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1.
Girmachew Adugna Zewdu 《GeoJournal》2018,83(5):1019-1034
Although Ethiopia has seen a reduction in refugee flows over the past decade, documented and undocumented labour migration has significantly increased. International migration has changed from that born out of conflict to irregular migration mainly driven by economic reasons. The source of migrants has expanded from urban centres to include rural areas, making them an important source of low-skilled labour for the international labour market. Based on a qualitative study, this paper explores the process and pattern of Ethiopian migration to South Africa, an emerging destination in the global South. This migration corridor is increasingly characterised by its irregularity. The paper also reflects how migration patterns shape the pattern of remittance flow, along with the way in which migrants and their networks substitute the function of financial institutions engaged in the remittance industry. It also highlights the features of remittances utilisation in emerging rural migrant community in Southern Ethiopia. 相似文献
2.
Brij Maharaj 《GeoJournal》2002,56(1):47-57
While South Africa's political transformation has been lauded internationally, one of the greatest challenges facing the post-apartheid
democratic government is undocumented immigration. There has been a xenophobic tendency to stigmatise immigrants, particularly
those from other African countries as criminals, as people who undermine economic development and take jobs from locals. The
aim of this paper is to critically review changing policies towards undocumented migration in post-apartheid South Africa.
More specifically, the paper will present a historical context to migration; question whether there are millions of illegal
immigrants in South Africa; identify reasons for the increasing influx of migrants into the country; analyse the rise of xenophobia
in the Republic; discuss problems associated with migrants; and assess changing immigration policies. The main reason for
leaving their home countries was a lack of employment opportunities. Therefore the migrants could be regarded as economic
refugees.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
Recent work on return migration in China suggests return migrants bring with them new knowledge, skills, and potentially beneficial relationships accumulated during their sojourns, enabling them to introduce new forms of leadership and community action. Social remittances of this kind could be read as carrying the potential to enhance collective action in support of sustainable local natural resource-based livelihoods. This study of the links between return migration, leadership and collective action in water management sounds a more cautionary note, demonstrating that home communities may respond to return migrants in ways that repeatedly mark and reiterate gender and kinship norms, reiterating gender, generational and clan-based social hierarchies. The paper draws on and contributes to recent feminist political ecology approaches to show how migrant returnees’ ’social remittances’ translate into leadership in collective action in a rural Chinese village in ways that reinforce existing gender hierarchies and social positions within the community, thus questioning the extent to which any influx of new ideas, relationships and practices acquired from migrant experiences necessarily destabilizes power and authority in the village in any meaningful way. 相似文献
4.
Land, ethnic, and gender change: Transnational migration and its effects on Guatemalan lives and landscapes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Migration to the United States of America from Guatemala effects many aspects of Guatemalan life. We document, through extensive ethnographic fieldwork, how migrants and their remittances effect gender relations, ethnicity, land use, and land distribution. Our evidence is drawn from research in four communities. San Pedro Pinula and Gualán represent communities of eastern Guatemala. San Cristóbal Totonicapán is an Indigenous town in Guatemala’s western highlands, and San Lucas is a lowland frontier community in the Guatemalan department of Ixcán, which borders Chiapas, Mexico. Our results reveal that migrants and their remittances, both social and tangible, result in significant changes in land use and land distribution in Ixcán. Migrant money permits the conversion of rainforest into cattle pasture and also results in the accumulation of land in the hands of migrants. In terms of land use, we see in San Pedro Pinula that migrant money also allows the Pokoman Maya to make small entries into the Ladino (non-indigenous) dominated cattle business. In San Pedro Pinula, the migration and return of Maya residents also permits them to slowly challenge ethnic roles that have developed over the last five centuries. When we look at how migration effects gender roles in Gualán and San Cristóbal we also note that migration and social remittances permit a gradual challenge and erosion of traditional gender roles in Guatemala. We point out, however, that migration-related changes to traditional gender and ethnic roles is gradual because migrants, despite their increased earnings and awareness, run into a social structure that resists rapid change. This is not the case when we examine land transformations in Ixcán. Here, migrants encounter few barriers when they attempt to put their new money and ideas to work. Despite the advantages that migration brings to many families, especially in the face of a faltering national economy and state inactivity regarding national development, we conclude that migration and remittances do not result in community or nation-wide development. At this stage migrant remittances are used for personal advancement and very little money and effort is invested in works that benefit communities or neighborhoods. We call for continued studies of the effects of international migration on Guatemalan hometowns that build on our initial studies to better understand the longer-term ramifications of migration in a country where no community is without migrants. 相似文献
5.
