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1.
The analysis of a short core collected in the Tinto Estuary (SW Spain) permits to delimitate the influence of historical mining activities on sediments and microfauna (Foraminifera and Ostracoda). In very shallow palaeochannels of the middle estuary, a first mining period (~3,600 cal years BP) caused high sediment pollution by Cu, with a significant diminution of the palaeontological record due to continuous acid mining drainage processes. In this core, the polluted levels derived from both Roman extractions (2,000–1,900 years BP) and the extensive mining activities between 1870 and 1935 have been eroded. The 1,800–200 years BP period is characterized by a limited mining activity and an important improvement of this ecosystem. In addition, the effects of recent industrial wastes have been limited in this area.  相似文献   

2.
Six years of intensive study of the shallow water sediments of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico have indicated that there are many criteria by which ancient sediments deposited under similar conditions can be recognized. Thus the presence of echinoid fragments and of glauconite-filled Foraminifera tests favors marine shelf deposition over bay deposits; calcareous aggregates and grains of gypsum suggest high salinity bay deposits; abundance of wood fibers, high mica content, ferruginous aggregates, and well laminated sediments all are suggestive of deposition near river mouths; greater roundness distinguishes dunes from adjacent beach sands; and coarser grain size distinguishes beach sands from shallow shelf sands in the vicinity.Faunal assemblages of Foraminifera, Ostracoda, and Mollusca all serve to distinguish between bay and shelf deposits. Within the bays the faunas show a close relationship to salinity conditions whereas on the shelf the faunas are arranged in bands parallel to the shore and to the depth contours. Certain generalizations concerning the relation of faunas to environment can be made without detailed knowledge of the species.Contribution from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, New Series No. 997. Investigation supported by a grant from American Petroleum Institute, Project 51.  相似文献   

3.
The historical site of the Monte Mario lower Pleistocene succession (Rome, Italy) is an important marker of the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary. Recently, the Monte Mario site was excavated and restudied. A spectacular angular unconformity characterizes the contact between the Monte Vaticano and the Monte Mario formations, which marks the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary. Biostratigraphical analyses carried out on ostracod, foraminifer, and calcareous nannofossil assemblages indicate an Early Pliocene age (topmost Zanclean, 3.81–3.70 Ma) for the underlying Monte Vaticano Formation, whereas the Monte Mario Formation has been dated as early Pleistocene (Santernian, 1.66–1.59 Ma). Palaeomagnetic analyses point to C2Ar and C1r2r polarity chrons for the Monte Vaticano and the Monte Mario formations, respectively. The Monte Mario Formation consists of two obliquity-forced depositional sequences (MM1 and MM2) characterized by transgressive systems tracts of littoral marine environments at depths, respectively, of 40–80 m and 15–20 m. The data obtained from foraminifer and ostracod assemblages allow us to reconstruct early Pleistocene relative sea-level changes near Rome. At the Plio/Pleistocene transition, a relative sea-level drop of at least 260 m occurred, as a result of both tectonic uplift of the central Tyrrhenian margin and glacio-eustatic changes linked to early Pleistocene glaciation (Marine Isotope Stage 58).  相似文献   

4.
察尔汗盐湖的突然形成与地表系统巨变——据介形类研究   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14  
本文根据青海省柴达木盆地察尔汗盐湖中6个钻孔岩心介形类的研究,确定了咸水湖相、微咸水湖相、淡水浅湖-湖滨相和池沼相4类介形虫组合,发现该湖区在0.78MaBP以来长期处于寒冷、干燥气候背景下,基本是浅湖-湖滨相环境,只是在末次盛冰期开始时才突然形成盐湖。由于柴达木盆地西部自上新世末即为盐湖,故而盐类矿床沉积中心的迁移是地表系统巨变的反映,即地表径流及大气降水突然减少导致湖泊成盐。   相似文献   

5.
The Baqueró Group is one of the most relevant units regarding the study of the early diversification of angiosperms in South America. Whereas the age of the upper part of the Group, namely the Punta del Barco Formation, has been recently dated at 114.67 ± 0.18 Ma, the rest of the unit still lacks precise dating. In this contribution a CA-TIMS U–Pb zircon age of 118.23 ± 0.09 Ma for a tuff interlayered with fossiliferous rocks of the Anfiteatro de Ticó Formation (lower part of the Baqueró Group) is reported. This age constrains the duration of deposition of the Baqueró Group to approximately 4 Ma and provides new evidence for the age interpretation of the previously described angiosperm flora and associated pollen assemblages from this unit, until now interpreted as early Aptian or possibly Barremian in age. The Aptian age of the Baqueró Group allows a better comparison between the paleofloras from this southernmost region.  相似文献   

