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本文主要以郯庐断裂带现代侵蚀面上五种不同类型的断裂构造和断层岩石为例,论述大断层带中岩石变形的二相性特征,包括机械意义的“韧性相”和“脆性相”应变组分在变形过程中的作用和意义。在此基础上探讨一种可能的地震成因方式 相似文献
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应用双差地震定位法对首都圈及其邻区1980～2004年发生的地震进行重新定位，进行首都圈的地震构造成因分析表明：重定位的地震表现为与区域构造更为密切的“井”字形活动分布，地震震源分布证实了人工地震勘探所推断的深大断裂的存在；首都圈地区的地震多发生于地壳的中、上部，可能存在局域构造块体运动变形和深部构造动力作用的二种不同地震构造成因；地震活动图像表明中强震易发生在上下地壳相交的脆－韧性转换带中，并揭示了首都圈地区潜在的地震空区和陡倾角的隐伏断层. 相似文献
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藏北高原地震活动性特征及其大地构造意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
藏北高原自新生代以来不仅发生了强烈的火山作用,而且现今的地震活动性仍然强烈.本文收集了2011年前藏北高原区发生的地震事件(源自NEIC)及相应的震源机制解数据(源自GCMT),结合地质与地球物理等相关资料,初步分析表明藏北高原地壳整体上处于伸展应力状态.然而,因区域构造应力场及构造环境差异,将藏北高原地震活动区分为两个地震活动区,即西昆仑地震活动区和藏北中部火山岩区.西昆仑区的地壳应力状态呈东西向伸展,而岩石圈地幔部分主要以南北汇聚为主,表明西昆仑区域下的地壳与岩石圈地幔应力状态是解耦的,而这种解耦机制需要更进一步的研究.而在藏北中部火山岩区的地壳的主张应力场为NNE-SSW的走滑和正断层性质的伸展,尽管缺乏该区域下的岩石圈结构特征认识,但是依据幔源性质的钾质和超钾质火山岩成因模式,认为其下的岩石圈地幔也处于伸展状态,该区域下的地壳与岩石圈地幔同处于伸展应力环境中,表明藏北火山岩区下的结构特征更加复杂,亟待开展相关探测与研究. 相似文献
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第三篇主要介绍了近年来国际上根据构造成因的河流阶地、喷沙冒水、埋在地下的树木及岩石滑波等标志来研究古地震的情况,并论述了研究古地震的重要性。 相似文献
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南北地震带中段地震活动的板块动力学研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在大陆造山带研究的最新成果基础上论述了南北地震带中段地壳的定变过程，结合造山带内部的高温韧性滑脱构造及地球物理深部探测成果和新生代以来的板块运动探讨了南北地震 段地震的地壳动力学过程及成因机制。 相似文献
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研究了两项内容:① 在室温高压和高温高压条件下,华北地区长英质结晶岩的压缩波速度;② 在常压和石英-相变温度下,长英质岩石的加热声发射．结果表明:在相同的温压条件下,长英质结晶岩的波速明显低于基性岩,而与变质相的关系不大;含石英岩石的波速曲线具有与其它任何岩石不同的曲线形态,显示了-相反应峰;在常压下加热岩石至石英相变点时,长英质深变质岩和岩浆花岗岩产生声发射,另一种交代成因的花岗岩不产生声发射．其地质意义表明:结合其它地学资料解释了华北克拉通区的地壳组成,阐明了石英和石英的存在空间;说明了新生代构造沉降区下地壳岩石中石英的-相变以及角闪石和黑云母的脱水熔融是沉降区和隆起区间断裂活动（张性断裂）和地震活动的动力． 相似文献
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溧阳地震与茅山地震地质研究新进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
系统介绍近２０年来研究溧阳地震和茅山地震地质取得的主要进展;（１）对茅山构造一茅山山脉成因的新见解;（２）建立和完善了茅山地区新生代岩石地层层序;（３）发现了新生代玄武岩中含幔源包体并对其进行系统研究;（４）对茅东断裂带几何学、运动学、分段性提出了新认识,（５）对茅东东断裂带构造应力场及其力源,在不同时段和不同空间新的探讨．（６）对溧阳两次地震成因及其互相关系的新认识。 相似文献
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一、前言 大地形变测量作为研究地震预报的一种手段已被大家所接受。虽然目前对地震的孕育、发生过程还不清楚,但一般认为,地震是由于岩石块体在构造应力的作用下,块体中所积累的弹性能量突然释放而发生的。因此应用大地形变测量来监视岩石在应变能量积累和释放过程所造成的变形和断层活动,是寻求地震成因和前兆信息的重要手段。我国和日本、美国、苏联 相似文献
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通过对地壳低速高导层和地震震源深度等有关资料的分析研究,在对地震发生前兆、特征及物理机制研究的基础上,初步提出了一个简单的地壳双层孕震模式:地壳存在有两层孕震结构,上层为主孕震层,是地震应力集中积聚和发震后释放应变能的地方,主要是岩石发生脆性变形层,深度在中上地壳范围内;下层为低速高导层,是诱发和加强上层脆性层岩石变形、应变能积累和破裂的主要因素之一,处于岩石脆—韧性变形的过渡带,强震的发生与本层有着密切的关系,深度在中下地壳范围内。同时基于该双层孕震假设讨论了强震的孕育环境及作用。 相似文献
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This proposed model is based on geological, geophysical and geochemical data. Previous models suggested for the lower continental crust consisted of basalt, gabbro, or charnockitic rocks; however, experimental and field petrological data indicate that the bulk of crustal rocks are metamorphic. A lower crust of heterogeneous metamorphic rocks also agrees with seismic reflection results which show numerous reflections from “layering”. Geothermal conditions favor a “dry” charnockitic or gabbroic lower crust rather than an amphibolitic lower crust because heat production data imply that wet amphibolitic rocks would have a higher heat production than their dry metamorphic equivalents. Relatively high velocities from field and laboratory measurements in such low-density rocks as granite, syenite, anorthosite and granulitic