《Geoforum》2017
This intervention argues for the need of research to examine how information and communication technologies (ICTs) shape human mobility in the context of environmental change. ICTs are becoming increasingly central in the daily lives of migrants and communities at risk of environmental events. There is a lack of research, however, exploring how access to and the use of ICTs influences practices and dynamics of human mobility in the face of environmental change. I will outline this research gap and highlight areas for further research. I will do so by bringing together literature from human geography and environmental studies on migration and social resilience, and from sociology on the influence of our mobile and network society. In conceptualizing the role that ICTs play, I argue that the use of ICTs shapes human mobility through its impact on social network activities and relations. In this manner, this intervention builds on a growing body of research conceptualizing social networks – and related dynamics of power, access, in/exclusion – as shaping migration trajectories and abilities to cope with environmental events. 相似文献
6.
Ray Hibbins 《Geoforum》2005,36(2):167-180
This paper reports on a study of the effects of migration on constructions of masculinities among Chinese skilled male migrants to Australia over the past 50 years. Data were collected in in-depth, semi-structured interviews of a sample of 40 Chinese male migrants in Brisbane city. The respondents came from a variety of countries of origin and varied in marital status, sexuality, age and previous migration experiences as well as duration of settlement in Australia. Because of an immigration policy based on a points system for measuring skill potential among migrants, these informants were of middle to upper-middle socio-economic status. Core ideas which emerged from the study included: Chineseness; insularity; the centrality of family, kin and friendship networks; Chinese males in the workplace; the division of labour in the household; employment and the fears of unemployment. These Chinese skilled male migrants displayed qualities of hegemonic masculinity in their households where traditional Chinese division of labour persisted. The markers of masculinity included: centrality of work and education; being a successful provider and protector; the accumulation of wealth and power. Unlike local hegemonic variants of masculinity these males placed little emphasis on sport, sexual prowess and performance and alcohol consumption. There were no ambitions among this sample of males to model local variants of masculinities, however gay males in the sample while experiencing marginalisation, racism and homophobic behaviour at the hands of local hegemonically masculine males, were more like the local dominant males in terms of an emphasis on sexual performance and preferences for well-muscled and fit bodies. Gay males in the Chinese sample found it necessary to restrict their social circles and physical locales. This Australian study has demonstrated the importance of the cultural sensitivity of concepts in doing comparative studies, and of considering sexuality as a dimension of identity in migration research that seems to assume a heteronormativity in its samples. 相似文献
7.
《Geoforum》2016
Human migration may negatively impact biodiversity and is expected to increase in future, yet the phenomenon remains poorly understood by conservation managers. We conducted a mixed-methods investigation of a contemporary migration of traditional fishers in western Madagascar, a country which has been expanding its protected area system through the establishment of both strict and multiple-use sites, and critically evaluate different models of marine protected area in light of our findings. Interviews with fishers in major destination areas revealed that most migrants come from southwest Madagascar, use non-motorised vessels, and principally target sharks and sea cucumbers. Drivers of the migration include both push and pull factors (i.e. declining resource availability in areas of origin and the continued availability of lucrative resources for export to China). Traditional fisher migrants cause limited social conflict with residents and a number of environmental problems in destination areas: however artisanal fishers with motorised vessels probably represent a greater threat to marine resources than migrants, due to their greater harvesting capacity. We suggest that multiple-use arrangements may be more appropriate than strict protected areas in both source and destination areas, because they integrate the interests of migrants rather than marginalising them: however seascape-scale management provides the best approach for managing the threats and opportunities provided by the migration at the appropriate scale. 相似文献
8.
Susan P. Mains 《GeoJournal》2004,59(4):253-264
For some time the US-Mexico border has been a symbol – and site – of conflict, collaboration, and transnational mobility.
