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1.
A model treating a solar coronal hole as an axially symmetrical magnetic formation that is in equilibrium with the surrounding medium is proposed. The model is applicable in the lower corona (to heights of the order of several hundreds of Mm), where the influence of the solar-wind outflow on the state of the system can still be neglected. The magnetic field of the coronal hole is comprised of a relatively weak open flux that varies with height, which extends into interplanetary space, and a closed field, whose flux closes at the chromosphere near the coronal hole. Simple analytical formulas are obtained, which demonstrate for a given equilibrium configuration of the plasma and field the main effect of interest—the lowering of the temperature and density of the gas in the coronal hole compared to their values in the corona at the same geometric height. In particular, it is shown that, at heights of several tens of Mm, the temperature and density of the plasma in the coronal hole are roughly half the corresponding values at the same height in the corona, if the cross-sectional radius of the hole exceeds the scale height in the corona by roughly a factor of 1.5: R h ≈ 1.5H(T 0). In the special case when R h ≈ H(T 0), the plasma temperature in the hole is equal to the coronal temperature, and the darkening of the coronal hole is due only to an appreciable reduction of the plasma density in the hole, compared to the coronal density. An analogy of the properties of coronal holes and sunspots is discussed, based on the similarity of the magnetic structures of these formations. In spite of the fundamental difference in the mechanisms for energy transport in coronal holes and sunspots, the equilibrium distributions of the plasma parameters in these formations are determined only by the magnetic and gravitational forces, giving rise to a number of common properties, due to their similar magnetic structures.  相似文献   

2.
This paper describes a natural-gradient field tracer test to characterise solute-transport properties in a sand and gravel aquifer in the Hebei Province, northern China. Some laboratory-scale column tests on aquifer material and a local-scale field borehole-dilution test have been conducted previously, but the field test reported herein represents the only large-scale tracer test in the aquifer, which is the sole water supply to the city of Shi Jiazhuang and which is threatened by urban pollution. The aim of the study was to quantify the transport behaviour of nonreactive pollutants in this aquifer. Little quantitative data are available concerning its solute-transport properties; thus, the results of the tracer test are significant and critical for understanding pollutant transport and fate. The in-situ tracer test was carried out in the aquifer using a slug injection of the geochemically conservative, radioactive iodine tracer 131I. The longitudinal (α L ) and transverse (α T ) hydrodynamic dispersivities for solute transport in the field are 1.72 and 0.0013 m, respectively. The ratio of longitudinal dispersivity α L and the flow length at the field scale is 1:10. The ratio between α L and α T from the in-situ test (~1,300:1) demonstrates a dominant longitudinal dispersion in this fluvial sand and gravel aquifer. The tracer test further indicates a relatively short transit time for the aquifer (linear velocities ~13 m/d) under natural-gradient conditions. Electronic Publication  相似文献   

3.
The effects of a time lag in the magnetic quenching of the α effect is considered for an oscillating magnetic field in a Parker dynamo. The hypothesis of a parametric resonance in the system is justified, a modification of the solution is found, and the appearance of processes with periods much longer than the fundamental oscillation period is demonstrated.  相似文献   

