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1.
The Kachchh region of Gujarat, India bore the brunt of a disastrous earthquake of magnitude Mw = 7.6 that occurred on January 26, 2001. The major cause of failure of various structures including earthen dams was noted to be the presence of liquefiable alluvium in the foundation soil. Results of back-analysis of failures of Chang, Tappar, Kaswati and Rudramata earth dams using pseudo-static limit equilibrium approach presented in this paper confirm that the presence of liquefiable layer contributed to lesser factors of safety leading to a base type of failure that was also observed in the field. Following the earthquake, earth dams have been rehabilitated by the concerned authority and it is imperative that the reconstructed sections of earth dams be reanalyzed. It is also increasingly realized that risk assessment of dams in view of the large-scale investment made and probabilistic analysis is necessary. In this study, it is demonstrated that the probabilistic approach when used in conjunction with deterministic approach helps in providing a rational solution for quantification of safety of the dam and in the estimation of risk associated with the dam construction. 相似文献
2.
Multi-sensor approach to settlement analysis of earth dams 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In this paper, a fusion method for the settlement study of the earth dams based on geodetic and geotechnical data is developed.
The developed method can be algorithmically explained as follows: (a) interpolation of the geotechnical data to the epoch
of geodetic observations by four degree polynomial fitting, which serves as a low-pass filter. (b) Conversion of the initial
observations into time series of the dam heights at the geodetic and geotechnical stations. (c) Fusion of the data from the
two sources at different fusion levels. (d) Final decision based on the deformation parameters derived from fused data. The
significant innovation of the proposed method centered upon its ability to incorporate geodetic and geotechnical observation
types into a one integrated solution through fusion. The method is numerically tested for the Karkhe earth dam by using geodetic
and geotechnical data from 1997 till 2009. The numerical evaluation at 229 check points indicates more than 70% improvement
in the settlementmodeling based on the fusion of the geodetic and geotechnical data, as compared to the settlement modeling
based on geotechnical data alone. 相似文献
3.
运用气体示踪进行土洞型岩溶塌陷监测预警是一种比较新的技术方法,其原理是通过气体在不同形状、规模的土体孔隙、裂缝和土洞中的运移规律研究,分析气体特征值与土体变形破坏的关系,进而间接判断土洞的发育情况,实现岩溶塌陷监测预警。本文以广州市金沙洲岩溶塌陷区为例,通过室内物理模型试验再现了土洞发育、形成到地面塌陷的全过程。运用气体示踪技术,按照土洞形成、土洞发育、土洞堵塞、土洞扩大和土洞塌陷五个过程,研究气体浓度、气体聚集时间等参数指标与土洞不同发育阶段的关系。结果表明:①土洞型岩溶塌陷发育程度与示踪气体浓度存在对应关系,气体浓度升高反映了土体变形破坏的进一步发育;②土体变形破坏程度与示踪气体浓度总体呈正相关关系,距离地面塌陷点越近浓度越高;③土体变形破坏程度与示踪气体浓度达到峰值浓度时间存在对应关系,距离地面塌陷点越近,气体浓度达到峰值的时间越快。根据以上试验结果,运用气体示踪技术进行土洞型岩溶塌陷监测预警是可行的,后期应探索预警阈值并进行野外现场实际验证。 相似文献
4.
Abbas Abbaszadeh Shahri Katayoun Behzadafshar Roshanak Rajablou 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(3):881-892
The seismic response of existing earth dams in Iran is important after an earthquake both to provide emergency supplies and to society as well as to ensure structural safety in engineering terms. Better seismic capacity of earth dam results in less structural damage and reduced impacts following an earthquake disaster. Indirect as well as direct costs following earthquakes have gained much attention from both the engineering and socioec onomic research communities in the last few decades. This study is a valuable tool used to study the response of geotechnical structures to infrequent or extreme events such as earthquakes. The Avaj earthquake (2002, Iran) was applied to a series of model tests which was conducted to study the response of soil profiles under seismic loading. The acceleration records at different locations within the soil bed and at its surface along with the settlement records at the surface were used to analyze the soil seismic response. A combination of several software packages with a generated visual user interface computer code by authors named as “Abbas Converter” were employed to evaluate the variation of shear modulus and damping ratio with shear strain amplitude to assess their effects on site response. The proposed method was applied to the Korzan earth dam of Hamedan province in Iran. Site response analysis using the measured shear wave velocity, estimated modulus reduction, and damping ratio as input parameters produced good agreement with the computed site response in this study. 相似文献
5.
