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1.
宏观地震方法考虑吸收确定震源深度问题的通解 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
每个地震都有震源,而震源类型则各式各样,震源幅射能量到地面所产生的宏观场也各不相同,因此在近场,描述宏观场物徵的两个参数：源指标几何扩散率ｎ和吸收系数Ａ／ｋｍ＾２也因地震而异,它们的量值完全由实际的宏观场确定。由此导出完整宏观地震震源公式获得宏观地震方法考虑吸收确定震源深度问题的通解,对比能解和宏观地震震源深度公式各提出三种计算方法,以满足三种不同的需要,经过四个实例两公式的几种算法相互对比,结果 相似文献
2.
根据震源指标几何扩散率ｎ和近场吸收系数α／ｋｍ２都随实际地震而异的性质，导出了完整震源深度公式，并获得Ｋ－Ｇ问题的通解。对此通解及震源深度公式分别提出３种算法，效果都较好。利用计算所得震源类型，结合宏观场粗略地探索了震源几何学，为直接观察震源的钻孔设计提供了依据 相似文献
3.
根据震源指标几何扩散率ｎ和近场吸收系数ａ／ｋｍ＾２都随实际地震而异的性质，导出了完整震源深度公式，并获得Ｋ－Ｇ问题的通解。对此通解及震源深度公式分别提出３种算法，效果都较好，利用计算所得震源类型，结合宏观场粗略地探索了震源几何学，为直接观察震源的钻孔设计提供了依据。 相似文献
4.
宏观地震震源深度公式及其精确计算方法 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在I1＝I0、r1＝r0时证明了h＝r0,即极震区成为震中区时震源深度恒等于震中区等震线半径．它是震源深度的理论标准,并由此演译出宏观地震震源深度公式的精确计算方法．对比计算表明,完整宏观地震震源深度公式及其常规计算方法是最佳选择． 相似文献
5.
分析G-R-闵公式后得出,它是从点源幅射场导出的,与地震宏观场不相应。因在近场震源不能视作点源。在分析过程中,导出相当于点源、线源或面源以及复杂源的幅射场的深度公式。对实际的地震,它的源类型一无所知,所以不预作假定,将源指标几何扩散率n作为待定参数,导出了一个物理意义明确而又普遍化的震源深度公式。此公式的诸解法中,以计算方法准确、精度高,作图法有直观的优点,但准确性差、精度低,图算法只作获取粗略值和考察数据均匀性用。计算了9个8级以上巨震、1个71/2大震,和两个M_L=3的有感地震的震源深度,经对比结果很好,利用计算得出震源类型,结合宏观场研究了这些地震的震源几何学。并且首次在国际上给出宏观地震震源深度值的标准误差。 相似文献
6.
论确定地震震源深度的地震宏观方法及其解答 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
作者基于在近场震源不能视作点源的认识,分析导出了相当于线、面源幅射场的深度公式,进而对源的类型不予作假定,将源指标的几何扩散率n作为待定参数,导出了一个物理意义明确且普遍化的震源深度公式。该公式的诸种解法中,以计算方法较准确,精度高;作图求解有较直观的优点,但准确性差,精度低;图算法仅作为获取粗略值和考察数据的均匀性用。用该公式对我国发生的一些不同震级的地震的震源深度进行了计算,经对比,效果很好。利用计算所得震源类型,初步研究了这些地震的震源几何学,并且首次给出了宏观地震震源深度测定值的标准误差。 相似文献
7.
利用宏观地震震源深度公式和完整宏观地震震源深度公式，计算了中国地震目录等书刊上的宏观地震场(等震线图)资料，得出震级为8.6～3.0的200次地震的震源深度，研究了它们的地理分布，可见中国地震以浅源地震为多．震源深度＜9 km者在200次中有162次(81.0%)．其中深度＜5 km者有111次(55.5%)，此种浅震多分布在南北地震带邻近各省，少数散布在除浙江省以外的各省．深度在10～20 km的中深地震较少，仅32次(15%)，多半分布在南北地震带及新疆西部、陕西、山西和山东(沿郯庐断裂带并过海至东北)．深度超过20 km的深源地震很少，散见于云南南部及内蒙东端． 相似文献
8.