4.
The thermo-elastic behavior of a natural epidote [Ca1.925 Fe0.745Al2.265Ti0.004Si3.037O12(OH)] has been investigated up to 1,200 K (at 0.0001 GPa) and 10 GPa (at 298 K) by means of in situ synchrotron powder diffraction. No phase transition has been observed within the temperature and pressure range investigated. P–V data fitted with a third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state (BM-EoS) give V 0 = 458.8(1)Å3, K T0 = 111(3) GPa, and K′ = 7.6(7). The confidence ellipse from the variance–covariance matrix of K T0 and K′ from the least-square procedure is strongly elongated with negative slope. The evolution of the “Eulerian finite strain” vs “normalized stress” yields Fe(0) = 114(1) GPa as intercept values, and the slope of the regression line gives K′ = 7.0(4). The evolution of the lattice parameters with pressure is slightly anisotropic. The elastic parameters calculated with a linearized BM-EoS are: a 0 = 8.8877(7) Å, K T0(a) = 117(2) GPa, and K′(a) = 3.7(4) for the a-axis; b 0 = 5.6271(7) Å, K T0(b) = 126(3) GPa, and K′(b) = 12(1) for the b-axis; and c 0 = 10.1527(7) Å, K T0(c) = 90(1) GPa, and K’(c) = 8.1(4) for the c-axis [K T0(a):K T0(b):K T0(c) = 1.30:1.40:1]. The β angle decreases with pressure, βP(°) = βP0 −0.0286(9)P +0.00134(9)P 2 (P in GPa). The evolution of axial and volume thermal expansion coefficient, α, with T was described by the polynomial function: α(T) = α0 + α1 T −1/2. The refined parameters for epidote are: α0 = 5.1(2) × 10−5 K−1 and α1 = −5.1(6) × 10−4 K1/2 for the unit-cell volume, α0(a) = 1.21(7) × 10−5 K−1 and α1(a) = −1.2(2) × 10−4 K1/2 for the a-axis, α0(b) = 1.88(7) × 10−5 K−1 and α1(b) = −1.7(2) × 10−4 K1/2 for the b-axis, and α0(c) = 2.14(9) × 10−5 K−1 and α1(c) = −2.0(2) × 10−4 K1/2 for the c-axis. The thermo-elastic anisotropy can be described, at a first approximation, by α0(a): α0(b): α0(c) = 1 : 1.55 : 1.77. The β angle increases continuously with T, with βT(°) = βT0 + 2.5(1) × 10−4 T + 1.3(7) × 10−8 T 2. A comparison between the thermo-elastic parameters of epidote and clinozoisite is carried out.  相似文献   

5.
Interaction of a fast shock wave generated during a supernova explosion with a magnetized star-companion of the supernova precursor produces a current sheet. We consider an evolution of this current sheet and show that a singularity (shock) is formed in finite time within the ideal magnetohydrodynamics framework. Charged particles (electrons) are accelerated in the vicinity of the singularity, and their distribution function has a plateau up to the energies of the order of 104 mc 2. These fast particles radiate in the γ-range in the strong magnetic field of the current sheet (B ≃ 106 G). Radiation is concentrated within a narrow angle around the current sheet, Δθ ≃ 3 × 10−4, and its spectrum has the maximum at several hundreds of keV. Presented calculations confirm the model of cosmological GRBs proposed earlier by Istomin & Komberg.  相似文献   

6.
The structure of deuterated jarosite, KFe3(SO4)2(OD)6, was investigated using time-of-flight neutron diffraction up to its dehydroxylation temperature. Rietveld analysis reveals that with increasing temperature, its c dimension expands at a rate ~10 times greater than that for a. This anisotropy of thermal expansion is due to rapid increase in the thickness of the (001) sheet of [Fe(O,OH)6] octahedra and [SO4] tetrahedra with increasing temperature. Fitting of the measured cell volumes yields a coefficient of thermal expansion, α = α0 + α1 T, where α0 = 1.01 × 10−4 K−1 and α1 = −1.15 × 10−7 K−2. On heating, the hydrogen bonds, O1···D–O3, through which the (001) octahedral–tetrahedral sheets are held together, become weakened, as reflected by an increase in the D···O1 distance and a concomitant decrease in the O3–D distance with increasing temperature. On further heating to 575 K, jarosite starts to decompose into nanocrystalline yavapaiite and hematite (as well as water vapor), a direct result of the breaking of the hydrogen bonds that hold the jarosite structure together.  相似文献   