土石坝抗震安全的设计一般立足于预防结构的倒塌,如何使土石坝结构地震破损控制在可接受的风险水平是一个值得研究的重要课题。应用地震风险分析理论,建立了土石坝地震风险分析方法,包括地震危险性分析、地震易损性分析和地震灾害损失评估3个方面。在场地地震危险性分析基础上,将基于性能的抗震设计思想应用于土石坝结构地震易损性分析中,以土石坝坝顶相对沉陷为评价指标,划分土石坝震损等级,最后结合地震经济损失分析,建立了土石坝地震风险计算模型,在技术和经济上对土石坝地震破损风险进行分析计算。以某高土石坝为例,用该模型对大坝的震害和经济损失进行了预测分析,其结论可为土石坝安全评价及投资决策等提供依据。 相似文献
6.
基于地下水动力特征监测的岩溶塌陷预警阈值探索——以广州金沙洲岩溶塌陷为例 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
监测预警是岩溶塌陷地质灾害防治领域急需解决的技术难题。文章在总结当前岩溶塌陷监测预警研究现状的基础上,以广州金沙洲地区岩溶塌陷监测为例,通过对不同岩溶塌陷阶段地下水动力条件监测数据分析,发现数据异常值反映了不同工况地下水动态和岩溶塌陷发展阶段的突变关系,以此为基础,通过曲线拟合和残差分析确定了岩溶塌陷预警的置信带。通过对比分析异常值出现最多次数时间,最大及最小异常值出现时间和实际岩溶塌陷发生时间,验证了运用异常数据分析法进行岩溶塌陷预警是可行的,监测数据间隔越密,捕获的异常值越多,预警越准确。 相似文献
7.
Measurement of debris mass changes and assessment of the dam-break flood potential of earthquake-triggered Hattian landslide dam 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Ahsan Sattar Kazuo Konagai Takashi Kiyota Takaaki Ikeda Jorgen Johansson 《Landslides》2011,8(2):171-182
The Hattian landslide, which was triggered by the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, formed one of largest landslide dams in the world and it has posed a serious threat of flooding to people living in the lower reach of the Jhelum River. In order to understand deformation occurring in the body of the dam, physical measurements using a Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) were conducted. Gradual deformation and slowly developing backward erosion initially were observed, leading eventually to a sudden creation of a deep hollow on the downstream slope of the landslide dam. The dimensions of this eroded gully were determined by laser scanning, and the results showed a significant loss of soil volume and a large change in the body of the dam. A breach formation model was used to predict the outflow hydrograph generated by constant downcutting of dam during a breaching event. A run-off analysis of the outflow hydrograph was conducted to evaluate inundation levels of flood waves in case the dam is breached. Hazardous downstream locations were identified near the junction of the Karli and Jhelum Rivers, suggesting a need for early warning system in order to avoid loss of lives. 相似文献
8.
Pesaresi Damiano Picozzi Matteo &#;iv&#;i&#; Mladen Lenhardt Wolfgang Mucciarelli Marco Elia Luca Zollo Aldo Gosar Andrej 《Natural Hazards》2016,84(2):431-436
Since 2002 the Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale (OGS) in Udine (Italy), the Agencija Republike Slovenije za Okolje (ARSO) in Ljubljana (Slovenia) and the Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG) in Vienna (Austria), are collecting, analyzing, archiving and exchanging seismic data in real time, initially in the framework of the EU Interreg IIIa Italia-Austria project “Trans-national seismological networks in the South-Eastern Alps”. As outcome of the successful cooperation, in the 2013 OGS, ARSO and ZAMG decided to officially merge their seismic monitoring efforts into the “Central and Eastern European Earthquake Research Network—CE3RN”. This work reports the results of a nine-month real-time test of the earthquake early warning (EEW) algorithm probabilistic and evolutionary early warning system carried out at the CE3RN. The study allowed identifying the actions to be implemented in order to let the CE3RN become in the next future an efficient cross-border EEW system.
相似文献9.
Damiano Pesaresi Matteo Picozzi Mladen Živčić Wolfgang Lenhardt Marco Mucciarelli Luca Elia Aldo Zollo Andrej Gosar 《Natural Hazards》2017,86(2):431-440
Since 2002 the Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale (OGS) in Udine (Italy), the Agencija Republike Slovenije za Okolje (ARSO) in Ljubljana (Slovenia) and the Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG) in Vienna (Austria), are collecting, analyzing, archiving and exchanging seismic data in real time, initially in the framework of the EU Interreg IIIa Italia-Austria project “Trans-national seismological networks in the South-Eastern Alps”. As outcome of the successful cooperation, in the 2013 OGS, ARSO and ZAMG decided to officially merge their seismic monitoring efforts into the “Central and Eastern European Earthquake Research Network—CE3RN”. This work reports the results of a nine-month real-time test of the earthquake early warning (EEW) algorithm probabilistic and evolutionary early warning system carried out at the CE3RN. The study allowed identifying the actions to be implemented in order to let the CE3RN become in the next future an efficient cross-border EEW system. 相似文献
10.
