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华明 《高原山地气象研究》2000,20(2)
利用5层P-σ坐标系统原始方程模式,以纬向平均环流为初始场,模拟了高原加热后,大气环流演变的一些基本特征.其主要特征如对流层高层出现了闭合的反气旋环流、低层高度场和温度场均有所降低等,与实际天气极其相似.说明青藏高原的加热对高原上空反气旋环流(南亚高压)和低层气旋环流以及东亚大槽等的形成和维持具有重要作用,对降水场的模拟也与客观分析结果一致. 相似文献
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青藏高原加热对南亚高压影响的数值模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用５层Ｐ－σ坐标系统原始方程模式,以纬 向平均环流为初始场,模拟了高原加热后,大气环流演变的一些基本特征,其主要特征如对流层高层出现了闭合的反气旋环流、低层高度场和温度场均不所降低等,与实际天气极其相似。说明青藏高原的加热对高原上熔反气旋环流（南亚高压）和低层气旋环流以及东亚大槽等的形式和维持具有重要作用,对降水场的模拟也与客观分析结果一致。 相似文献
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长波区间的太阳辐射在气候模式中往往被忽略。利用国家气候中心BCC_AGCM2.0.1大气环流模式,采用矩阵算子辐射传输算法,研究了长波区间太阳辐射对气候模式辐射通量和温度模拟结果的影响。结果表明,以ISCCP和CERES辐射资料为标准,考虑长波区间太阳辐射后,长波区间晴空大气地表向下辐射通量平均误差减小2.05 W/m2,均方根误差减少1.29 W/m2;长波区间晴空大气模式顶向上辐射通量平均误差减小0.70 W/m2,均方根误差减小0.21 W/m2;长波区间有云大气地表向下辐射通量平均误差减小1.38 W/m2,均方根误差减小1.03 W/m2;长波区间有云大气模式顶向上辐射通量平均误差减小0.99 W/m2,均方根误差减小0.30 W/m2。以ECMWF再分析资料为标准,考虑长波区间太阳辐射后,赤道地区上对流层—下平流层区域温度的冷偏差得到改善,对流层顶温度平均误差减小0.27 K,均方根误差减小0.25 K。 相似文献
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云分布的变化会对气候变化产生一个重要反馈。大气环流模式模拟表明在气候变暖时高云向上移动,自由对流层云总的说来减少。高云的移动可能是由对流层顶的向上移动引起的。据认为相对湿度及下部云量的减少可以归因于较暖气候条件下垂直运动的厚度增加,并且由于比湿增加大气辐射冷却也会向上移动。关于大气环流模式响应的诊断研究结果与这种机制是一致的。 相似文献
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大气环流模式IAP AGCM4.0对东亚高空副热带西风急流的模拟及偏差原因分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于中国科学院大气物理所大气环流模式IAP AGCM4.0总共30年(1979~2008年)的AMIP(大气环流模式比较计划)数值模拟试验结果,评估了模式对东亚高空副热带西风急流的模拟能力,分析了模式模拟偏差的可能原因,以及不同对流参数化方案对模拟结果的影响。结果表明,IAP AGCM4.0可以较好地模拟出东亚高空副热带西风急流冬季和夏季的空间结构及其季节变化特征;与JRA-25再分析资料相比,模式模拟的急流强度总体偏弱;就急流位置而言,模式模拟的急流位置冬季略偏南,夏季则相对偏北;模式可以较好地模拟出夏季西风急流的季节内演变特征,包括夏季西风急流位置逐月北跳的特征,只是模式模拟的逐月西风急流位置仍偏北。夏季200 h Pa纬向风EOF分解结果表明,模式模拟和再分析资料的EOF第一模态空间型态较为接近,均反映了西风急流的年际变化特征,但两者的时间系数相关较小,表明模式对西风急流南北位置年际变化的模拟偏差较大。针对模式模拟的地表感热通量及对流层中上层经向温度差(MTD)的分析结果表明,模式对阿拉伯半岛东南部、阿拉伯海西北部及印度北部的地表感热通量的模拟存在偏差,影响到对流层中高层温度场、高度场的模拟,使得IAP AGCM4.0模拟的MTD强度较再分析资料相对偏弱,MTD变化最大的区域位置相对偏北,且模式模拟的MTD年际变化与再分析资料相比也有较大偏差,从而造成模式对西风急流模拟的偏差。此外,不同积云对流参数化方案也可影响对流层中上层经向温度差的模拟,进而影响模式对东亚高空副热带西风急流的模拟。 相似文献
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应用国家气候中心气候模式(BCC_CSM1.1)CMIP5和AMIP试验结果对模式模拟南亚高压的能力进行了评估。结果表明,BCC_CSM1.1模式对作为北半球高层大气环流活动中心的南亚高压有较好的模拟能力。它能够模拟出南亚高压的气候平均状态、季节变化,对南亚高压脊线的位置、高压中心的位置及其季节变化也有较好的模拟。模式存在的主要问题是高度场和南亚高压强度的模拟结果较观测明显偏弱;模拟的脊线位置在冬半年要比观测略偏南;模拟的南亚高压中心在某些月份与观测有出入,例如,5月南亚高压中心的模拟较观测偏西,夏季南亚高压的双中心的位置与实际也略有差异;模拟的南亚高压强度偏低与多种因素有关。比较耦合模式与单独大气模式模拟的南亚高压强度发现,在给定观测海温的条件下,模拟的误差减小13%~15%。因此可以认为耦合模式的误差大部分来自大气分量。海洋模拟的改进虽然对总体的模拟结果有所改进但贡献不大;比较T106和T42两种分辨率的模式对南亚高压进行模拟结果发现,分辨率的提高明显减小了南亚高压及全球100 h Pa位势高度场的模拟误差。为验证地形强迫对模拟结果的影响,进行了改变青藏高原地形高度的试验,结果表明青藏高原地形高度对南亚高压的强度有明显的影响,高原高度升高将会促使南亚高压及更大范围的高层位势高度场增强。因此,正确给定高原地形这一模式的下边界条件,对模拟结果的改进有重要作用。 相似文献
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应用国家气候中心气候模式(BCC_CSM1.1)CMIP5和AMIP试验结果对模式模拟南亚高压的能力进行了评估。结果表明,BCC_CSM1.1模式对作为北半球高层大气环流活动中心的南亚高压有较好的模拟能力。它能够模拟出南亚高压的气候平均状态、季节变化,对南亚高压脊线的位置、高压中心的位置及其季节变化也有较好的模拟。模式存在的主要问题是高度场和南亚高压强度的模拟结果较观测明显偏弱;模拟的脊线位置在冬半年要比观测略偏南;模拟的南亚高压中心在某些月份与观测有出入,例如,5月南亚高压中心的模拟较观测偏西,夏季南亚高压的双中心的位置与实际也略有差异;模拟的南亚高压强度偏低与多种因素有关。比较耦合模式与单独大气模式模拟的南亚高压强度发现,在给定观测海温的条件下,模拟的误差减小13%~15%。因此可以认为耦合模式的误差大部分来自大气分量。海洋模拟的改进虽然对总体的模拟结果有所改进但贡献不大;比较T106和T42两种分辨率的模式对南亚高压进行模拟结果发现,分辨率的提高明显减小了南亚高压及全球100 h Pa位势高度场的模拟误差。为验证地形强迫对模拟结果的影响,进行了改变青藏高原地形高度的试验,结果表明青藏高原地形高度对南亚高压的强度有明显的影响,高原高度升高将会促使南亚高压及更大范围的高层位势高度场增强。因此,正确给定高原地形这一模式的下边界条件,对模拟结果的改进有重要作用。 相似文献
