共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Yukio Sadahiro 《GeoJournal》2000,52(3):237-252
The present paper proposes a new method for analyzing the spatial structure of retailing, using microscale locational data
of individual retail stores. The method is based on the probability density function (PDF) of stores estimated from their
locational data, and consequently it is applicable to both micro- and macro-scale retail analyses. The PDF approach provides
a set of quantitative methods that permit us (1) to measure the degree of agglomeration, (2) to classify spatial patterns
of store location, (3) to analyze the relationship between the size and function of retail agglomerations, and (4) to analyze
the spatial structure of retail agglomeration. An empirical study is performed to test the validity of the method, and some
empirical findings are shown.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Daniel Richard Palamara V. Boero Rodriguez J. Kellett S. Macaulay 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,61(3):613-623
An airborne electromagnetic survey was flown over 13 000 km2 in the Lower Macquarie Valley in central New South Wales, Australia. Whilst bulk conductivity values from the survey provide
useful insights into the regional hydrogeology of the area, mapping salinity and salinity hazards requires the derivation
of salt store values from the survey data. This paper describes the methodology of deriving salt stores from conductivity
data and accompanying physical measurements. A post-flight sampling programme involving physical, chemical, electromagnetic
and geological examination of cores from eight drill holes provides field-based measurements through which the bulk conductivity
data can be related to salt stores. Linear models were generated to understand the relationship between salt stores, conductivity
and other parameters, and to produce an optimum salt store map from the data. A strong relationship was evident between observed
salt stores and drill hole-derived observations, which include parameters such as conductivity, lithology, stratigraphy, lithostratigraphy/weathering
and depth. The main predictor for salt stores was observed conductivity with only a minor influence due to lithology. Significant
salt stores are predicted at depth in the northern part of the survey. Superficial salt stores are generally low (<4 kg/m3) in the Lower Macquarie and should not pose a threat to native vegetation or agricultural activities. 相似文献
3.
Local food is championed as one alternative response to industrial systems of food production and supply. While advocacy for local food is high, there is a lack of empirical evidence about the actual shape and scale of such food supply chains, especially from a retail perspective. Using supply chain diagrams, this paper presents a summary of ‘new’ agro-food geographies for five different retail types—farm shops, butchers, caterers, specialist shops, supermarkets/department stores—that all source local food from suppliers in the Scottish-English borders. Presented as five separate ‘shopping trips’, the paper examines where, how and why retailers source local food. Results reveal the complex nature of local food systems, especially in terms of intra-sector competitive dynamics (with a notable tension between direct forms of retail and established (independent) retailers), links and overlaps with ‘normal’ food retail systems and elastic notions of the ‘local’. The paper also draws a key distinction between locally produced and locally supplied food products. 相似文献
4.
Clifford M. Guy 《GeoJournal》1998,45(4):255-264
This paper reviews current methods used in classifying retail outlets and areas devoted to retailing, in the geographical
and town planning literature. For retail outlets, classifications based upon types of goods sold, and types of shopping trip,
are discussed. This is followed by an analysis of modern large store development which reflects property developers' and retailers'
concerns. Areas devoted to retail uses are subdivided into unplanned ‘retail areas’ and planned ‘shopping centres’. Traditional
classifications based upon central place theory are reviewed for both of these types, and found wanting in the light of recent
changes in retail development practice and consumer behaviour. Classifications based upon physical development characteristics
and type of shopping trip are recommended. Finally, classifications of urban retail location are examined.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
Paul L. Knox 《Geoforum》1981,12(3):255-264
Dispensing Chemists represent an important component in the organization of primary medical care in the United Kingdom, as well as providing a basic retail service. Over the past 30 years, the number of dispensing chemists' shops in Scotland has fallen by 40%, a withdrawal of services which has important spatial welfare implications. In this paper the locational dynamics of pharmaceutical retailing are examined, and the pattern of change between 1950 and 1980 is described. It is shown that the major trend, at both regional and intra-urban levels, is centralization. This trend is only weakly related to patterns in population change. Rather, it is the product of a general restructuring of retailing, reinforced by changes in the structure of the health care delivery system. 相似文献
6.
《Geoforum》1988,19(2):179-187
The 1982 U.S. summary data for retail sales (Census of Retail Trade) are analyzed in light of trends since 1958. The metropolitan economy consists of four sectors, namely CBDs, major retail centres (MRCs), non-CBD/MRC retailing and direct marketing. Total U.S. retail sales declined by some 1.6% during 1977–1982. Metropolitan retail sales increased, however, more than metropolitan population growth. This is related to the construction of outer-ring superregional centres which serve also exurban customers. Within metropolitan areas CBDs continued their absolute and relative decline, while MRCs grew, keeping their share in the metropolitan economy. Non-CBD/MRC retailing is the largest and increasingly growing sector. It represents demographic and economic changes that lead to an increased emphasis on speciality strip and small-town retailing. Direct marketing, while constantly growing, has not yet become a real threat to conventional store retailing. 相似文献
7.