覆盖层上土石坝非线性动力响应分析的地震波动输入方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
较多已建和待建的土石坝直接修筑于覆盖层上,合理描述土石坝与覆盖层之间的动力相互作用对大坝抗震安全评价至关重要。基于等效荷载和人工边界的地震波动输入方法能较好地反映出结构-地基之间的相互作用并得到了广泛应用。等效荷载和人工边界参数在均质线弹性地基条件下易于获得,而对于覆盖层地基,土体动力非线性特性给求解带来很大困难。鉴于此,首先根据覆盖层侧向边界的位移模式,发展了能高效、精确地获取多向地震动垂直入射时均质或成层覆盖层自由场非线性动力响应的简化模型;结合能动态实时获取地基材料参数的非线性人工边界,发展了一套覆盖层上土石坝非线性动力响应分析的地震波动输入方法。算例表明,发展的地震波动输入方法可大大减小计算网格量,并能较好地反映覆盖层对地震动频谱特性的影响且具有较高的精度。 相似文献
11.
文章以金沙江下游乌东德水电站坝区右岸水垫塘高陡边坡为例,系统探索了高度超过500 m的高陡边坡地质灾害调查识别与监测预警技术。针对常规方法难以准确捕捉高陡边坡危岩体变形破坏特征这一问题,创新采用了"登山攀岩速降技术与地质调查、工程地质测绘相结合"的方法,在乌东德水电站坝区水垫塘高陡边坡共调查识别了178个危岩体。在此基础上,通过构建分布式光纤应变实时监测系统和具有明显裂缝的危岩体布设拉绳位移传感器,实现了高陡边坡危岩体形变的实时监测,监测结果与实际危岩体变形一致。此外,在高程580~1600 m的坡体上还布设了6个地震动监测台站,捕捉到了包括2016年12月8日乌东德地震和2017年3月12日的鲁甸地震在内的大量地震加速度数据,并以此分析了乌东德地震波作用下的岩体动力响应特征,结果显示该边坡处于基本稳定状态。上述研究思路和方法对西南水电站高陡边坡稳定性监测预警和风险评估具有借鉴意义。 相似文献
12.
2020年6月26日晚21时左右,彝海镇大马乌村和大堡子村爆发大型山洪泥石流,此次泥石流灾害造成重大人员伤亡及财产损失。灾后通过收集当地基础资料,结合现场调访及野外勘察等手段分析泥石流成因：此次泥石流是由于前期地震及人类工程活动影响下,导致该流域松散固体物质丰富且未及时疏通治理;流域中上游坡体坡度较大,地势陡峭,为泥石流发育提供了良好的自然条件,6月26日晚上突降特大暴雨,超出降雨阈值,造成安宁河洪水泛滥,冲毁堤坝,引发特大泥石流。此次泥石流灾害给我们以重大警示：应加强泥石流防灾减灾知识宣传,指导当地居民选择合理场地进行工程活动并及时疏通河道,加强山地灾害监测预警,完善群测群防体系建设。 相似文献
13.
鲁甸MS6.5地震诱发红石岩右岸发生超大规模崩塌,并形成罕见的634 m特高崩塌边坡,严重影响后续堰塞体整治工程的安全。在现场特高边坡工程处置的基础上,提出了基于GNSS,多点位移计和锚索测力计的综合监测方法和技术。现场监测结果表明,经过工程处置的边坡,在监测期内,表面和深部变形缓慢且较小,坡体内没有发生明显的应力增高,边坡整体处于基本稳定-稳定状态。由于该山体受到震损后,岩体裂隙和后缘地表裂缝较多,后续应持续加强时实监测和预警工作。研究成果对于下部堰塞体整治工程以及后期堰塞体作为永久挡水建筑物的安全性具有重要意义,同时为类似工程提供参考。 相似文献
14.