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BCC_CSM气候模式对中国区域气候变化模拟能力的检验 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了科学评价BCC_CSM气候模式的模拟效果,并为改进和完善此模式提供科学依据,以NCEP/NCAR 1948—2005年逐月再分析资料作为检验模式对应的实况场,利用距平标准化均方根误差、相关系数等方法对国家气候中心发展的BCC_CSM气候模式模拟中国气候变化的能力进行了检验,检验要素包括:对流层高、中、低层各季节的温度场、风场、相对湿度场和加热场等。结果表明,除春季外,其他3个季节实况场与模拟场的距平标准化均方根误差都较小;全年相关性都比较好,全国绝大部分地区均通过了α=0.05显著性水平检验;不同气象要素场的距平标准化均方根误差与相关系数呈现出季节性和区域性特征;模式模拟出了中国不同区域各个气象要素的年变化;与IPCC AR4中的13种模式相比较,BCC_CSM气候模式对中国区域地面温度场的模拟效果较好。 相似文献
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The impact of ocean–atmosphere coupling on the simulation and prediction of the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) has been investigated by diagnosing 22-year retrospective forecasts using the Seoul National University coupled general circulation model (CGCM) and its atmospheric GCM (AGCM) forced with SSTs derived from the CGCM. Numerous studies have shown that the ocean–atmosphere coupling has a significant effect on the improvement of ISO simulation and prediction. Contrary to previous studies, this study shows similar results between CGCM and AGCM, not only in regard to the ISO simulation characteristics but also the predictability. The similarities between CGCM and AGCM include (1) the ISO intensity over the entire Asian-monsoon region; (2) the spatiotemporal evolution of the northward propagating ISO (NPISO); and (3) the potential and practical predictability. A notable difference between CGCM and AGCM is the phase relationship between precipitation and SST anomalies. The CGCM and observation exhibits a near-quadrature relationship between precipitation and SST, with the former lagging about two pentads. The AGCM shows a less realistic phase relationship. The similar structure and propagation characteristics of ISO between the CGCM and AGCM suggest that the internal atmospheric dynamics could be more essential to the ISO than the ocean–atmosphere interaction over the Indian monsoon region. 相似文献
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模式大气中的年代际变化 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
用１９４５～１９９３年ＣＯＡＤＳ ＳＳＴ强迫ＡＧＣＭ进行了连续４９年的模拟积分,分析了模式大气中的年代际变化,并和ＮＣＥＰ再分析资料进行了比较。结果表明,模式大气中,无论是热带太平洋风场,还是中、高纬大气环流均存在显著的年代际变化;ＡＧＣＭ基本上能较好地模拟热带太平洋和中、中纬大气环流年代际信号的是分布和时间变化趋势;从时间变化上盾,热带太平洋风场的模拟结果要好于中、高纬大气,说明ＳＳＴ仍然是膨响 相似文献
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This paper critically reviews and intercompares land surface schemes (LSSs) as used in atmospheric general circulation models
(AGCMs) to simulate soil moisture and its response to a warmer climate, and potential evapotranspiration approaches as used
in operational soil moisture monitoring and in predicting the response of soil moisture to a warmer climate. AGCM predictions
of overall soil moisture change are in broad agreement but disagree sharply in some regions. Intercomparison projects have