6.
New U–Pb SHRIMP ages in zircon, Ar–Ar ages in micas and amphiboles, Nd–Sr isotopes, and major and REE geochemical analyses in granitic gneisses and granitic stocks of the Central Cordillera of Colombia indicate the presence of a collisional orogeny in Permo-Triassic times in the Northern Andes related to the construction of the Pangea supercontinent. The collision is recorded by metamorphic U–Pb SHRIMP ages in inherited zircons around 280 Ma and magmatic U–Pb SHRIMP ages in neoformed zircons around 250 Ma within syntectonic crustal granitic gneisses. Magmatic U–Pb SHRIMP and Ar–Ar Triassic ages around 228 Ma in granitic stocks indicate the presence of late tectonic magmatism related to orogenic collapse and the beginning of the breakup of the supercontinent. During this period, the Central Cordillera of Colombia would have been located between the southern United States and northern Venezuela, in the leading edge of the Gondwana supercontinent.  相似文献   

7.
Integrated sedimentology, mineralogy, geochemistry, and microfossil and macrofossil biostratigraphies of the Maastrichtian–early Paleocene Dakhla Formation of the Western Desert, Egypt, provide improved age resolution, information on the cyclic nature of sediment deposition, and the reconstruction of depositional environments. Age control based on integrated biostratigraphies of planktic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils and macrofossils yields the following ages for stratigraphic and lithologic sequences. The contact between the Duwi and Dakhla formations marks the Campanian/Maastrichtian boundary (zone CF8a/b boundary) and is dated at about 71 Ma. The age of the Dakhla Formation is estimated to span from 71 Ma at the base to about 63 Ma at the top (zones CF8a–Plc). The Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary is within the upper unit of the Kharga Shale Member and marked by a hiatus that spans from 64.5 Ma in the lower Paleocene (base Plc) to at least 65.5 Ma (base CF2, base M. prinsii zones) in the upper Maastrichtian at Gebel Gifata, the type locality of the Dakhla Formation. As a result, the Bir Abu Minqar horizon, deposited between about 64.2 and 64.5 Ma (Plc(l) zone), directly overlies the K/T boundary hiatus. Major hiatuses also span the late Maastrichtian–early Paleocene in sections to the northwest (c. 61.2–65.5 Ma at North El Qasr, c. 61.2–69 Ma at Bir Abu Minqar and c. 61.2–65.5 Ma at Farafra), and reflect increased tectonic activity.During the Maastrichtian–early Paleocene a shallow sea covered the Western Desert of Egypt and the clastic sediment source was derived primarily from tectonic activity of the Gilf El Kebir spur to the southwest of Dakhla and the Bahariya arch. Uplift in the region resulted in major hiatuses in the late Maastrichtian–early Paleocene with increased erosion to the southwest. The area was located near the palaeoequator and experienced warm, wet, tropical to subtropical conditions characterized by low seasonality contrasts and predominantly chemical weathering (high kaolinite and smectite). A change towards perennially more humid conditions with enhanced runoff (increased kaolinite) occurred towards the end of the Maastrichtian and in the early Paleocene with shallow seas fringed by Nypa palm mangroves. Sediment deposition was predominantly cyclic, consisting of alternating sandstone/shale cycles with unfossiliferous shales deposited during sea-level highstands in inner neritic to lagoonal environments characterized by euryhaline, dysaerobic or low oxygen conditions. Fossiliferous calcareous sandstone layers were deposited in well-oxygenated shallow waters during sea-level lowstand periods.  相似文献   