7.
To perform a fuzzy risk assessment the simplest way is to calculate the fuzzy expected value and convert fuzzy risk into non-fuzzy risk, i.e., a crisp value. In doing so, there is a transition from a fuzzy set to a crisp set. Therefore, the first step is to define an α level value, followed by selecting the elements x with a subordinate degree A(x) ≥ α. The fuzzy expected values, Ea (x) \underline{E}_{\alpha } (x) and [`(E)]a (x) \overline{E}_{\alpha } (x) , of a possibility–probability distribution represent the fuzzy risk values being calculated. Therefore, we can obtain a conservative risk value, a venture risk value and a maximum probability risk value. Under such an α level, three risk values can be calculated. As α adopts all values between the set [0, 1], it is possible to obtain a series of risk values. Therefore, the fuzzy risk may either be a multi-valued risk or a set-valued risk. Calculation of the fuzzy expected value of a flood risk in the Jinhua River basin has been performed based on the interior–outer-set model. The selection of an α value is dependent on the confidence in different groups of people, while the selection of a conservative risk value or a venture risk value is dependent on the risk preference of these people.  相似文献   

8.
We have analyzed polarization observations of the subdwarf Bal 09, which is one of a group of hybrid sdB stars that display simultaneously both short- and long-period pulsations. Certain properties previously unknown for subdwarfs have been established for Bal 09, such as variations of the pulsation amplitude of the main oscillation mode, rotational splitting of multiplets, and variations of this splitting. Information about the stellar magnetic field must be considered if we wish to explain these properties. New observational data enabling estimation of the longitudinal magnetic field of Bal 09 have been obtained on the main stellar spectrograph of the 6-m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory. Studies of the longitudinal component of the magnetic field 〈B z 〉 were carried out using a regression analysis. This method simultaneously yields estimates of the uncertainty in 〈B z 〉. Test measurements of 〈B z 〉 were carried out using the same method. For the star HD 158974, which has zero total magnetic field, the estimated longitudinal magnetic field is 〈B z 〉 = −4 ± 5 G. The standard magnetic field for the Ap star α 2CVn was measured to be −363 ± 17 G, in very good agreement with measurements in the literature. The estimated longitudinal magnetic field for Bal 09 is 34 ± 63G—appreciably lower than values established earlier for six subdwarfs, ≈1.5 kG. The results of the regression analysis for both individual spectral subranges and for intervals containing characteristic spectral features did not indicate reliable detections of a magnetic field exceeding the uncertainties in 〈B z 〉. The uncertainty in 〈B z 〉, which was 60–80 G for the entire spectral range and 140–200 G for selected spectral intervals, leads to an estimated upper limit on the longitudinal magnetic field 〈B z 〉 for Bal 09. This estimate for 〈B z 〉 can place observational constraints on theoretical explanations for the amplitude variations of the pulsations, rotational splitting of multiplets, and possible variations of the internal structure of the star.  相似文献   

9.
The solar event SOL2012–10–23T03:13, which was associated with a X1.8 flare without an accompanying coronal mass ejection (CME) and with a Type II radio burst, is analyzed. A method for constructing the spatial and temporal profiles of the difference brightness detected in the AIA/SDOUVand EUV channels is used together with the analysis of the Type II radio burst. The formation and propagation of a region of compression preceded by a collisional shock detected at distances R < 1.3R ⊙ from the center of the Sun is observed in this event (R ⊙ is the solar radius). Comparison with a similar event studied earlier, SOL2011–02–28T07:34 [1], suggests that the region of compression and shock could be due to a transient (impulsive) action exerted on the surrounding plasma by an eruptive, high-temperature magnetic rope. The initial instability and eruption of this rope could be initiated by emerging magnetic flux, and its heating from magnetic reconnection. The cessation of the eruption of the rope could result from its interaction with surrounding magnetic structures (coronal loops).  相似文献   