sought to evaluate the LSSs used by AGCMs for both accuracy and consistency. These studies have found that different LSSs
can produce very different simulations even when supplied with identical atmospheric forcing. As well, LSSs that produce similar
surface results from present-day or control climates often diverge when forced with climatic change data. Furthermore, no
single LSS has been identified that produces an adequate simulation of all of temperature, moisture, evapotranspiration and
runoff. AGCM LSSs must resolve the surface energy balance (SEB) in order to compute realistic heat fluxes between with the
atmospheric model. LSSs have been used with AGCMs in both on-line (fully coupled) and off-line modes. In off-line climatic
change experiments, AGCM predictions of atmospheric temperature and precipitation have been used, along with model downward
radiative fluxes at the surface, to drive their own uncoupled LSS. However, there are simple non-energy-balance methods for
estimating evapotranspiration that have been traditionally used in agricultural and meteorological applications. These schemes
compute a potential evapotranspiration (PE) based on temperature and/or net radiation inputs, with the PE modified based on
the availability of soil moisture. Operational PE approaches have also been used with AGCM data in off-line climate change
experiments. The advantages of this approach are that it is simpler and requires less information, although (like the off-line
SEB approach) it leaves out the simulation of feedbacks between the surface and the atmosphere.Although the SEB approach is
essential for LSSs that must be coupled to AGCMs, this does not necessarily make it superior to an off-line operational PE
LSS when it comes to quantities such as soil moisture. The quality of current observational data is insufficient to demonstrate
that either approach is better than the other. Both approaches should continue to be used and intercompared when predicting
the impacts of climatic change on soil moisture. 相似文献
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The influence of ocean–atmosphere coupling on the simulation and prediction of the boreal winter Madden–Julian Oscillation
(MJO) is examined using the Seoul National University coupled general circulation model (CGCM) and atmospheric—only model
(AGCM). The AGCM is forced with daily SSTs interpolated from pentad mean CGCM SSTs. Forecast skill is examined using serial
extended simulations spanning 26 different winter seasons with 30-day forecasts commencing every 5 days providing a total
of 598 30-day simulations. By comparing both sets of experiments, which share the same atmospheric components, the influence
of coupled ocean–atmosphere processes on the simulation and prediction of MJO can be studied. The mean MJO intensity possesses
more realistic amplitude in the CGCM than in AGCM. In general, the ocean–atmosphere coupling acts to improve the simulation
of the spatio-temporal evolution of the eastward propagating MJO and the phase relationship between convection (OLR) and SST