Abbas Abbaszadeh Shahri Bijan Esfandiyari Roshanak Rajablou 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2012,5(4):555-564
During the earthquakes, a number of earth dams have had severe damages or suffered major displacements as a result of liquefaction, thus modeling by computer codes can provide a reliable tool to predict the response of the dam foundation against earthquakes. These modeling can be used in the design of new dams or safety assessments of existing ones. In this paper, on the basis of the field and laboratory tests and by combination of several software packages a seismic geotechnical-based analysis procedure is proposed and verified by comparison with computer model tests and field and laboratory experiences. Verification or validation of the analyses relies to the ability of the applied computer codes. By using the Silakhor earthquake (2006, M s 6.1) as a basis in order to check the efficiency of the proposed framework, the procedure is applied to the Korzan earth dam of Iran which is located in Hamedan Province to analyze and estimate the liquefaction and safety factor. Design and development of a computer code by the authors which was named as the ??Abbas Converter?? with graphical user interface which operates as logic connecter function that can compute and model the soil profiles is the critical point of this study. The results confirmed and proved the ability of the generated computer code on the evaluation of soil behavior during earthquake excitations. Also, this code was able to facilitate this study better than previous ones have, taking over the encountered problem. 相似文献
15.
The 12 May Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslide lakes: distribution and preliminary risk evaluation 总被引：26，自引：9，他引：17
The Wenchuan earthquake, measured at M
s 8.0 according to the China Earthquake Administration, occurred at 14:28 on 12 May 2008 in the Sichuan Province of China.
It brought overwhelming destruction to eight provinces and cities. Landslides and rock avalanches triggered by the earthquake
produced 257 landslide lakes which were distributed along the fault rupture zone and river channels. The authors traveled
to the disaster zone immediately after the earthquake to examine some of the features of the debris dams and performed a quick
evaluation of the potential for outburst of earthquake-induced landslide lakes for the purpose of disaster relief. The preliminary
analysis indicated that the landslide lakes could be classified as those exhibiting extremely high risk, medium risk, and
low risk according to field observations and remote sensing, to determine material composition, dam structure, dam height,
maximum water storage capacity, and size of the population potentially affected area. The failure risk of 21 debris dams were
evaluated as follows: one dam with an extremely high danger risk, seven dams with a high danger, five dams with a medium danger,
and eight dams of low danger. More concern was given to the Tangjiashan Lake and different scenarios for the potential sudden
failure of its dam were assessed. The risk evaluation result was accepted in full, by the earthquake disaster relief office.
A successful emergency dam treatment for risk reduction was planned, based on our assessments, and these measures were quickly
carried out. According to this research, the earthquake destabilized the surrounding mountains, resulting in a prolonged geohazard
for the area. Landslides and debris flows will continue to develop for at least 5 to 10 years after the Wenchuan earthquake
and will produce additional dammed lakes. Recommendations and plans for earthquake–landslide lake mitigation were proposed,
based on past successful practices. 相似文献
16.
F.J. Colomer Mendoza A. Ferrer Gisbert A. Gallardo Izquierdo M.D. Bovea 《Engineering Geology》2009,105(3-4):231-238
Homogeneous earth dams that are waterproofed with geomembranes are a suitable option for storing water and other sorts of liquids, like leachates from landfills. Such dams do not require complicated engineering technical calculations, their cost is usually low and they are not difficult to construct. To ensure the geotechnical safety of the dam, the slopes of the embankment must be correctly designed and constructed. This paper provides a set of nomograms which allow the user to get the safety factor of the slopes immediately. In some cases, it is only necessary to know previously the material classification according to the Unified Soil Classifications System. From this information it can be determined whether the material is appropriate or not. If the material classification is not available, geotechnical data of the material used in the construction of the embankment are needed. Examples of the application of nomograms are presented. Secondly, the paper includes a set of equations to calculate quickly the safety factor of a slope of earth upper than 7.5 m height. 相似文献
17.
Breaching parameters of landslide dams 总被引：11，自引：5，他引：6
Landslide dams pose enormous risks to the public because of the potentially catastrophic floods generated by breaching of
such dams. The need to better understand the threats of landslide dams raises questions about the proper estimation of breaching
parameters (breach size, breaching duration, and peak outflow rate) of landslide dams and the feasibility of applying models
for estimating the breaching parameters of man-made earthen dams to landslide dams. This paper aims to answer these two questions.
In this study, a database of 1,239 landslide dams, including 257 cases formed during the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,
has been compiled. Based on records of 52 landslide dam cases with breaching information in the database, empirical models
for estimating the breaching parameters of landslide dams are developed. A comparison study between landslide dams and man-made
earth and rockfill dams is conducted, which shows that the models for man-made earth and rockfill dams are not suitable for
estimating the breaching parameters of landslide dams. Two case studies are presented to show the application of the set of
empirical models developed in this paper. 相似文献
18.