Related to the border, the topic of undocumented immigration, and Mexican migrants in particular, has received considerable
attention in US mainstream media. Cinema in particular, provides a context for producing and interrogating discourses of nationalism,
nativism, and fear. The cinematic examples I draw on illustrate an ongoing fear (and terror) about borders and border crossing of various forms. In this paper I explore how narratives of borders and
nationhood are mapped onto immigrant bodies and border spaces through specific filmic representations. In order to undertake
this study I focus on three cinematic examples exploring immigration at the US-Mexico border – Touch of Evil, The Border and Lone Star. I examine how concepts of borders, race, and gender, and tropes of ‘The South’ are reterritorialized around immigrant bodies
and specific locales. I argue that an inability to control and ‘fix’ boundaries around possible ‘threats’ to specific US spaces
and identities is counteracted by displacing this fear onto more easily marked targets that are viewed as posing challenges
to US national (and personal) security, i.e., undocumented immigrants. At the same time, cinematic images illustrate that
the threats and spaces for immigrants themselves become increasingly marginalized, blurred, and frequently erased.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
Miranda Miles 《GeoJournal》1993,30(1):85-91
The migration of Swazi women to the Witwatersrand in the period 1920–1970 marked an era of change in the lives of many Swazi women. Under the constraints of rural impoverishment, many women were forced onto the Swazi labour market, one which had little room for women. By the 1930s the exodus of Swazi women to the Rand had gathered so much momentum, that women quickly became objects of national concern to the British colonial government, Swazi traditional authorities and South African authorities. Their experiences as migrant workers in South Africa have largely gone unnoticed. As African women, they suffered the triple oppression of class, race and gender, and as foreign women were subject to a battery of laws designed to keep foreign Africans out of South Africa. The personal experiences of Swazi women as migrants and workers in South Africa are examined here, using life-history or personal narrative techniques which have considerable potential as a way of recovering hidden histories and reinstating the marginalised as makers of their own past. 相似文献
10.
China has experienced considerable migration from inland to coastal areas since the reforms of 1978, with migrants becoming
an important population in many coastal cities. Compared with non-migrants (long-term residents), migrant vulnerability to
typhoons is considered high due to limited access to job opportunities, social security, information, and other resources;
however, there is no research on vulnerability of this population sector to natural hazards. This initial study analysed the
perceptions and personal experiences of migrants living in Shanghai of typhoon hazards. During May 2010, empirical data were
collected using an online questionnaire and face–face interviews. Response data indicated that risk knowledge of migrants
was significantly lower than among non- migrants; differing risk perceptions between the groups were consistent with levels
of personal typhoon experience; statistically significant differences in hazard knowledge within the sample also related to
education and occupation; a variety of strategies to cope with typhoon hazards was being applied by residential committees;
and that migrants were not generally recognised as a vulnerable group requiring special consideration in hazard risk management.
To reduce the vulnerability of migrants to typhoons, we recommend expanding the range of accessible communication technologies
distributing warning information; organising more educational and training programmes, at government and corporate level,
to increase community awareness of natural hazards; encouraging local residential committees to promote social networks and
engagement for migrants; and providing corporate incentives to develop insurances specifically for migrant needs. Further
research is necessary to assess the differences in vulnerability between different types of migrants. 相似文献
11.
《Geoforum》2015
North Americans have had a profound affect on wildlife, especially migratory animals such as elk, bison, salmon, and many species of birds. Migration is a vital adaptation for these and other species. Yet despite this importance and the myriad ways in which people have influenced and understood migration, environmental geographers have devoted scant attention to it. This paper examines the role of animal migration in North American history. North Americans have affected and managed animal migrants in six primary ways: transforming migrant habitats; harvesting migrants; obstructing and facilitating migrants; working across borders; visualizing migrants; and accepting and resisting migrants. I examine these different aspects of animal migration history in North America and end with a discussion of how other geographers such as environmental historical geographers, political ecologists, and animal geographers can employ this framework. 相似文献
12.
Fouad Ibrahim 《GeoJournal》1998,46(2):135-140
Two ethnic groups of North Darfur, the Zaghawa and the Midob, are being compared as regards their migration behaviour and
their identification in their destination areas. Both groups have severely suffered as a result of the drought phase of the
last three decades, during which more than half of the Zaghawa and Midob have migrated southwards and to the towns.