rocks in general imply that the composition of the lower crust is more felsic than gabbro. Variation in seismic velocity and depths from crustal refraction studies and numerous seismic reflections all indicate a highly heterogeneous lower crust. The lower crust, which has traditionally been described as gabbroic or mafic, may consist of such diverse rocks as granite gneiss, syenite gneiss, anorthosite, pyroxene granulite, and amphibolite, interlayered on a small scale, deformed, and intruded by granite and gabbro. Interlayering of these rocks explains the presence and character of seismic reflections. Abrupt changes in dip, tight folding, disruption of layers, intrusion, and changes in layer thickness explain the characteristic discontinuity of deep reflections. Igneous intrusions may be floored by metamorphic rocks. The lower crust consists of a complex series of igneous and metamorphic rock of approximate intermediate composition. 相似文献
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本文通过对出露于青藏高原东南缘云南六合地区的新生代深源岩石包体(斜长角闪岩、角闪石岩和石榴石透辉岩)的显微组构和地震波各向异性的研究来约束新生代青藏高原东南缘的地壳各向异性.通过角闪石地质压力计计算得知斜长角闪岩、角闪石岩和石榴石透辉岩包体来源于地壳28～36km,为中-下地壳岩石包体.EBSD测量结果显示包体中角闪石的CPO (晶格优选定向)为Type-IV型和(100)[001]滑移,单斜辉石的CPO为SL型和(100)[001]滑移,暗示中-下地壳为高温强变形的特征.通过CPO数据计算获得斜长角闪岩、角闪石岩和石榴石透辉岩包体全岩VP各向异性为1.9%～13.3%,最大分裂的剪切波各向异性(AVS)为1.17%～8.01%.结合前人的研究结果,该地区的地壳岩石能够解释利用Pms震相测量获得的分裂延迟时间,表明云南西北地区的壳内各向异性源于中-下地壳矿物的定向排列.云南西北地区的Pms快波方向近NW-SE向分布并与SKS的快波方向相近,暗示岩石圈变形是耦合的,受控于青藏高原向东南挤出的构造背景. 相似文献
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A central target in Earth sciences is the study of deformation at various depth levels within the Earth. Seismology has offered a remarkable tool for doing this via seismic anisotropy. It is however not always clear how to interpret those observations. A question of interest is to understand the relation between the deformation of the mantle and the crust, and in studying the relation between the two. Mantle deformation is expressed in seismic anisotropy. In this paper we seek an objective way of extracting information about crustal fabric as well, to be able to compare with seismic anisotropy. The magnetization of crustal rocks offers an attractive possibility for doing this. We thus explore the use of magnetic data, and we compare magnetic crustal fabric orientation with mantle fabric observations from seismic anisotropy. We apply our technique to the North American craton for which we have an excellent magnetic dataset, and we show that there is a clear relation between crustal and mantle fabric for the cratonic region. This has important implications for crustal formation, and for interpreting seismic anisotropy observations. 相似文献
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In 25 years, the presence of azimuthally varying seismic anisotropy throughout the Earth’s crust has progressed from general
denial to universal acceptance, so that many international geophysical meetings now have sessions on seismic anisotropy. Over
this period, the proceedings of the biennial series of International Workshops in Seismic Anisotropy (IWSAs) have captured
many of the notable advances in the theory, calculation, observation and interpretation of particularly shear-wave splitting
(seismic birefringence) in the Earth’s crust. Shear-wave splitting is the almost-infallible indicator of seismic anisotropy
along the ray path. This paper reviews 13 IWSA meetings (0IWSA–12IWSA) as a catalogue of 25 years of progress in seismic anisotropy.
