒙古东部林西地区上二叠统林西组沉积环境存在争议。鉴于此,笔者在前人研究基础上,通过详实的野外观测与室内鉴定,依据古生物、沉积构造与岩相、地球化学等资料,对林西组沉积环境进行研究;从钙藻、苔藓虫、海绵等海相生物化石、B/Ga值、碳氧同位素和沉积结构构造等方面,认为林西组主体为海相,存在海陆过渡相。林西组沉积环境可划分为三角洲前缘、滨海、浅海和半深海。生物礁主要为蓝绿藻粘结礁和藻粘结骨架礁,指示滨海—浅海环境。林西组沉积环境主要经历了滨海、半深海、三角洲前缘、浅海和滨海的演变,沉积盆地演化分为抬升—断陷—快速充填—稳定沉陷—稳定充填5个阶段。 相似文献
10.
川西上三叠统海绵生物礁的分布及其控制因素 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
四川盆地西部在晚三叠世早期(卡尼期)为被动大陆边缘环境, 沉积岩石单元为马鞍塘组。其中发育硅质海绵生物礁类型为点礁, 分布在马鞍塘组的上部。点礁组合为礁基、 礁核、礁翼、礁盖。现今出露礁体的分布主要沿着龙门山, 呈NE-SW向展布。海绵礁体的分布与造礁生物海绵的自身特点、沉积环境、构造背景、生物组合、洋流等密切相关。本文基于此, 认为生物礁分布在绵竹—江油一带, 分布于大陆斜坡上, 水体相对较深, 呈宽带分布, 礁体大小不一。现今礁体部分暴露于地表, 部分被推覆体或上覆地层覆盖。该生物礁组合具有一定的油气成藏的地质条件, 可以作为石油勘探的靶区。 相似文献
11.
R. Aubrecht J. Schlögl M. Krobicki H. Wierzbowski B.A. Matyja A. Wierzbowski 《Sedimentary Geology》2009,213(3-4):97-112
Four occurrences of Jurassic stromatactis mud-mounds were found in the Czorsztyn Unit of the Pieniny Klippen Belt (Western Carpathians) — in western Slovakia (Slavnické Podhorie, Babiná), and in the Transcarpathian Ukraine (Priborzhavskoe and Veliky Kamenets). Their stratigraphic range is from Bajocian to Callovian. The mounds consist of micropeloidal mudstones, wackestones to packstones with a fauna including pelecypods, brachiopods, ammonites and crinoids. Spicules and skeletons of siliceous sponges are abundant in every section. All of the mounds contain networks of stromatactis cavities that are partially filled with radiaxial fibrous calcite (RFC) and locally by internal sediments. At Slavnické Podhorie, the sparry masses that fill stromatactis cavities are weathered out and show casts of sponges. Parallel study of the weathered casts and their cross-sections in slabs showed that they bear all the signs of stromatactis (relatively flat bottoms and digitate upper parts, RFC initial fillings and eventual blocky calcite later filling). Almost no original sponge structures were preserved. This strongly supports the possible sponge-related origin for stromatactis cavities. 相似文献
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Growth and submarine fossilization of algal cup reefs,Bermuda* 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Small charges of explosives were used to section cup-shaped reefs that occur on the margins of the Bermuda Platform. Study of these artificial outcrops, up to 10 m high, and the samples collected from them show how the reef-building community is rapidly converted to well-lithified reef rock in the marine development. The reefs, known locally as boilers and breakers, occur along the wave-swept south shore of the Bermuda Islands and around the northeast and northwest margins of the Platform. They are cup-shaped, up to 30 m in long dimensions, and rise up to the sea surface as much as 12 m above the surrounding sea floor. The reefs are built by an intergrowth of encrusting organisms, principally crustose coralline algae, an encrusting hydrozoan, Millepora sp., and an attached gastropod, Dendropoma irregulare. The growth framework of these algal cup reefs has extensive voids: large and intermediate-sized growth framework and shelter pores; borings of bivalves and sponges; and both intra- and inter-particle pores. A variety of vagile