10.
The new approach to the modeling of quiescent solar prominences is proposed. We solve the inverse magnetohydrostatic problem, when the pressure, density and temperature of plasma in the filament are calculated from the equilibrium equations using the given magnetic structure (magnetic flux function is proposed to be known). The new exact nonlinear solutions for dense (n ≈ (2?3) × 1011 cm?3) and cold (T ≈ (5?10) × 103 K) filaments, embedded in the plan, vertically stratified atmosphere (hot solar corona) free of magnetic field, are derived. The filaments are stretched along the horizontal axisy(the translational symmetry is assumed: ?/?y = 0) and located parallel to and above a photospheric, magnetic polarity reversal line. The magnetic field lines have a structure of magnetic flux rope with helical field lines in three-dimensional space; the strength of magnetic field falls rapidly with distance from a rope axis. No external longitudinal magnetic field is needed to equilibrate the prominence. The net electric current along the filament is equal to zero. The model of magnetic arcade with the deflection (sag) on the top, proposed by Pikelner (1971) as a basic form of normal prominence, is calculated also using the method proposed. It is shown that such magnetic arcade, having the magnetic field strength of few gauss only, can effectively maintain the equilibrium of cool dense filament at the heights about 50–60 Mm.  相似文献   

11.
The thermoelastic behavior of a natural clintonite-1M [with composition: Ca1.01(Mg2.29Al0.59Fe0.12)Σ3.00(Si1.20Al2.80)Σ4.00O10(OH)2] has been investigated up to 10 GPa (at room temperature) and up to 960°C (at room pressure) by means of in situ synchrotron single-crystal and powder diffraction, respectively. No evidence of phase transition has been observed within the pressure and temperature range investigated. P–V data fitted with an isothermal third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state (BM-EoS) give V 0 = 457.1(2) ?3, K T0 = 76(3)GPa, and K′ = 10.6(15). The evolution of the “Eulerian finite strain” versus “normalized stress” shows a linear positive trend. The linear regression yields Fe(0) = 76(3) GPa as intercept value, and the slope of the regression line leads to a K′ value of 10.6(8). The evolution of the lattice parameters with pressure is significantly anisotropic [β(a) = 1/3K T0(a) = 0.0023(1) GPa−1; β(b) = 1/3K T0(b) = 0.0018(1) GPa−1; β(c) = 1/K T0(c) = 0.0072(3) GPa−1]. The β-angle increases in response to the applied P, with: βP = β0 + 0.033(4)P (P in GPa). The structure refinements of clintonite up to 10.1 GPa show that, under hydrostatic pressure, the structure rearranges by compressing mainly isotropically the inter-layer Ca-polyhedron. The bulk modulus of the Ca-polyhedron, described using a second-order BM-EoS, is K T0(Ca-polyhedron) = 41(2) GPa. The compression of the bond distances between calcium and the basal oxygens of the tetrahedral sheet leads, in turn, to an increase in the ditrigonal distortion of the tetrahedral ring, with ∂α/∂P ≈ 0.1°/GPa within the P-range investigated. The Mg-rich octahedra appear to compress in response to the applied pressure, whereas the tetrahedron appears to behave as a rigid unit. The evolution of axial and volume thermal expansion coefficient α with temperature was described by the polynomial α(T) = α0 + α1 T −1/2. The refined parameters for clintonite are as follows: α0 = 2.78(4) 10−5°C−1 and α1 = −4.4(6) 10−5°C1/2 for the unit-cell volume; α0(a) = 1.01(2) 10−5°C−1 and α1(a) = −1.8(3) 10−5°C1/2 for the a-axis; α0(b) = 1.07(1) 10−5°C−1 and α1(b) = −2.3(2) 10−5°C1/2 for the b-axis; and α0(c) = 0.64(2) 10−5°C−1 and α1(c) = −7.3(30) 10−6°C1/2for the c-axis. The β-angle appears to be almost constant within the given T-range. No structure collapsing in response to the T-induced dehydroxylation was found up to 960°C. The HP- and HT-data of this study show that in clintonite, the most and the less expandable directions do not correspond to the most and the less compressible directions, respectively. A comparison between the thermoelastic parameters of clintonite and those of true micas was carried out.  相似文献   