本文研究了俯冲带潜在震源区离散化方法及考虑俯冲带高震级地震震源破裂面和震源深度的场点地震动计算方法,推导了俯冲带潜在震源区地震危险性计算公式,并使用中国海域及邻区地震危险性模型进行地震危险性试算.结果表明,本文建立的考虑俯冲带潜在震源区的地震危险性算法能够实现场点地震危险性计算时对俯冲带高震级地震震源破裂面和震源深度的... 相似文献
9.
四川地震震级与烈度区面积和震源深度的关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文按照地震地质分区,同时考虑7级以上地震的空间分布特征,分四川为鲜水河、松潘—龙门山及马边地震带等几个区带,对四川1900年以来既有仪器测定参数、又有宏观烈度考查的33个地震资料,应用多元线性回归分析方法,统计拟合出了震级与不同烈度区面积、烈度值、震源深度之间的多组关系式,其一般形式为:■相关系数R大都在0.90左右,用部分地震检验的结果表明,震级误差一般小于0.3,震源深度误差一般小于5公里,基本消除了离散情况,笔者用求得的关系式对1900年以前的有三条以上等震线的部分历史地震的震级、震源深度进行了标定,结果也比较令人满意。 相似文献
10.
引言研究任何地震事件时,从地震宏观作用的研究到地震和核爆炸的识别,实际上都必须知道震源深度。确定震源深度是根据对记录初至震相的分析1956;1983),特别是对pP波和sP波初至相对于初动的时差分析来实现的。但是除了上述震相以外,在纵波开始部分可能存在其他一些转换波 相似文献
11.
Introduction The 21st century is the time for the exploitation and utilization of underground spaces. It is astrategic way to defeat the severe challenge that human are now confronting with, such as the lackof land, contamination of environment, traffic jam, waste of sources, and so on. The exploitationand utilization of underground space has become a global tendency, and a significant sign inevaluating the speed of modernization of cities. Facing the challenge, it is significantly necess… 相似文献
12.
以美国加州强震观测计划(CSMIP)的6个土工台阵和日本Hosokura矿台阵为研究对象, 以323组三分量地表和地下地震动峰值数据为基础, 按照台阵场地的软硬和土层分布, 将其分为基岩、 土层和ldquo;土层/基岩rdquo;台阵. 对于同一类台阵记录的所有地震, 分别按照震级和地表地震动峰值的大小将其分类. 对于同一类台阵的各类地震, 分别对加速度、 速度和位移峰值沿深度的变化进行统计分析, 得到沿深度变化的峰值比, 并且用非线性最小平方法, 采用指数衰减模型, 对峰值比沿深度变化曲线进行拟合. 通过对各类场地的各类地震的分析, 得到了地震动峰值沿深度变化的初步规律. 相似文献
13.