and sessile organisms (coelobites) inhabit these pores: an encrusting Foraminifera, Homotrema rubrum, is the most abundant attached coelobite; the tests of a variety of benthic Foraminifera and ostracods are common: branched coralline algae, barnacles, bivalves, ahermatypic corals, bryozoans, and burrowing crustaceans occur in varying abundance. Beginning millimetres below the living surface, internal sediments accumulate in the extensive voids. Coarse-grained skeletal sand derived from the surface of the reefs is characteristic of the larger voids; lime mud with the tests of planktonic Foraminifera and planktonic algae occurs generally in the smaller voids. Most specimens from the interior of the reefs show multiple generations of internal sediment that vary in grain size, composition, and colour. The sand-sized sediments are pumped into the voids by the frequent and intense wave action; the lime mud settles out in the smaller, less agitated pores. Cementation of internal sediments and surrounding growth frame begins centimetres below the living surface; it is so pervasive that marble-hard reef rock is developed within 1/2 m or less. The cement is principally high-magnesium calcite of micrite size, and subordinately acicular aragonite, but there are locally wide variations in crystal size and morphology. The occurrence of the cement within the reefs well below sea level, the isotope ratios of the cement crystals, the mineralogy, and the age inferred from radiocarbon age determinations of the growth frame all indicate that the cement is submarine and deposited from water of oceanic composition. The algal cup reefs of Bermuda demonstrate the reef-building ability of a community of encrusting organisms that form only crusts in the intertidal zone of the Mediterranean and Northern Brazil. The cup reefs of the northern margins of the Bermuda Platform are true reefs, not merely veneers covering eroded blocks of Pleistocene limestone. In their composition, location, and early diagenesis, the cup reefs closely resemble the algal or lithothamnion ridge of Pacific atolls. Synsedimentary cementation of internal sediments and growth frame makes a major contribution to the rigidity of these ocean-facing reefs and atoll rims. The assemblage of features that characterize the submarine fossilization of the cup reefs is widespread elsewhere in the modern seas: the floors of the Persian Gulf and parts of the Mediterranean; the margins of Pacific atolls; and the reefs off the north coast of Jamaica. This fossilization is characterized by reiterated generations of coelobites, internal sediments, and synsedimentary cements that can in time replace a major part of the original growth framework. Major variations in the sequence of these generations from pore to pore is the signature of this kind of fossilization. The same features of fossilization are described from reefs in the Devonian, Permian, and Triassic. 相似文献
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贵州长顺代化石炭系中间界线的沉积相研究 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
在碳酸盐微相的详细研究基础上，贵州长顺代化下、上石炭统剖面由下至上可分出５个主要沉积相：盆地相、开阔海陆架相、下斜坡相、中斜坡相和上斜坡相，下、上石炭统界线处于连续沉积的中斜坡相内。 相似文献
15.