Despite the similarity of the two ethnic groups, being non-Arab agropastoralists who are socially and politically marginalised
both within Darfur and within the Sudan, they show marked differences in their migration behaviour and ethnic solidarity.
The Zaghawa migrants are considerably more economically successful than the Midob migrants. The main reasons are:
– The Zaghawa started their outmigration earlier than the Midob. Thus, they could establish ethnically-based networks in Libya
and the Gulf countries, to which Zaghawa migrants can resort to make a good start in their destination areas. By the time
the Midob started their migration in the 1980s, the conditions of employment in the Arab oil countries had worsened.
– The Zaghawa show a strong clan solidarity. They readily lend money to young members of their clan to cover the high costs
of travelling to the Arab oil countries for work, where many of them have already established themselves.
– The Midob, both in the Sudan and abroad, have much less resources available. The only country open for them outside the
Sudan is Libya. Lacking capital, the Midob go there on camels, mostly illegally. Having no connections in Libya, except those
to other poor Midob there, they usually try to work in herding sheep and goats, which is not a lucrative profession.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
Caroline Nagel 《Geoforum》2005,36(2):197-210
Migration scholars increasingly have turned their attention to skilled migration, focusing, in particular, on the transfer of professionals within and between transnational corporations. Recent efforts have been made to bring a `cultural' analysis to this phenomenon, including greater scrutiny of the corporate cultures and social networks in which skilled migrants are embedded. This research has emphasised the importance of locality even among these most footloose and transnational of migrants. But despite these complex views of skilled migration, analyses have generated a somewhat limited conception of `skilled migrants' as managerial elites disengaged from local life. This paper examines skilled migration from a different perspective. First, using the case of Arab immigrants in London, this paper highlights the complicated nature of migration trajectories and reveals the diversity of patterns and experiences within the category of skilled migrant. Second, focusing on responses from female study participants, this paper examines the ways in which skilled migrants, rather than disengaging themselves from the host society context, may participate in the local politics of multiculturalism and integration. 相似文献
14.
In sub-Saharan Africa, the past two decades have witnessed a phenomenal increase in the use of mobile phones which has attracted diverse research. This paper explores mobile phone use and livelihood activities in some urban and rural areas of Ghana. Qualitative data were extracted from a larger study that covered 24 sites ranging from urban to remote rural locations in Ghana, Malawi and South Africa. The Sustainable Livelihood Framework provided guidance for the study. The main findings of the study indicate that mobile phones provide direct phone-related employment and indirectly enable some others to secure jobs through contact with friends/relations and also facilitate marketing of farm produce in terms of reduction in transaction cost, access to ready market and contacts for better prices for produce. Additionally, phone use enhances job organization through communication between apprentices and their bosses and also facilitates the migration process of some irregular migrants. As a livelihood capital, mobile phone has the potential to reduce vulnerability and improve upon people’s livelihood outcomes. There is therefore the need to make mobile phones more affordable, expand mobile phone network coverage and improve upon service quality to facilitate livelihood activities, particularly in rural areas of the country. 相似文献
15.
《Geoforum》2013
Despite a growing trend of migration to countries in the global South fueled by their natural amenities (i.e., natural amenity migration), research on this topic has predominantly been conducted in the global North. This is problematic given the notable socioeconomic, attitudinal, and behavioral differences between amenity migrants (often urbanites from developed countries) and local people (often rural residents of developing countries). Grounded in community field theory, this study begins to fill this gap in the literature by increasing our understanding of the ways in which local residents and amenity migrants interact in the amenity-rich community of Nuevo Arenal, Costa Rica. We found that linguistic, cultural, and spatial barriers (real and perceived) created a social climate in which the interaction between local residents and amenity migrants was primarily based on mundane interactions and did not lead to social integration. This proved to be a hindrance to the creation of the community field, which led to a lack of joint planning and participation in activities and projects that sought to improve the overall living conditions in the community. Explanations of these findings and the implications of such a divide are offered. 相似文献
16.