12.
Physical differences in the formation of “gradual” and “impulsive” coronal mass ejections (CMEs) at heights of h < 0.2 R ⊙ just before and during the initial phase of their motion are studied using AIA/SDO ultraviolet data (h is the altitude above the solar surface and R ⊙ is the solar radius). The basic structure of a gradual CME is a magnetic rope located in the corona. During an hour or more preceding the initial phase, the magnetic rope demonstrates an increase in brightness and transverse size, first of the low, inner elements of the rope and then of elements in its outer envelope most distant from the Sun. The rope remains motionless during this time. The initial phase of a gradual CME begins from the motion of the magnetic rope’s outer envelope, which further becomes the basis for the CME frontal structure. At this stage, the inner low elements of the rope remain almost motionless. The initial phase of an impulsive CME begins with the appearance near the photosphere of a cavity moving away from the Sun; the dynamics of this cavity probably correspond to a magnetic tube filled with cool plasma rising from beneath the photosphere. This magnetic tube collides with and drags arch structures, which initially block the tube’s motion. These arch structures contribute to the CME formation, although the magnetic tube itself forms the basis of the CME.  相似文献   

13.
The dielectric constants and dielectric loss values of BeAl2O4 (chrysoberyl), MgAl2O4 (spinel), Be2SiO4 (phenacite), and Mg2SiO4 (forsterite) were measured at 1 MHz using a two-terminal method and empirically determined edge corrections. The results are: chrysoberyl, κ′ a =9.436, κ′ b =9.071, κ′ c =8.269; spinel, κ′ a =8.18; phenacite, κ′ a =6.28, κ′ c =6.06; and forsterite, κ′ a =6.867, κ′ b =7.392, κ′ c =6.739. The agreement between measured dielectric polarizabilities as determined from the Clausius-Mosotti equation and those calculated from the sum of oxide polarizabilities according to αD(M2M′X4) = 2αD(MX)+αD(M′X2) is ~ 1.0%.  相似文献   

14.
This study analyzes the response of glacier to climate change during the past 49 years in Urumqi River source region, the Tianshan Mountains of China. The temporal and spatial variations of winter mass balance (bn-w) at different time scales were analyzed to identify their response to climate change during 1988–2006 (The observation of winter mass balance observation began in 1988) on the Glacier No.1 at the headwaters of the Urumqi River, Tianshan Mountains, China. The winter accumulation shows a significantly decreasing trend. The results show that the cumulative values on Glacier No.1 is 2,202 mm water equivalent during 1988–2006 and the mean values is 116 mm a−1. Furthermore, the trend analysis of the winter mass balance indicates a rapid decrease since 1990, and the mean mass balance is only 79 mm a−1 during 1997–2006. Winter mass balance correlates well negatively with the total evaporation from September to April (r = −0.68, α = 0.01), and positively with the total precipitation from September to April (r = 0.74, α = 0.01). However, winter mass balance shows a weak correlation with mean minimum air temperature during September to April (r = −0.35), and runoff on September (r = −0.13).  相似文献   

15.
The compressibility at room temperature and the thermal expansion at room pressure of two disordered crystals (space group C2/c) obtained by annealing a natural omphacite sample (space group P2/n) of composition close to Jd56Di44 and Jd55Di45, respectively, have been studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Using a Birch–Murnaghan equation of state truncated at the third order [BM3-EoS], we have obtained the following coefficients: V 0 = 421.04(7) Å3, K T0 = 119(2) GPa, K′ = 5.7(6). A parameterized form of the BM3 EoS was used to determine the axial moduli of a, b and c. The anisotropy scheme is β c  ≤ β a  ≤ β b , with an anisotropy ratio 1.05:1.00:1.07. A fitting of the lattice variation as a function of temperature, allowing for linear dependency of the thermal expansion coefficient on the temperature, yielded αV(1bar,303K) = 2.64(2) × 10−5 K−1 and an axial thermal expansion anisotropy of α b  ≫ α a  > α c . Comparison of our results with available data on compressibility and thermal expansion shows that while a reasonable ideal behaviour can be proposed for the compressibility of clinopyroxenes in the jadeite–diopside binary join [K T0 as a function of Jd molar %: K T0 = 106(1) GPa + 0.28(2) × Jd(mol%)], the available data have not sufficient quality to extract the behaviour of thermal expansion for the same binary join in terms of composition.  相似文献   