礁、礁丘、丘同属碳酸盐建隆,礁、滩是重要勘探目的层。但各自在沉积组分、组构、环境和时空分布,以及油气地质条件上迥然不同,因而无论从理论还是勘探实践上,都有必要将其各成体系划分开来。礁滩自身为好储集岩,当建设性成岩作用叠加后可形成好的储层。碳酸盐岩优质储层形成,主要受沉积微相与建设性成岩作用两大因素控制。前者是基础,并以高能的礁滩相带为最好;后者主要包括破裂、白云石化和溶蚀三大类,并以白云石化或溶蚀为最优,其中的溶蚀分布最广泛、影响最深刻而对优质储层形成起决定性作用。礁滩储层中的古岩溶类型最为丰富多彩,包括同生期、准同生期、表生期和埋藏期热流体岩溶的所有类型,白云岩化礁滩体也不例外。其中,同生-准同生期岩溶的形成机制与礁滩沉积时高频层序旋回向上变浅序列的短暂暴露淋溶有关,表生期岩溶则受控于礁滩沉积后三级层序旋回Ⅰ型界面的暴露淋溶。由此,导致礁滩储层中除了可以也是(碳酸盐岩中)唯一保存原生孔隙外,还发育了次生溶蚀孔洞缝和大型溶洞。礁丘、灰泥丘尤其是丘间洼地中发育高有机质丰度烃源岩;它们自身没有有效的原生孔隙,但岩溶作用可以形成次生孔隙。 相似文献
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Stromatactis‐bearing mud‐mounds remain an enigmatic reef type despite being common in Palaeozoic ramp settings. Two well preserved Upper Devonian (Frasnian) mud‐mounds in the Mount Hawk Formation crop out side by side in the southern Rocky Mountains of west‐central Alberta and provide an opportunity to develop a new case study that can be compared with the other coeval examples, such as those well‐known ones in southern Belgium, as well as evaluate competing hypotheses for mud‐mound formation. The southern mud‐mound is 46·2 m thick and 38·6 m wide at the base, whilst the northern one is 53·3 m thick and 72·2 m wide at the base, and they exhibit three or four growth stages indicated by interfingering and onlapping geometries with flanking strata. The biota is diverse, but fossils only occupy 10·7% by volume, among which sponge spicules, echinoderms, ostracods, brachiopods and calcimicrobes belonging to Girvanella and Rothpletzella are the most common. Five microfacies are discriminated in the mud‐mounds: biomicrite, clotted micrite, spiculite, stromatolite and laminite, with clotted micrite comprising the largest proportion. There is no internal vertical or lateral palaeoecological zonation, and the presence of calcimicrobes and calcareous algae throughout indicates accretion entirely within the photic zone, in a deeper ramp setting seaward of a large carbonate platform to the east. Stromatactis is abundant and the cavities were mostly due to excavation by currents rather than physical collapse of spiculate siliceous sponges. Formation of lime mud involved a combination of multiple organisms, mechanisms and processes. Cyanobacteria were integral to mud‐mound frame‐building and accretion because they stabilized the surface, often permineralized to form Girvanella and provided organic matter that was decomposed by bacteria. This induced precipitation of micrite, forming early indurated rigid masses, evidenced by the presence of intraclasts, stromatactis cavities, isopachous marine cements, absence of bioturbation and rare synsedimentary brittle deformation. The same microbial components, invertebrate biota and clotted micrite occur in underlying strata, suggesting that there was a protracted period of potential mud‐mound initiation before the exact conditions arose to trigger it. The ramp setting, antecedent sea floor topography and relative sea‐level likely contributed together to control this. This study indicates that mud‐mound formation was controlled by a combination of processes, but they are essentially a microbial buildup. 相似文献
17.
盘龙洞生物礁发育于上二叠统长兴组的中上部,厚度约80m。生物礁主要为浅灰色块状海绵障积岩、海绵骨架岩。造礁生物主要为房室海绵、水螅、苔藓虫等;附礁生物主要为腕足、瓣鳃及腹足等;造架生物含量约为38％～50％;充填物为泥晶方解石,含量为50％～70％;孔洞丰富,多被方解石晶体充填,孔洞间连通性好。该生物礁及其上下地层均有大量的沥青,揭示着有过油气的运移过程。沥青充填可以分为两期：第一期充填于生物骨架孔隙、粒间孔隙、海绵体腔和都分其他生物体腔孔隙中;第二期主要充填于后期裂骧和次生孔隙中,该期的沥青广泛分布于生物礁和整个礁的盖层之中（包括亮晶砂屑灰岩和白云岩）,规模较大,含沥青的地层总厚度达120m左右。 相似文献
18.