8.
The retail geography literature has long recognised the importance of spatial and catchment analysis to inform decision-making relating to store development. However, less attention has been directed to store development “in practice” and, more specifically, how location research and geographical knowledge is leveraged across the wider retail business – in particular informing the marketing function. Through the use of a semi-structured interview and focus group methodology involving approximately 40 location planning, property and marketing analysts, we find that while some larger retailers have established close links between store development and marketing functions in the exchange of catchment, customer, competitor and loyalty card data to inform local marketing, product ranging, promotional mailings and post-opening store performance reviews, this tends to be the exception rather than the rule. We suggest there is a need for location planners to develop their intra-organisational legitimacy to engender a culture of knowledge-sharing and challenge the departmentalised, silo cultures that exist within some retailers in order to better leverage geographical insights and assist in the realisation of appropriate customer propositions and marketing strategies. 相似文献
9.
The pattern of commercial spaces in a city has never been the consequence of chance. Retailers have always searched for the ‘best location’, but the notion of what exactly constitutes the ‘best location’ has changed over the decades. It is no longer a question of being close-to-market. It depends on an amount of social, economic and even morphological aspects of urban life, not to mention intrinsic aspects of the retail sector itself, namely new types of stores, products and purchase and payment options. Consequently, the methods retailers have employed to determine ‘best location’ have also evolved, and today increasingly complex mathematical and geospatial models are in use. It should then be safe to assume that commercial geography has changed and therefore, commercial hierarchies need to be re-invented, or at least challenged. A current trend in the literature is revealing more than ever the influence of commerce in the spatial and morphological re-configuration of cities. Thus, the understanding of modern retail patterns may be a key issue in interpreting and regulating the processes of urban, social and economic development. Using as test-beds four Portuguese medium-sized cities, commercial and morphological data was collected, analysed and compared, applying spatial analysis techniques. Similar patterns were found between the four cities, which led to the proposal of two geospatial commercial distribution models, one for the city-centre and one for the suburbia. These models shed a new light on the structure of Portuguese medium-size cities, and may well be valid in other medium and small towns across Europe. 相似文献
10.
Steven R. Henderson 《Geoforum》2011,42(5):592-602
The period stemming from the late 1990s has witnessed the emergence of large scale city centre retail developments across England. Such projects have received government support because of their association with urban sustainability, in addition to the potential to catalyse broader regeneration and gentrification processes. Whereas some early projects proceeded relatively quickly, other schemes were delayed by complex land assembly requirements. Investigating beyond the formal compulsory purchase process, this paper draws on small businesses’ experiences of the land assembly process to provide a critical perspective on contemporary urban developments. It does so by drawing on interview material collected from small businesses affected by a proposed Retail Core Expansion within the city of Wolverhampton. By analysing attitudes towards communication practices, compensation discussions and relocation assistance, the picture is painted of an exclusionary development model and of limited support for existing land interests. Although active business responses are recognised, anxiety was prevalent because of the overwhelming dominance of future-orientated horizons and narratives. 相似文献
11.
In poor health: Supermarket redlining and urban nutrition 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Elizabeth Eisenhauer 《GeoJournal》2001,53(2):125-133
Over the past 100 years, ethnic minorities and the poor have become increasingly concentrated and isolated in low-income urban neighborhoods. While the demographic changes in cities are well documented, the parallel history of urban retailing is less well known. Little research has been done on changes in urban food retailing, particularly as they concern the urban poor. As the residential character of urban neighborhoods changed during the 20th century, so did the amenities available in those neighborhoods. The low point for urban retailing was in the 1980s, when cities experienced a net loss of supermarkets even as, nationally, store openings exceeded closings. The trend toward fewer, bigger stores located outside cities has continued to the present. Some critics have referred to this disinclination of large chains to locate in cities as `supermarket redlining'. Changes in food availability are a key element in the changing social conditions of the urban poor and, as good nutrition is critical for good health, a contributing factor in the decline of urban health. This paper will examine changes in urban retail food availability, the impact these changes have had on the health status of the urban poor, strategies utilized by the urban poor to address inadequate access to quality food sources, and the role of supermarkets in distressed communities. 相似文献
12.
There have been many studies of the retail industry in recent years, and of the impact that retailing has had on the spatial arrangement of urban areas and on consumer behaviour. Little attention has been paid, however, to employment in retailing, which is disturbing in view of its growing importance and its rapidly changing nature and composition. This paper examines the nature of the broad structural changes within the industry, and investigates their spatial consequences through a case study of employment generation within a system of suburban retail centres in Canberra, Australia. It is shown that the evolution of suburban centres, particularly those of a regional variety, has had an important and enriching impact on the suburban labour market. The regional centres are also seen to be the focus of the major structural employment changes currently affecting the retail industry. This has some important implications for urban planning. 相似文献
13.