The evidence now suggests that shear-wave splitting monitors the low-level pre-fracturing deformation of the stress-aligned
fluid-saturated microcracks pervading almost all in situ rocks in the crust. Shear-wave splitting indicates that microcracks
are so closely spaced they are critical systems with all the universality, calculability, predictability, “butterfly wing’s”
sensitivity, and deterministic chaos that that implies. This leads to a New Geophysics, where low-level deformation can be
monitored with shear-wave splitting, future behaviour calculated–predicted with the anisotropic poro-elastic model of rock
evolution, and in some circumstances even potentially controlled by feedback. We anticipate the New Geophysics will greatly
invigorate IWSA. 相似文献
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Scott B. Smithson Jon A. Brewer S. Kaufman J.E. Oliver R.L. Zawislak 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1980,46(2):295-305
A COCORP deep crustal reflection profile across the Wind River uplift crosses exposed Archean rocks and resolves an unusual complex deep crustal structure at a depth of 24–31 km in an area where depth relations in Precambrian rocks can be inferred. The different levels of exposure across the beveled plunge of the Wind River uplift reveal supracrustal rocks at shallower levels with migmatites and pyroxene granulites at deeper levels. For the first time, deep crustal structure from reflection profiling may be interpreted in terms of exposed basement geology. A folded, multilayered deep structure shown by relfection data resembles multiply folded pyroxene granulite interlayered with granitic gneiss exposed in the central Wind River uplift; isoclinal folding is suggested in the folded layered seismic structure. Earlier seismic reflection studies suggested a simpler lower crust. These data indicate that lower crustal structure may have a complexity similar to deeply eroded Precambrian granulite-facies rocks. If this seismic feature represents folded metamorphic rocks, it seems unlikely that this Archean crust could have been thickened by underplating after 2.7 b.y. B.P. and the crust would have to be at least 30 km thich when this structure was formed. 相似文献
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Seismic measurements of the internal properties of fault zones 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The internal properties within and adjacent to fault zones are reviewed, principally on the basis of laboratory, borehole, and seismic refraction and reflection data. The deformation of rocks by faulting ranges from intragrain microcracking to severe alteration. Saturated microcracked and mildly fractured rocks do not exhibit a significant reduction in velocity, but, from borehole measurements, densely fractured rocks do show significantly reduced velocities, the amount of reduction generally proportional to the fracture density. Highly fractured rock and thick fault gouge along the creeping portion of the San Andreas fault are evidenced by a pronounced seismic low-velocity zone (LVZ), which is either very thin or absent along locked portions of the fault. Thus there is a correlation between fault slip behavior and seismic velocity structure within the fault zone; high pore pressure within the pronounced LVZ may be conductive to fault creep. Deep seismic reflection data indicate that crustal faults sometimes extend through the entire crust. Models of these data and geologic evidence are consistent with a composition of deep faults consisting of highly foliated, seismically anisotropic mylonites. 相似文献