over the equatorial Indian Ocean and the western Pacific. Both the CGCM and observations exhibit a near-quadrature relationship
between OLR and SST, with the former lagging by about two pentads. However, the AGCM shows a less realistic phase relationship.
As the initial conditions are the same in both models, the additional forcing by SST anomalies in the CGCM extends the prediction
skill beyond that of the AGCM. To test the applicability of the CGCM to real-time prediction, we compute the Real-time Multivariate
MJO (RMM) index and compared it with the index computed from observations. RMM1 (RMM2) falls away rapidly to 0.5 after 17–18
(15–16) days in the AGCM and 18–19 (16–17) days in the CGCM. The prediction skill is phase dependent in both the CGCM and
AGCM. 相似文献
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陆面过程对气候影响的数值模拟:SSiB与IAP/LASG L9R15 AGCM耦合及其模式性能 总被引：18，自引：2，他引：16
利用陆面过程模式 SSi B与 IAP/LASG发展的 L9R1 5AGCM的耦合 1 0 a积分试验 ,研究了全球尺度大气与地表的水分和能量交换以及陆地与大气环流和气候的相互作用。模拟表明 :SSi B模式可模拟出陆地上较为真实的表面通量及其日变化 ,较好地定量描述土壤 -植被 -大气连续体系 ( SPAC)中能量和水分的传输过程。因此 ,将其引入气候模式中能够模拟出比 CTL- AGCM更合理的气候平均状态、水汽分布以及水汽输送的气候特征 ,特别是亚洲夏季风水汽输送独特的地域性 ,再现了大气环流 ,尤其是陆面气候的基本特征。并指出 ,陆面过程参数化的引进及其陆面状况的变化显著地改善了全球陆地上的水分平衡状况。利用改进的再循环降水模式 ,进一步研究了陆面过程参数化明显改进降水模拟的物理机制。指出全球陆地 ,特别是盛夏北半球干旱、半干旱地区的再循环降水率明显减小 ,与陆面上表面潜热通量的显著减小区一致 ,从而克服了许多未耦合陆面过程的 AGCMs因对地表水过程非常简单地参数化导致的普遍存在着整个陆地降水偏高 ,改善了全球陆地上的水分平衡状况。因此 ,在充分耦合的陆气环流模式中模拟的降水分布与实况接近。 相似文献
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A GLOBAL COUPLED OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL OF SHALLOW WATER WAVE AND ITS NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2 
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下载免费PDF全文 A global coupled air-sea model of shallow water wave is developed based on coupled ocean-atmospheredynamics.The coupling is realized through the air-sea interaction process that the atmosphere acts on theocean by wind stress and the ocean acts on the atmosphere with heating proportional to sea surface temperature(SST)anomaly.The equation is harotropic primitive one.Response experiments of coupling system arealso carried out SSTA in two categories of intensities.Compared with the results of AGCM simulation ex-periment in which only the dynamic change of air system is considered,it demonstrates that the air-seainteraction between the tropical ocean and the global atmosphere plays a very important role in the evolutionof climate system.The results of numerical simulation show that it is encouraging. 相似文献
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BCC_AGCM2.1模式对平流层环流变化特征的数值模拟及其模式评估 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
使用国家气候中心大气环流模式BCC_AGCM2.1的30年模拟试验资料,对平流层纬向环流场、高空急流、极涡及爆发性增温过程进行了数值模拟研究,并使用欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）和美国国家环境预报中心（NCEP）的再分析资料对模式输出结果进行了对比、分析。结果表明：（1） 在观测海温、二氧化碳、气溶胶等外强迫地驱动下,BCC模式能够很好地再现出与再分析资料一致的平流层纬向平均风场、温度场的分布特征和季节变化过程;模拟得到的温度廓线和高空急流与再分析资料的主要差别出现在南、北半球冬季的中高纬度地区;模拟得到的平流层温度普遍偏低,主要的差异位于对流层顶区域和平流层高层。（2） 模拟的对流层上层的副热带急流位置偏南、强度也偏弱,而平流层中的绕极极夜急流则位置偏北、强度更大。这样的急流分布特征使模拟的行星波向赤道的波导更强,向极的波导偏弱;同时由于模式中本身可以形成的行星波就比再分析资料弱,因此导致模拟结果中北半球冬季的平流层极涡更加稳定、极区温度更低。（3） BCC模式对于平流层极涡的季节变化特征模拟得较好,但对强极涡扰动过程,即北半球冬季的平流层爆发性增温（SSW）事件则模拟效果不佳,不论是增温事件出现的频率,还是增温的时间、强度,模拟结果和再分析资料都还存在一定偏差,需要在今后的工作中逐步改善。 相似文献