16.
This paper reports the field evidence and the kinematical study of the motion of two blocks (A and B) mobilised by a rockfall in Lavone (Valtrompia, northern Italy) on 14 February 1987. The two sequences of impact marks left by the blocks on the ground surface were measured and the lithostratigraphical features of the debris slope were surveyed. On the basis of the field-collected input data, several computer simulations were carried out to calculate the coefficients of restitution (E) satisfying the trajectory conditions. The computed output values show that rebound trajectories require high coefficients of restitution (0.8 ≤ E ≤ 0.9). Back-calculated impact velocities range from 9.2 to 19.8 m/s. Trajectory heights vary from 0 to 2.4 m above the slope surface. Block trajectories differ considerably according to the circumstances of initial air projection, i.e. to initial rebound angle (αr). The calculated values of (αr) denote a considerable range (36°), emphasising the random nature of this parameter. The described case-history shows that rockfall computer analyses can be an effective tool to describe the bouncing propagation of single blocks but care must be taken in choosing the restitution coefficient E and the geometrical parameters of initial air projections.  相似文献   

17.
 The structural behavior of stuffed derivatives of quartz within the Li1− x Al1− x Si1+ x O4 system (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) has been studied in the temperature range 20 to 873 K using high-resolution powder synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD). Rietveld analysis reveals three distinct regimes whose boundaries are defined by an Al/Si order-disorder transition at x=∼0.3 and a β–α displacive transformation at x=∼0.65. Compounds that are topologically identical to β-quartz (0 ≤ x < ∼0.65) expand within the (0 0 1) plane and contract along c with increasing temperature; however, this thermal anisotropy is significantly higher for structures within the regime 0 ≤ x < ∼0.3 than for those with compositions ∼0.3 ≤ x < ∼0.65. We attribute this disparity to a tetrahedral tilting mechanism that occurs only in the ordered structures (0 ≤ x < ∼0.3). The phases with ∼0.65 ≤ x ≤ 1 adopt the α-quartz structure at room temperature, and they display positive thermal expansion along both a and c from 20 K to their α–β transition temperatures. This behavior arises mainly from a rotation of rigid Si(Al)-tetrahedra about the <100> axes. Landau analysis provides quantitative evidence that the charge-coupled substitution of Li+Al for Si in quartz dampens the α–β transition. With increasing Li+Al content, the low-temperature modifications exhibit a marked decrease in spontaneous strain; this behavior reflects a weakening of the first-order character of the transition. In addition, we observe a linear decrease in the α–β critical temperature from 846 K to near 0 K as the Li+Al content increases from x=0 to x=∼0.5. Received: 26 June 2000 / Accepted: 1 December 2000  相似文献   

18.
During June 2003, a period of mid level discharge (17,400 m−3 s−1), a parcel of water in the lower Mississippi River was sampled every 2 h during its 4-d transit from river km 362 near Baton Rouge to km 0 at Head of Passes, Louisiana, United States. Properties measured at the surface during each of the 48 stations were temperature, salinity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total dissolved nitrogen, dissolved macronutrients (NO3+NO2, PO4, Si(OH)4), chlorophylla (chla; three size fractions: < 5 μm, 5–20 μm, and > 20 μm) pigment composition by HPLC, total suspended matter (TSM), particulate organic carbon (POC), and particulate nitrogen (PN). Air-water CO2 flux was calculated from surface water dissolved inorganic carbon and pH. During the 4 d transit, large particles appeared to be settling out of the surface water. Concentrations of chla containing particles > 20 μm declined 37%, TSM declined 43%, POC declined 42% and PN declined 57%. Concentrations of the smaller chla containing particles did not change suggesting only large particulate materials were settling. There was no measurable loss of dissolved NO3, PO4, or Si(OH)4, consistent with the observation that chla did not increase during the 4-d transit. DOC declined slightly (3%). These data indicate there was little autotrophic or heterotrophic activity in the lower Mississippi River at this time, but the system was slightly net heterotrophic.  相似文献   