8.
High grade granitoid orthogneisses occur in several metamorphic units of the Erzgebirge in the Saxothuringian Zone of the Variscan Belt. The determination of protolith ages and the geochemical characterization of these rocks permit a reconstruction of the Neoproterozoic to early Palaeozoic magmatic and geodynamic history of the Erzgebirge. Single zircon Pb-Pb evaporation and SHRIMP ages combined with major and trace element data and Sm-Nd isotope systematics indicate at least two discrete magmatic events concealed in the so-called red gneisses, one at ~550 Ma in rocks of the medium pressure—medium temperature (MP-MT) unit and the other at ~500–480 Ma in rocks of the high pressure units. The transition zones comprise both Neoproterozoic granitoids and early Palaeozoic metarhyolites. The granitoid gneisses represent Neoproterozoic calc-alkaline granitoids with REE patterns similar to those produced in Andean-type continental margins. The early Palaeozoic muscovite gneisses are geochemically distinct from the older granitoids and may be derived from melts generated in a back-arc setting. Initial Nd values in all samples overlap and range from –4.1 to –9.2, corresponding to crustal sources with average residence times of 1.5 to 1.9 Ga. Zircon xenocryst ages as old as 2992 Ma provide evidence for Grenvillian, Svecofennian-Birimian-Aazonian and older age components and suggest an association of the Erzgebirge with Avalonia.B. Mingram and A. Kröner have shared senior authorship  相似文献   

9.
The Mesoproterozoic Telemark supracrustals in southern Norway comprise two major assemblages of bimodal volcanic and clastic metasedimentary rocks. The older Vestfjorddalen supergroup evolved from A-type, ca. 1500 Ma continental felsic volcanism, via within-plate type basaltic volcanism, into open sea siliciclastic sedimentation, and produced an at least 5 km thick, quartzite-dominated sequence, the Vindeggen group. It overlies a basement formed by just slightly older, 1550–1500 Ma mature arc rocks. The younger, 1170–1140 Ma Sveconorwegian supergroup was characterized by bimodal volcanism, associated with plutonism, and with several intervening periods of clastic sedimentation. The metadiabase dated in this study cuts the Vindeggen group at the top of the older supergroup and is itself delimited by an unconformity at the bottom of the younger supergroup. The 1347 ± 4 Ma age, obtained by ID-TIMS analysis of zircon, defines a mimimum age for deposition of the Vindeggen group. The age is unique in the regional context but in general terms it fits a pattern of episodic and locally intense magmatism that characterized the Mesoproterozoic development of the margins of Proto-Baltica and -Laurentia and has been related to the evolution of a long-lived convergent margin. The similarities between some of these terranes and distinctiveness from others, in both orogens, may indicate outboard evolution of the Telemarkia and Frontenac terranes before their aggregation within the Sveconorwegian–Grenvillian orogen.  相似文献   

10.
In a comprehensive U–Pb electron microprobe study of zircon and monazite from the khondalite belt of Trivandrum Block in southern Kerala, we present age data on five key metapelite locations (Nedumpara, Oottukuzhi, Kulappara, Poolanthara and Paranthal). The rocks here, characterized by the assemblage of garnet–sillimanite–spinel–cordierite–biotite–K–feldsapr–plagiocalse–quartz–graphite, have been subjected to granulite facies metamorphism under extreme thermal conditions as indicated by the stability of spinel + quartz and the presence of mesoperthites that equilibrated at ultrahigh-temperature (ca. 1000 °C) conditions. The oldest spot age of 3534 Ma comes from the core of a detrital zircon at Nedumpara and is by far the oldest age reported from this supracrustal belt. Regression of age data from several spot analyses in single zircons shows “isochrons” ranging from 3193 ± 72 to 2148 ± 94 Ma, indicating heterogeneous population of zircons derived from multiple provenance. However, majority of zircons from the various localities shows Neoproterozoic apparent ages with sharply defined peaks in individual localities, ranging between 644–746 Ma. The youngest zircon age of 483 Ma was obtained from the outermost rim of a grain that incorporates a relict core displaying ages in the range of 2061–2543 Ma.The cores of monazites also show apparent older ages of Palaeo-Mesoproterozoic range, which are mantled by late Neoproterozoic/Cambrian rims. The oldest monazite core has an apparent age of 2057 Ma. Extensive growth of new monazite during latest Neoproterozoic to Cambrian–Ordovician times is also displayed by grain cores with apparent ages up to 622 Ma. The homogeneous core of a sub-rounded monazite grain yielded a maximum age of 569 Ma, markedly younger than the 610 Ma age reported in a previous study from homogenous and rounded zircon core from a metapelite in Trivandrum Block. These younger ages from abraded grains that have undergone fluvial transport are interpreted to indicate that deposition within the khondalite belt was as young as, or later than, this range. Probability density plots indicate that majority of the monazite grain population belong to Late Proterozoic/Cambrian age (ca. 560–520 Ma) with major peaks defining sharp spikes in individual localities.The age data presented in this study indicate that the metasediments of the Trivandrum Block sourced from Archaean and Paleo-Mesoproterozoic crustal fragments that were probably assembled in older supercontinents like Ur and Columbia. The largest age population of zircons belong to the Neoproterozoic, and are obviously related to orogenies during the pre-assembly phase of Gondwana, possibly from terrains belonging to the East African Orogen. Several prominent age spikes within the broad late Neoproterozoic–Cambrian age range displayed by monazites denote the dynamic conditions and extreme thermal perturbations attending the birth of Gondwana. Our study further establishes the coherent link between India and Madagascar within the East Gondwana ensemble prior to the final assembly of the Gondwana supercontinent.  相似文献   