Origin of subaerial Holocene calcareous crusts: role of algae, fungi and sparmicritisation 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
CHARLES F. KAHLE 《Sedimentology》1977,24(3):413-435
The Pleistocene Miami Limestone that crops out on the lower Florida Keys is overlain by thin (16 cm or less), discontinuous, Holocene calcareous crusts (caliche) that are usually laminated, composed dominantly of calcite micrite and may or may not incorporate part of the underlying limestone. Both allochems and sparry calcite cement in the former unit contain endolithic algae and fungi, borings and unicellular algae. Biogenic structures identical to those in the Miami Limestone also occur in the calcareous crusts but are somewhat less abundant in the latter unit versus the former unit. The calcareous crusts were formed in the vadose diagenetic environment. Some of the CaCO3 necessary for the micrite that comprises the bulk of the crusts was probably derived from solution of carbonate from a soil cover and some from wind blown salt spray. Most of the micrite, however, was formed by replacement of the uppermost portions of the Miami Limestone. Replacement involved micritisation of allochems and a previously unreported process, sparmicritisation, the degrading recrystallization of sparry calcite to micrite. Minor sparmicritisation was caused by micrite calcification of endolithic fungi or algae within sparry calcite cement or by micrite precipitation in empty borings within such cement. Most sparmicritisation took place by dissolution of sparry calcite and concomitant precipitation of micrite in the space occupied previously by the dissolved spar. Such sparmicritisation is interpreted to be caused by chemical reactions involving the crystals, pore water which is moving slowly but steadily and organic compounds released during bacterial decomposition of fungi, algae or both. It is recognized that sparmicritisation occurs in the marine diagenetic environment and is not, therefore, necessarily indicative of vadose diagenesis. Incomplete sparmicritisation is responsible for some of the clotted textures typically found within calcareous crusts and may explain such textures in many other carbonate rock types. A combination of sparmicritisation and micritisation has probably greatly influenced the porosity of many reefs and, in some cases, led to the formation of ‘micritic reefs’. 相似文献
19.
A consistent pattern for the silica sources, depositional environments and timing of chertification was observed in a diverse suite of five Late Mesozoic and Middle Palaeozoic carbonate sequences; the (1) Upper Greensand (Cretaceous) and (2) Portland Limestone (Jurassic) of southern England, (3) the Ramp Creek Formation (Mississippian) of southern Indiana, and the (4) lower Helderberg Group (Devonian) and (5) Onondaga Limestone (Devonian) of New York State. Nodular chert formation in all five limestone sequences occurred in sediments that were largely uncemented. Ghosts of pre-chertification carbonate cements are present in some chert nodules but are volumetrically minor. In every limestone sequence except the Upper Greensand, chertification occurred after burial to a depth sufficient for intergranular pressure solution and mechanical grain deformation of carbonate sand. Nodular chert is most abundant in subtidal, normal marine wackestones and mudstones that were deposited at or below fair-weather wave base, and is absent or rare in supratidal, intertidal and high-energy subtidal limestones and dolomites. An intraformational sponge spicule silica source for chert nodules is suggested by direct evidence, such as calcitized sponge spicules in the host limestone, and circumstantial evidence, such as ghosts of sponge spicules in chert nodules and a correlation of chert abundance with depositional environment. Most molds of siliceous sponge spicules were apparently obliterated by post-chertification intergranular compaction. We propose that these general trends for the depositional environments, silica sources and timing of chertification are representative of most Mesozoic to Middle Palaeozoic platform limestones. 相似文献
20.
首次发现峡东下奥陶统生物礁。造礁生物为攀苔藓虫、托盘藻、古钵海绵、蓝细菌和Pulchrilamina等。按造礁生物形成的格架类型有:粘结粒泥岩,藻粘结岩,攀苔藓虫障积岩,粘结障积岩等4种礁岩微相。这些微相在礁核中有、无和分布差异形成了灰泥岩隆礁,藻岩隆礁,攀苔藓虫障积岩隆礁和藻粘结-古钵海绵障积岩隆礁。各类礁都经历了奠基、发育、衰亡3个阶段。这一演化过程反映了沉积环境和水能量强度对礁发育的制约作用。 相似文献