18.
Summary A set of the inhomogeneity factor for high-level clouds derived from the ISCCP D1 dataset averaged over a five-year period
has been incorporated in the UCLA atmospheric GCM to investigate the effect of cirrus cloud inhomogeneity on climate simulation.
The inclusion of this inhomogeneous factor improves the global mean planetary albedo by about 4% simulated from the model.
It also produces changes in solar fluxes and OLRs associated with changes in cloud fields, revealing that the cloud inhomogeneity
not only affects cloud albedo directly, but also modifies cloud and radiation fields. The corresponding difference in the
geographic distribution of precipitation is as large as 7 mm day−1. Using the climatology cloud inhomogeneity factor also produces a warmer troposphere related to changes in the cloudiness
and the corresponding radiative heating, which, to some extent, corrects the cold bias in the UCLA AGCM. The region around
14 km, however, is cooler associated with increase in the reflected solar flux that leads to a warmer region above. An interactive
parameterization for mean effective ice crystal size based on ice water content and temperature has also been developed and
incorporated in the UCLA AGCM. The inclusion of the new parameterization produces substantial differences in the zonal mean
temperature and the geographic distribution of precipitation, radiative fluxes, and cloud cover with respect to the control
run. The vertical distribution of ice crystal size appears to be an important factor controlling the radiative heating rate
and the consequence of circulation patterns, and hence must be included in the cloud-radiation parameterization in climate
models to account for realistic cloud processes in the atmosphere. 相似文献
19.
By using the simulation results of an AGCM, which had been run from 1945 to 1993 forced by
COADS SST, the interdecadal variability of the model atmosphere was investigated and compared with that of
NCEP reanalysis data. It was found that, interdecadal variability exists significantly in both the tropical Pacific
wind fields and the mid-high latitude atmospheric circulation of the model atmosphere. The tendency of time
variation and spatial distributions of the interdecadal variability of the model atmosphere are basically consistent with observation. Relative to the mid-high latitude atmospheric circulation, the simulation of tropical Pacific wind is more satisfying, which suggests that anomalous variation of SST is still the main factor for the
interdecadal variability of tropical Pacific wind. It might have more significant influence on the tropical wind
than on the mid-high latitude atmosphere. However, there is still obvious difference between the simulation and
observation. They could be attributed to both the simulation capability of the model and absence of other factors
in the model which are important for the interdecadal climate variation. 相似文献