11.
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12.
Archean terrains of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero comprise a greenstone belt association surrounded by granitoid–gneiss complexes, mainly composed of banded TTG gneisses whose igneous protoliths are older than 2900 Ma. This early continental crust was affected by three granitic magmatic episodes during the Neoarchean: ca. 2780 to 2760 Ma; 2720 to 2700 Ma; and 2600 Ma. Dating of felsic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks defines a felsic magmatic event within the greenstone belt association around 2772 Ma, contemporaneous with emplacement of several of the granitic plutons and constrains a major magmatic and tectonic event in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero. Lead isotopic studies of lode–gold deposits indicate that the main mineralization episode occurred at about 2800 to 2700 Ma.Proterozoic evolution of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero comprises deposition of a continental-margin succession hosting thick, Lake Superior-type banded iron formations, at ca. 2500 to 2400 Ma, followed by deposition of syn-orogenic successions after 2120 Ma. The latter is related to the Transamazonian Orogeny. The western part of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero was also affected by the Brasiliano Orogeny (600 to 560 Ma).  相似文献   

13.
Li  Ji-Jun  Fang  Xiao-Min  Van der Voo  Rob  Zhu  Jun-Jie  Mac Niocaill  Conall  Cao  Ji-Xiu  Zhong  Wei  Chen  Huai-Lu  Wang  Jianli  Wang  Jian-Ming  Zhang  Yie-Chun 《Geologie en Mijnbouw》1997,76(1-2):121-134
A paleomagnetic study of the 510-m-thick Wangjiashan section of Late Miocene and Pliocene terrestrial sediments reveals a fairly complete reversal record with ages from 11 to 1.8 Ma. The magnetostratigraphy of the Dongshanding section, located nearby, reveals a partially overlapping reversal record with ages from 2.2 to 0 Ma, and facilitates correlation of the Wangjiashan section with the global polarity time scale. A new stratigraphic division of the Wangjiashan section replaces the name Linxia formation by five new formation names, based on lithologic variation and mammalian fossil finds. The new formations and their magnetostratigraphically determined ages are: Dongshan Formation (c. 1.75–2.6 Ma), Jishi Fm. (c. 2.6–3.6 Ma), Hewangjia Fm. (4.5–6.0 Ma), Liushu Fm. (6.0–7.6 Ma), and Dongxiang Fm. (7.6–c. 12 Ma). The Neogene stratigraphy and fossil mammals suggest that the nearby part of the Tibetan Plateau experienced a persistent denudation during the Late Miocene and Early Pliocene, but that it was uplifted more rapidly at about 3.6 Ma.  相似文献   

14.
Chemical and U–Pb isotopic analyses of metaigneous rocks in the northern Oaxacan Complex in southern Mexico indicate that they form part of two granitic–gabbroic suites intruded at 1157–1130 and 1012 Ma, which were metamorphosed under granulite facies conditions between 1004 and 980 Ma. Although the older suite has both within-plate and arc geochemical signatures, the arc characteristics (enrichment of La and Ce relative to Nb, Ta, and Th) are inferred to result from crustal contamination, a conclusion consistent with their negative Nd signatures. The younger suite is spatially associated with anorthosites (from which we were unable to acquire a protolith age), suggesting that collectively it forms part of anorthosite–mangerite–charnockite–granite (AMCG) suites. The tholeiitic nature of the mafic rocks along with the within-plate character of the felsic rocks suggests that they were intruded during extension related to either farfield backarc rifting, rifting above a slab window, or anorogenic intercontinental rifting. Potentially correlative AMCG suites are widespread in Mexico, the Grenville Province of eastern Canada and northeastern USA, and the Andean massifs of Colombia, however, Pb isotopic data most closely resemble those in South America. These data are consistent with published hypotheses that suggest Oaxaquia represents an exotic terrane derived from Amazonia.  相似文献   