14.
《Geoforum》2016
This paper presents e-resilience as a framework for assessing the extent to which retail centres have spatially differentiated vulnerability to the impacts of online consumption. This extends the conceptual model of resilience as applied to retail, and is operationalised through a novel methodology that develops two indices that balance both supply and demand influences. We describe the creation of a composite e-resilience indicator, and then calculate it for retail centres across England. Our findings suggest a geographic polarising effect, with least vulnerable centres identified as large and more attractive or as smaller local destinations with a focus on convenience shopping. Mid-sized centres were typically shown to be the most exposed, and are argued as having a less clearly defined function in contemporary retail. Such findings have wide policy relevance to stakeholders of retail interested in the future configuration of sustainable and resilient provision. 相似文献
15.
Gold has played an important role in the settlement and economics of the United States. Commercial production from 24 states totaled more than 420 million troy ounces (13,000 metric tons) from 1804 through 1995. There were, no doubt, early undocumented discoveries by Native Americans, but the first records are those from the mid-1600's in the east and from the 1770's in the west. Commercial production began in 1804 in North Carolina and spread among several Appalachian states in the 1820's and 1830's as placer deposits were discovered and exploited. After peaking in the 1830's and 1840's, Appalachian production began to decline as deposits were worked out and as miners moved westward in response to the news of the discoveries in California in 1848. Appalachian production virtually ceased with the Civil War while production from California and adjacent states remained at several millions of ounces per year. As the California Gold Rush waned, new discoveries brought the Rocky Mountain states, South Dakota, and Alaska into prominence. Local, state and total production responded to time of discovery, extent of placers, labor availability, technology, government mandates and, of course, the price of gold. By 1900, the major gold rushes had occurred and most of the major producing districts were defined; however, the fixed price of gold (since 1837) provided a decreasingly attractive incentive for more exploration and exploitation. The rise in the price of gold, during the Depression provided a powerful incentive to increase gold production, but one that was cut short by War Production Board Order L-208 which closed the gold mines in 1942. In the post-war period, the fixed price, combined with the prohibition of American gold ownership, again proved to be a disincentive and gold production dropped. The era of free gold price that began in 1968, followed by the permission for Americans to again own gold, brought new interest in gold with prices rising briefly in 1980 to US$850 per ounce and remaining above US$350 per ounce through 1995. This higher price, combined with the technology for bulk mining and processing of low grade ores, provided incentive for new exploration and exploitation. Consequently, gold production soared above 10 million ounces per year in the early 1990's with 65% coming from Nevada. There has been a general decrease in the grade of gold ores since the early 1900's and significant changes in the methods of recovery. Despite the decreasing grade, the reserves of recoverable gold have more than doubled since the early 1970's. 相似文献
16.
Graham Clarke 《GeoJournal》1998,45(4):289-298
Academic research has made an enormous contribution to applied problem solving in the areas of retail planning and marketing.
The aim of this paper is to review the changing methodologies used in store location research beginning with the work on simple
checklist and analogue techniques in the 1960s. The arrival of geographical information systems (GIS) heralded the start of
a second phase of work which eventually saw GIS established in many retail organisations. However, the main argument of this
paper is the need to consider more sophisticated modelling procedures if the different types of corporate growth strategy
are to be adequately investigated. This third phase of research development focuses on these models and illustrates the business
potential of such approaches through a number of case studies.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
18.
JANE DOVE 《Geology Today》1995,11(5):182-185
Most shoppers in Bath ignore the cladding on the front of the'Co-op'. Those pausing to look probably consider it marble. In fact, it is Larvikite, a type of syenite commonly used to clad high-street stores throughout Britain. A survey of shop fronts, banks and other services in this city reveals a wide variety of exotic imported marbles and granites attached to local Bath Stone at street level. Modern stone cladding is also found to extend beyond the post-war shopping area. Stromatolitic limestones and porphyritic granites peep out beneath Victorian shop windows in Milsom Street. Moreover, not all the cladding in this street is found to be modern. Scottish and Shap Granites, introduced into Bath in the nineteenth century, clad former banks and a Victorian department store. 相似文献
19.
柴达木盆地北缘侏罗系展布规律新认识 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
依据柴达木盆地北部冷科 1井等钻井及大煤沟剖面等露头的生物地层研究成果 ,重新建立了柴达木盆地北缘地层系统 ,并标定了地震剖面 ,追踪出了中、下侏罗统的分布范围及厚度。研究结果表明 ,早侏罗世时柴达木盆地北缘为断陷沉积 ,各次凹地层沉积最厚 ,且利于烃源岩发育 ;中侏罗世时柴达木盆地北缘为早期断陷、后期坳陷 ,烃源岩厚度及分布范围较小。这一成果 ,为确定柴达木盆地北缘主力烃源岩展布 ,开展油气地质研究及确定下步勘探方向奠定了基础 相似文献