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The continental crust is exposed in cross-section at numerous sites on the earth's surface. These exposures, which appear to have formed by obduction along great faults during continental collision, may be recognized by exposures of deep crustal rocks exhibiting asymmetric patterns of metamorphic grade and age across the faults and by distinctive Bouguer anomaly patterns reflecting dipping basement structure and an anomalously deep mantle. From an examination of five complexes which meet these criteria, it is concluded that the most prominent layering in the crust is not compositional but metamorphic. The lower crust consists of granulite facies rocks of mafic to intermediate composition while the intermediate and shallow levels consist predominantly of amphibolite facies gneisses and greenschist facies supracrustal rocks, respectively. Post-metamorphic granitic intrusions are common at intermediate to shallow levels. Position of discontinuities in refraction velocity, where present, commonly correspond to changes in composition or metamorphic grade with depth. The continental crust is characterized by lateral and vertical heterogeneities of varying scale which are the apparent cause of the complex seismic reflections recorded by COCORP. Field observations, coupled with geochemical data, indicate a complex evolution of the lower crust which can include anatexis, multiple deformation, polymetamorphism and reworking of older crustal material. The complexity of the crust is thus the result of continuous evolution by recycling and metamorphism through time in a variety of tectonic environments. 相似文献
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在高温高压条件下对华北北部太古宙变质岩做了波速（ＶＰ）测定,经拟合公式处理后划分出代表岩石酸性程度的波速级数,结合地质、地震测深资料,认为这种变质岩现时期的上地壳组成为“克拉通岩石组合”,其成分为ＴＴＧ变质岩＋孔兹岩系＋花岗岩＋少量基性变质岩和含石榴石基性岩;下地壳由三部分物质组成：“克拉通岩石组合”物质,太古代后幔源基性和超基性物质,地幔岩浆侵入时“克拉通岩石组合”围岩部分熔融留下的残余基性物质,后两种物质的生成使原“克拉通岩石组合”地壳基性化;中地壳为“克拉通岩石组合”物质＋幔源基性物质 相似文献
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According to the geological and seismic reflection data of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) main-hole (MH), and the anomalies of CH4, CO2, and He are correlated to the three-component seismic reflectors, especially in horizontal component profiles. However, the seismic response is dif-ficult to be explained as the porosity of crystalline rocks is only about 1% in well section where the gas anomalies occur. Seismic velocity measurement of the MH cores indicated that compared with wa-ter-saturated rock samples, seismic velocity (especially the S-wave) could be distinctly decreased by gas contained in tiny cracks despite of the low porosity, and then notable seismic response could be induced in gas-filled crystalline rocks. It could be predicated that if the porosity of certain rocks in the middle crust rose due to water-rock interaction and had natural gas filled, then there would be more probability for natural gas in top of the mid-crust to fill in the crystalline rocks with increased porosity. In such case, based on the decrease of Swave velocity in crystalline rocks, seismic method could be applied in the future to explore natural gas reservoirs in the middle crust. 相似文献