19.
 The lattice constants of paragonite-2M1, NaAl2(AlSi3)O10(OH)2, were determined to 800 °C by the single-crystal diffraction method. Mean thermal expansion coefficients, in the range 25–600 °C, were: αa = 1.51(8) × 10−5, αb = 1.94(6) × 10−5, αc = 2.15(7) ×  10−5 °C−1, and αV = 5.9(2) × 10−5 °C−1. At T higher than 600 °C, cell parameters showed a change in expansion rate due to a dehydroxylation process. The structural refinements of natural paragonite, carried out at 25, 210, 450 and 600 °C, before dehydroxylation, showed that the larger thermal expansion along the c parameter was mainly due to interlayer thickness dilatation. In the 25–600 °C range, Si,Al tetrahedra remained quite unchanged, whereas the other polyhedra expanded linearly with expansion rate proportional to their volume. The polyhedron around the interlayer cation Na became more regular with temperature. Tetrahedral rotation angle α changed from 16.2 to 12.9°. The structure of the new phase, nominally NaAl2 (AlSi3)O11, obtained as a consequence of dehydroxylation, had a cell volume 4.2% larger than that of paragonite. It was refined at room temperature and its expansion coefficients determined in the range 25–800 °C. The most significant structural difference from paragonite was the presence of Al in fivefold coordination, according to a distorted trigonal bipyramid. Results confirm the structural effects of the dehydration mechanism of micas and dioctahedral 2:1 layer silicates. By combining thermal expansion and compressibility data, the following approximate equation of state in the PTV space was obtained for paragonite: V/V 0 = 1 + 5.9(2) × 10−5 T(°C) − 0.00153(4) P(kbar). Received: 12 July 1999 / Revised, accepted: 7 December 1999  相似文献   

20.
The thermoelastic behaviour of anthophyllite has been determined for a natural crystal with crystal-chemical formula ANa0.01 B(Mg1.30Mn0.57Ca0.09Na0.04) C(Mg4.95Fe0.02Al0.03) T(Si8.00)O22 W(OH)2 using single-crystal X-ray diffraction to 973 K. The best model for fitting the thermal expansion data is that of Berman (J Petrol 29:445–522, 1988) in which the coefficient of volume thermal expansion varies linearly with T as α V,T  = a 1 + 2a 2 (T − T 0): α298 = a 1 = 3.40(6) × 10−5 K−1, a 2 = 5.1(1.0) × 10−9 K−2. The corresponding axial thermal expansion coefficients for this linear model are: α a ,298 = 1.21(2) × 10−5 K−1, a 2,a  = 5.2(4) × 10−9 K−2; α b ,298 = 9.2(1) × 10−6 K−1, a 2,b  = 7(2) × 10−10 K−2. α c ,298 = 1.26(3) × 10−5 K−1, a 2,c  = 1.3(6) × 10−9 K−2. The thermoelastic behaviour of anthophyllite differs from that of most monoclinic (C2/m) amphiboles: (a) the ε 1 − ε 2 plane of the unit-strain ellipsoid, which is normal to b in anthophyllite but usually at a high angle to c in monoclinic amphiboles; (b) the strain components are ε 1 ≫ ε 2 > ε 3 in anthophyllite, but ε 1 ~ ε 2 ≫ ε 3 in monoclinic amphiboles. The strain behaviour of anthophyllite is similar to that of synthetic C2/m ANa B(LiMg) CMg5 TSi8 O22 W(OH)2, suggesting that high contents of small cations at the B-site may be primarily responsible for the much higher thermal expansion ⊥(100). Refined values for site-scattering at M4 decrease from 31.64 epfu at 298 K to 30.81 epfu at 973 K, which couples with similar increases of those of M1 and M2 sites. These changes in site scattering are interpreted in terms of Mn ↔ Mg exchange involving M1,2 ↔ M4, which was first detected at 673 K.  相似文献   

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