15.
柴达木盆地东南部的达参 1井 4 6 m处 ,介形类 Ilyocyprisinermis突然大量灭绝 ,使得介形类总体丰度大大减少 ,介形类生态组合也发生了明显的变化。该事件称为 Ilyocypris inermis灭绝事件 ,其年限约为 3万 a左右 ,具有十分重要的古环境意义。它是更新世晚期全球气候急剧恶化在柴达木盆地的反映 ,证明了柴达木盆地气候演化和全球气候具有同步性 ;另一方面 ,也为 3万 a左右青藏高原的隆升提供了微古生物方面的证据  相似文献   

16.
Cyclostratigraphic analysis of the Pliocene Zújar section (Guadix-Baza Basin, southeastern Spain) has enabled the recognition of a number of climatically forced cycles reflecting alternating dry and wet periods. Peaks of aridity are recorded at ca. 3.95, 3.55, 3.2, 2.8, and 1.8 myr B.P. The first dry period at about 4.0 myr B.P. corresponds to the early Ruscinian Mammal age, while the second arid interval at about 3.6 myr B.P. corresponds to the establishment of the Mediterranean double seasonality. The significant mammal turnover between the late Ruscinian and early Villanyian stages is placed between chron 2An.2n and the very base of chron 2An.1n, coincident with the dry phase recognized at about 3.2 myr B.P. The fourth aridity maximum at 2.8 myr B.P. roughly coincides with the Equus event in western Europe and is probably related to the beginning of the glacial–interglacial dynamics in the Northern Hemisphere. Finally, the last dry peak at about 1.8 myr B.P. is probably related to the set of mammalian events characterizing the transition from the late Pliocene faunas to those of the early Pleistocene.  相似文献   

17.
We develop a series of simple numerical models to explain the anomalous subsidence and deposition phenomena on the northern continental margin of the South China Sea, in particular in the Baiyun Sag. The results suggest that a short-period high rate deposition of around 17 Ma is related to a rapid subsidence event, which may be due to episodic emplacement of a dense intrusion. Necking and gravity models indicate that in the basement of the Baiyun Sag, there is a dense zone that is 100–200 kg/m3 more dense than the surrounding country rock. Considering its high magnetic intensity and regional igneous activity, the dense zone is thought to be related to a phase of basalt intrusion that may have taken place around 17 Ma. Thermal and subsidence models indicate that a hot denser intrusion can cause significant subsidence immediately after the intrusion. The subsidence rate then slows down with cooling, thus becoming consistent with the observed subsidence curves at around 17 Ma. The results also indicate that the lithospheric strength under the Baiyun Sag is negligible, and that the high-velocity layer in the lowermost crust may be not an original part of the pre-rift crust. Instead, it is thought to be underplated intrusion emplaced at around 30 Ma when the continental margin broke up.  相似文献   

18.
We report here U–Pb electron microprobe ages from zircon and monazite associated with corundum- and sapphirine-bearing granulite facies rocks of Lachmanapatti, Sengal, Sakkarakkottai and Mettanganam in the Palghat–Cauvery shear zone system and Ganguvarpatti in the northern Madurai Block of southern India. Mineral assemblages and petrologic characteristics of granulite facies assemblages in all these localities indicate extreme crustal metamorphism under ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) conditions. Zircon cores from Lachmanapatti range from 3200 to 2300 Ma with a peak at 2420 Ma, while those from Mettanganam show 2300 Ma peak. Younger zircons with peak ages of 2100 and 830 Ma are displayed by the UHT granulites of Sengal and Ganguvarpatti, although detrital grains with 2000 Ma ages are also present. The Late Archaean-aged cores are mantled by variable rims of Palaeo- to Mesoproterozoic ages in most cases. Zircon cores from Ganguvarpatti range from 2279 to 749 Ma and are interpreted to reflect multiple age sources. The oldest cores are surrounded by Palaeoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic rims, and finally mantled by Neoproterozoic overgrowths. In contrast, monazites from these localities define peak ages of between 550 and 520 Ma, with an exception of a peak at 590 Ma for the Lachmanapatti rocks. The outermost rims of monazite grains show spot ages in the range of 510–450 Ma.While the zircon populations in these rocks suggest multiple sources of Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic age, the monazite data are interpreted to date the timing of ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism in southern India as latest Neoproterozoic to Cambrian in both the Palghat–Cauvery shear zone system and the northern Madurai Block. The data illustrate the extent of Neoproterozoic/Cambrian metamorphism as India joined the Gondwana amalgam at the dawn of the Cambrian.  相似文献   