Hill Kulu 《GeoJournal》2000,51(3):135-143
This article examines the Estonian diaspora-policy and ethnic (return) migration from the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) to Estonia in the 1990s. Ethnic migration to re-independent Estonia began in 1992, when the Estonian government evacuated 170 ethnic Estonians from areas caught up in the Georgian-Abkhazian war. Along with this was created the institutional framework for receiving ethnic migrants from crisis areas of the CIS. Later, support and facilities were also granted to ethnic Estonians migrating from elsewhere in the CIS. As a result, about 1,200 ethnic Estonians from the CIS settled in Estonia in 1992–1996. The research supports that ethnic migration is a phenomenon in which the state policy plays a decisive role both in inducing migration and in selecting those who are granted the right to relocate. 相似文献
17.
Meshack M. Khosa 《GeoJournal》1990,22(3):251-259
Bus fare subsidy, the difference between an economic fare charged by a bus operator and the amount paid by Black passengers, has played a vital role in the formation of the apartheid city in South Africa. Until 1986 employers paid transport levies on a weekly or monthly basis whilst the Government budgeted the contribution through Department of Transport vote. Transport subsidies reveals that subsidies were used to foster and facilitate the spatial organisation of urban areas. Subsidies were strongly associated with the geographical dislocation of Black communities from the centre of urban areas to the urban periphery. Subsidies first affected Black male workers in Johannesburg and a few geographical areas but were later extended to include African women, Coloureds and Indians. The theme that emerges from this paper is that the state used subsidies as one of the myriad strategies excluding Blacks politically, controlling them socially and making them dependent economically. 相似文献
18.
Meshack M. Khosa 《GeoJournal》1990,22(3):251-260
Bus fare subsidy, the difference between an economic fare charged by a bus operator and the amount paid by Black passengers, has played a vital role in the formation of the apartheid city in South Africa. Until 1986 employers paid transport levies on a weekly or monthly basis whilst the Government budgeted the contribution through Department of Transport vote. Transport subsidies reveals that subsidies were used to foster and facilitate the spatial organisation of urban areas. Subsidies were strongly associated with the geographical dislocation of Black communities from the centre of urban areas to the urban periphery. Subsidies first affected Black male workers in Johannesburg and a few geographical areas but were later extended to include African women, Coloureds and Indians. The theme that emerges from this paper is that the state used subsidies as one of the myriad strategies excluding Blacks politically, controlling them socially and making them dependent economically. 相似文献
19.
Gendering transnational communities: a comparison of Singaporean and British migrants in China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Studies of transnational communities and transnational labour migration have focused almost exclusively on the movement of low-skilled and unskilled workers across international boundaries. While these groups may be numerically dominant, it must be recognised that there are increasing numbers of managers and professionals engaged in work-related migration in association with the intensification of economic globalisation processes. Work which has been conducted on highly skilled migrants has largely been limited to examinations of intra-firm mobility and the workspace. This approach fails to consider the ways in which the migrants' experiences are embedded in the social, economic and political practices of the host country, but also in a specific household context. It is unsurprising, therefore, that the gendered dimensions of the life of these migrants and their accompanying family members has been somewhat under-researched.Flows of expatriates can lead to the constitution of both ‘communities of transnationals', as particular cities become foci of the activities of the ‘transnational capitalist class', as well as ‘transnational communities' which involve regular and sustained contact between individuals across national boundaries. In this paper we examine these social formations using two groups of migrants––British and Singaporean migrants to China (both mainland China and the Hong Kong SAR). We focus on the gender characteristics of these groupings, but also the gender division of labour in the creation and maintenance of these ‘communities'. The paper is based on qualitative research carried out in China, Singapore and the UK 1997–2001. 相似文献
20.
This paper argues that although the social networks of highly skilled migrants are important, British and Indian scientists in Boston tend not to use expatriate social networks. I demonstrate that wider differences in cultural norms to the indigenous population, homogeneity within a migrant group and length of time spent in the US are not the only factors that affect the participation of highly skilled migrants in expatriate social networks. Other factors such as the size of an expatriate group, the annual flow of migrants to a region as well as the propensity of expatriates to participate in indigenous social networks will also affect the extent to which they participate in these networks. 相似文献