D. S. L. Lawrence 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1997,22(4):365-382
The hydraulics of overland flow on rough granular surfaces can be modelled and evaluated using the inundation ratio rather than the flow Reynolds number, as the primary dimensionless group determining the flow behaviour. The inundation ratio describes the average degree of submergence of the surface roughness and is used to distinguish three flow regimes representing partially inundated, marginally inundated and well-inundated surfaces. A heuristic physical model for the flow hydraulics in each regime demonstrates that the three states of flow are characterized by very different functional dependencies of frictional resistance on the scaled depth of flow. At partial inundation, flow resistance is associated with the drag force derived from individual roughness and therefore increases with depth and percentage cover. At marginal inundation, the size of the roughness elements relative to the depth of flow controls the degree of vertical mixing in the flow so that frictional resistance tends to decrease very rapidly with increasing depth of flow. Well-inundated flows are described using rough turbulent flow hydraulics previously developed for open channel flows. These flows exhibit a much more gradual decrease in frictional resistance with increasing depth than that observed during marginal inundation. A data set compiled from previously published studies of overland flow hydraulics is used to assess the functional dependence of frictional resistance on inundation ratio over a wide range of flow conditions. The data confirm the non-monotonic dependence predicted by the model and support the differentiation of three flow regimes based on the inundation ratio. Although the percentage cover and the surface slope may be of importance in addition to the inundation ratio in the partially and marginally inundated regimes, the Reynolds number appears to be of significance only in describing well-inundated flows at low to moderate Reynolds numbers. As these latter conditions are quite rare in natural environments, the inundation ratio rather than the Reynolds number should be used as the primary dimensionless group when evaluating the hydraulics of overland flow on rough surfaces. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
Identifying flows into, out of, and across boreholes is important for characterizing aquifers, determining the depth at which water enters boreholes, and determining the locations and rates of outflow. This study demonstrates how Single Borehole Dilution Tests (SBDTs) carried out under natural head conditions provide a simple and cheap method of identifying vertical flow within boreholes and determining the location of in‐flowing, out‐flowing, and cross‐flowing fractures. Computer simulations were used to investigate the patterns in tracer profiles that arise from different combinations of flows. Field tracer tests were carried out using emplacements of a saline tracer throughout the saturated length of boreholes and also point emplacements at specific horizons. Results demonstrated that SBDTs can be used to identify flowing fractures at the top and bottom of sections of vertical flow, where there is a change in vertical flow rate within a borehole, and also where there are consistent decreases in tracer concentration at a particular depth. The technique enables identification of fractures that might be undetected by temperature and electrical conductance logging, and is a simple field test that can be carried out without pumping the borehole. 相似文献
15.
Du Guangyin Gao Changhui Liu Songyu Pan Huangsong Guo Qian Luo Tao 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2021,20(2):317-328
This paper describes the improvement effect and mechanism of strengthening a liquefied sand foundation using the cross-vibration wing resonance method,through an indoor model test and numerical simulation.The results obtained from the model test showed that a vertical drainage tube was formed during vibration compaction,and finally a crater with a depth of 40 mm and a radius of 150 mm was formed with sloping sides.The sand layer obtained a good improvement effect after resonance vibration,especially in the middle-lower sand deposit.The variation in excess pore water pressure showed different behavior in three stages of the vibration process,and the value after treatment was less than before with a decrease of 18.81%.The vibration energy in the horizontal direction gradually decreased to zero,however the absorption of vibration energy of the soil presented obvious nonuniformity along the depth direction.The results of the numerical simulation were similar to the model test results,including the scope and variation of pore water pressure,and the ground settlement after treatment. 相似文献
16.
Deriving depths of deep chlorophyll maximum and water inherent optical properties: A regional model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Peng Xiu Yuguang Liu Gang Li Qing Xu Haibo Zong Zengrui Rong Xiaobin Yin Fei Chai 《Continental Shelf Research》2009
The Bohai Sea is a semi-enclosed inland sea with case-2 waters near the coast. A comprehensive set of optical data was collected during three cruises in June, August, and September 2005 in the Bohai Sea. The vertical profile measurements, such as chlorophyll concentration, water turbidity, downwelling irradiance, and diffuse attenuation coefficient, showed that the Bohai Sea was vertically stratified with a relative clear upper layer superimposed on a turbid lower layer. The upper layer was found to correspond to the euphotic zone and the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) occurs at the base of this layer. By tuning a semi-analytical model (24 and 25) for the Bohai Sea, we developed a method to derive water inherent optical properties and the depth of DCM from above-surface measurements. Assuming a ‘fake’ bottom in the stratified water, this new method retrieves the ‘fake’ bottom depth, which is highly correlated with the DCM depth. The average relative error between derived and measured values is 33.9% for phytoplankton absorption at 440 nm, 25.6% for colored detrital matter (detritus plus gelbstoff) absorption at 440 nm, and 24.2% for the DCM depth. This modified method can retrieve water inherent optical properties and monitor the depth of DCM in the Bohai Sea, and the method is also applicable to other stratified waters. 相似文献
17.