19.
Seven mylonitic samples and two coarse muscovites from the central Pyrenees have been dated by the 40Ar-39Ar method. Whole rock specimens of mylonite were cut out of thin-section chips allowing complete characterisation of mineralogy and texture. Several specimens showed rising staircase patterns in the range 50–90 Ma, with much higher ages in the highest temperature steps. This is believed to reflect mixing of argon released from micas with excess argon contained in plagioclase and released mainly at high temperatures. One biotite-quartz mylonite gave a plateau age of 93 ± 2 Ma. Other inferred mica ages are about 60–73 Ma for biotite and 50–60 Ma for muscovite; it is probable that biotite contains excess argon and that 50 Ma approximates to the cooling age in the mylonites. One coarse muscovite collected immediately below the major Mérens shear zone gave a Hercynian plateau age, while another collected within the Mérens zone gave a partially reset Hercynian age.Taken together, the data indicate that the shear zones were active in Alpine times < 100 Ma and probably about 50 Ma ago. They are believed to have formed during the early stages of Eocene compression in the Pyrenees. Deformation and resultant uplift probably terminated an important thermal event in this part of the Pyrenean basement, which may have begun at the time of the mid-Cretaceous North Pyrenean metamorphism (90–100 Ma).  相似文献   

20.
The Punta del Cobre belt is located 15?km south of Copiapó, northern Chile. It comprises several Cu(-Fe)-Au deposits in the Punta del Cobre and Ladrillos districts, east of the Copiapó river, and the Ojancos Nuevo district, with the new Candelaria mine, and Las Pintadas district, west of the river. The mineralization in the Punta del Cobre belt is characterized by a simple hypogene mineral assemblage of chalcopyrite, pyrite, magnetite, and hematite. Average ore grades are 1.1 to 2% Cu, 0.2 to 0.6?g/t Au, and 2 to 8?g/t Ag. Massive magnetite occurs as veins and irregularly shaped bodies. The ore is spatially associated with alkali metasomatism and in particular with potassic alteration. The Cu(-Fe)-Au deposits are hosted mainly in volcanic rocks of the Punta del Cobre Formation (pre-upper Valanginian) that underlie Neocomian limestones of the Chañarcillo Group. This region experienced backarc basin formation in the Neocomian, uplift and granitoid intrusions in the middle Cretaceous, and eastward migration of the magmatic front of about 30?km between middle Cretaceous and Paleocene. To determine the timing of ore deposition and to reconstruct parts of the thermal history of the Punta del Cobre district, in the eastern part of the belt, we have obtained 40Ar/39Ar incremental-heating and Rb-Sr analyses of mineral and whole-rock samples. An 40Ar/39Ar incremental-heating experiment on hydrothermal biotite, formed synchronous with the Cu(-Fe)-Au mineralization, yielded an inverse isochron age of 114.9?±?1.0 Ma (all errors reported at ±2σ), consistent with a Rb-Sr isochron of 116.8?±?2.7 Ma calculated from 7 whole-rock samples. These data are interpreted to represent the age of potassic alteration that accompanies mineralization. Ore formation temperatures of 400?°C to 500?°C were previously estimated based on paragenetic relationships. Shearing at the Candelaria deposit occurred after ore deposition and before the main stage of batholith emplacement. Published K-Ar ages for the middle Cretaceous batholith near the Punta del Cobre belt range from 119 to 97?Ma. Our data suggest that the mineralization is related to the earlier stages of batholith emplacement. The biotite age spectrum indicates that the Punta del Cobre district was not affected by temperatures above ～300?°C–350?°C, the closure temperature for argon in biotite, during the contact metamorphic overprint produced by later emplaced batholithic intrusions. Whole-rock 40Ar/39Ar ages are considerably younger; incremental-heating experiments yielded an inverse isochron age of 90.7?±?1.2?Ma and weighted mean plateau ages of 89.8?±?0.6?Ma and 89.5?±?0.6?Ma. These samples are dominantly K-feldspar, for which we assume an argon closure temperature of ～150?°C, thus they give the age of cooling below ～150?°C–200?°C.  相似文献   

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