Santi Pailoplee 《Natural Hazards》2014,74(3):1813-1827
In this study, the earthquake hazard was evaluated for all of 19 of the proposed or built dams along the Mekong River. All values representing a potential indication of hazardous earthquakes, such as the closest earthquake and seismogenic faults and including the seismic parameters required for a seismic safety evaluation, were clarified. The results will be useful in reviewing the safety of existing dams and for the design of suitable earthquake resistant specifications for any currently or future planned dam construction in this area. Seismotectonically, 14 of the 19 proposed Mekong River dams are located within an earthquake source zone. Most of faults are potentially still active, according to both seismicity and paleoseismological evidence. In addition, the maximum credible earthquakes were estimated to be in the range of 7–8 Mw for the closest fault zone of each dam. Previous isoseismal maps indicated a risk of shaking intensities of around scale III–IV (Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale) for the dams. According to the preliminary ranging of the International Commission on Large Dams, 9 of these 19 dams are classified as in an extreme hazard class and so need careful observation and monitoring of hazardous earthquakes. An effective mitigation plan should also be prepared for each operating dam. 相似文献
19.
The geologic structures associated with several selected dam sites in Jordan and the tectonic effects on dam foundations and reservoir margins are reviewed. Rock defects, especially discontinuities represented by faults and closely spaced, open joints are investigated. Related problems, such as loss of water from the reservoir by seepage and leakage within the dam foundation are evaluated. The regional seismicity is analyzed and a design earthquake is established for each dam site.
Two major embankment dams are investigated, together with two large proposed dams and several small dams.
This paper discusses in some detail the regional setting and site-specific geology, and the occurrence, size and inclination of faults and joints at each dam site. Moreover, the effects of the faults on the operational performance of each dam are described and specific techniques are used or proposed for remediation are outlined.
The study shows that the combination of faults and joint features cause leakage problems at the operational dams in Jordan. Although, preventive measures such as grouting have been implemented, further leakage and/or seepage problems are anticipated and a monitoring system is needed to control and foresee such problems.
Jordan is an earthquake-prone region. Consequently, it is recommended that the design of embankment dams in the vicinity of the Dead Sea-Jordan Valley Rift should include such considerations as dynamic loading and associated hazards, including embankment acceleration zoning, foundation liquefaction risk and rockhead rupture. The magnitude of the design earthquake at each dam site can be estimated following the guidelines of ICOLD (1989), which are based on probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. 相似文献
20.
Jia-Jyun Dong Yu-Hsiang Tung Chien-Chih Chen Jyh-Jong Liao Yii-Wen Pan 《Engineering Geology》2011,117(1-2):52-61
Landslides may obstruct river flow and result in landslide dams; they occur in many regions of the world. The formation and disappearance of natural lakes involve a complex earth–surface process. According to the lessons learned from many historical cases, landslide dams usually break down rapidly soon after the formation of the lake. Regarding hazard mitigation, prompt evaluation of the stability of the landslide dam is crucial. Based on a Japanese dataset, this study utilized the logistic regression method and the jack-knife technique to identify the important geomorphic variables, including peak flow (or catchment area), dam height, width and length in sequence, affecting the stability of landslide dams. The resulting high overall prediction power demonstrates the robustness of the proposed logistic regression models. Accordingly, the failure probability of a landslide dam can also be evaluated based on this approach. Ten landslide dams (formed after the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake, the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake and 2009 Typhoon Morakot) with complete dam geometry records were adopted as examples of evaluating the failure probability. The stable Tsao-Ling landslide dam, which was induced by the Chi-Chi earthquake, has a failure probability of 27.68% using a model incorporating the catchment area and dam geometry. On the contrary, the Tangjiashan landslide dam, which was artificially breached soon after its formation during the Wenchuan earthquake, has a failure probability as high as 99.54%. Typhoon Morakot induced the Siaolin landslide dam, which was breached within one hour after its formation and has a failure probability of 71.09%. Notably, the failure probability of the earthquake induced cases is reduced if the catchment area in the prediction model is replaced by the peak flow of the dammed stream for these cases. In contrast, the predicted failure probability of the heavy rainfall-induced case increases if the high flow rate of the dammed stream is incorporated into the prediction model. Consequently, it is suggested that the prediction model using the peak flow as causative factor should be used to evaluate the stability of a landslide dam if the peak flow is available. Together with an estimation of the impact of an outburst flood from a landslide-dammed lake, the failure probability of the landslide dam predicted by the proposed logistic regression model could be useful for evaluating the related risk. 相似文献