水下光照分布是影响水生态系统的重要因素,研究光合有效辐射衰减特征对于沉水植物恢复具有一定的指导意义.根据沉水植物生物量资料,将东太湖划分为沉水植物茂盛区、沉水植物稀疏区和无植物区3种区域.基于2019年夏季原位水下光场资料,探讨了东太湖光衰减特性和光照衰减因子的空间差异以及不同区域内的主导衰减因子,分析了东太湖的稳态阶段和富营养化水平,并阐述了真光层深度与透明度的关系,以期为东太湖沉水植物恢复和保护提供相关资料.结果表明:东太湖不同区域光衰减特性差异显著,光合有效辐射衰减系数(k d(PAR))在0.73~11.80 m^-1之间变化,真光层深度范围为0.39~6.31 m.不同区域的无机悬浮物和有机悬浮物浓度存在显著性差异,稀疏区叶绿素a浓度显著高于茂盛区,而与无植物区没有显著差异,有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)吸收系数在3种区域无显著性差异.k d(PAR)与无机、有机悬浮物的线性拟合效果较好,而与叶绿素a、CDOM拟合较差.水体吸收和散射作用是茂盛区光衰减的主要原因,无植物区域主导衰减因子仅有无机悬浮物,稀疏区由叶绿素a和无机悬浮物共同主导,是生态修复需要重点关注的区域,有机悬浮物和CDOM对东太湖光照衰减没有太大影响.东太湖目前正处于从草型稳态向藻型稳态过渡的阶段,整个湖泊属于富营养水平,真光层深度大约为透明度的2.7倍. 相似文献
18.
段星北 《地震学报(英文版)》1998,11(3):301-312
ＭａｃｒｏｓｅｉｓｍｉｃｆｏｒｍｕｌａｆｏｒｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｉｎｇｈｙｐｏｃｅｎｔｒａｌｄｅｐｔｈａｎｄｉｔｓｐｒｅｃｉｓｅｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｉｖｅｍｅｔｈｏｄＸＩＮＧＢＥＩＤＵＡＮ（段星北）４ＥｎｔｒａｎｃｅｔｏＮｏ．１１０ｏｆＢｕｉｌｄｉｎｇ... 相似文献
19.
湖泊光学研究进展及其展望 总被引：11，自引：4，他引：7
从湖泊光学研究理论框架、研究方法、水体生物光学特性、有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)生物地球化学循环、光与浮游植物相互关系、沉积物再悬浮光学效应、湖泊水色遥感等几个方面全面回顾了湖泊光学研究进展.湖泊光学研究理论框架主要包括各光学组份吸收、散射、漫射衰减及辐射传输方程;近年来,逐步发展了野外时空格局调查、水动力水华过程连续... 相似文献
20.
隐伏断裂不同深度CO2异常特征研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文对比研究了华北北部隐伏活动的唐山断裂和夏垫断裂以及隐伏不活动的香河－皇庄断裂上０．５ｍ和２．０ｍ深处的ＣＯ２异常特征，并初步讨论了ＣＯ２异常机理及不同深度ＣＯ２异常特征在判断隐伏断裂位置及其活动性中的应用。０．５ｍ深处的ＣＯ２在隐伏活动断裂和隐伏不活动断裂上均有异常；而２．０ｍ深处ＣＯ２在隐伏活动断裂上异常显著，在隐伏不活动断裂上则没有异常。２．０ｍ深处ＣＯ２异常范围比０．５ｍ深处ＣＯ２异常范 相似文献