共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
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新疆罗布泊地区凝结水试验 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
采用称重法,在高含盐量的罗布泊北部凹地首次进行了凝结水的野外监测,根据监测数据分析了罗布泊地区凝结水的生成规律.研究结果表明罗布泊存在凝结水;2005年7月、10月、12月3次监测时期里日均凝结水量分别为0.293,0.127,0.275 mm;凝结水来源于空气中的水气和深部土壤水分;发生的时间基本在晚上22∶00至次日凌晨8∶00;影响凝结水产生的主要因素为近地面大气温度与地表土壤温度差、空气相对湿度、冻结期等,土壤的高含盐量也有利于凝结水的生成. 相似文献
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干旱区凝结水研究进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
凝结水是维系干旱、半干旱地区主要食物链的水分来源之一,具有重要的生态意义。较详细地列举了目前国内外在干旱区测定凝结量及其持续时间所采用的研究方法,从凝结水的数量特征以及时间格局两方面阐述了不同地域凝结水的时空差异性,并从气象因素、凝结面的类型及其位置、周边植被对其作用等方面综合分析了影响凝结水发生的主要因素,探讨了干旱区凝结水的生态作用及其意义,展望了干旱区凝结水未来的研究趋势。提出在未来的干旱区凝结水研究中应加强与气象学、生态学等多学科的交叉,从能量平衡角度加强对凝结水量的研究;同时,改进和规范凝结水的测量方法,开展荒漠植被对凝结水的生理响应研究以及凝结水对极端干旱胁迫植物的作用研究。 相似文献
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土壤冻结期潜水蒸发规律分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对冻结期地中蒸渗计实验资料的分析,探讨冻结期地下水蒸发规律,得出冻结期地下水蒸发量与地下水埋深的数理统计关系,给出冻结期发生潜水蒸发的临界值。这对浅层地下水分析研究具有重要意义。 相似文献
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冻结-冻融过程中水分运移机理 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
为研究冻结-冻融过程中水分运移机理,在天山北麓平原通过人为控制潜水不同埋深条件下的模拟试验和田间土壤水分运移观测试验,分析了土壤水势分布和土壤含水量分布特征,发现冻结过程不同潜水埋深条件下的土壤水分运移机理、土壤水与潜水之间的相互转化关系有明显差异.在冻结过程中,潜水浅埋条件下,冻结层下界面与潜水面之间土壤水分运移状态呈上渗型,土壤水向冻结层下界面处运移、积累,同时引起潜水蒸发损耗使潜水位下降,表现出地下水向土壤水转化的基本特征.潜水深埋区,土壤水分运移状态呈上渗-入渗型,同样土壤水向冻结层下界面处运移、积累,同时潜水得到一定的入渗补给并使潜水位上升,表现为土壤水向地下水转化的特征.冻融过程中对于不同潜水埋深,由原来各自的土壤水分运移状态均逐渐转变为入渗型,形成潜水入渗补给,表现为土壤水向地下水转化的特征.冻融期是土壤水资源、地下水资源形成的重要时期,对于干旱少雨的西北地区而言,冻融水的形成、运移和入渗补给地下水具有重要的生态环境意义. 相似文献
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古尔班通古特沙漠冬季稳定积雪期长,多雾凇天气.通过2007年11月~2008年3月在沙漠南缘的定位实验观测,发现植物雾凇凝结水总量平均为5.8 mm,占冬季降水量的21.8%,其中,沙漠区垄间和垄上植物雾凇凝结水总量分别是3.8 mm和9.1 mm,各占冬季降水量的14.4%和34.3%;植物雾凇凝结水量是雪面凝结水量的5倍;荒漠植物的雾凇凝结水可以增加古尔班通古特沙漠冬季植被分布区域水资源量.雾凇形成的最大风速一般小于3m/s;-15℃~-20℃是雾凇形成次数最多的气温区间,占全部雾凇日数的24.3%,气温低于-30℃时雾凇凝结量显著减少;观测期雾凇形成时大气最大相对湿度小于80%的日数占冬季雾凇日数的41%.低温、高湿、低风速的气象条件,加之梭梭枝条的细直径和针状叶特征,是古尔班通古特沙漠冬季具有丰富植物雾凇凝结水的重要原因. 相似文献
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王政友 《水文地质工程地质》2012,39(1):13-18
本文针对地中蒸渗计在冻结-冻融期存在的问题,利用实验站冻土及土壤水分势能资料,探索了冻土层的发育及其水分运移规律,通过对亚砂土不同埋深及不同年度的地中蒸渗计资料处理,得出冻结期和冻融期地中蒸渗计资料的处理方法及其埋深临界值。这对准确利用冻结-冻融期地中蒸渗计资料具有重要的指导意义。 相似文献
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中国的沙漠和沙地部分或全部分布在季节冻土区, 研究沙丘的冻融过程是讨论季节冻结期间沙丘风蚀和形态演变规律的条件之一。以宁夏河东沙地流动沙丘和沙障固定沙丘为研究对象, 通过野外观测和室内控制实验, 分析了沙丘的冻融过程及其控制因素。结果显示： 沙丘的冻结期在11月中旬至3月上旬, 流动沙丘各地貌部位的冻结时长和冻结层厚度均存在较大差异（背风坡面>迎风坡面>丘顶）, 背风坡脚的冻深最大。在季节冻结期内沙丘表层始终不发生冻结, 未冻层厚度的阈值约为10 cm且具有保护冻结层的作用, 流动沙丘迎风坡中在未冻层风蚀后, 地表冻结层融化再被风蚀, 如此循环过程造成其冻结层厚度远小于沙障固定沙丘的冻结层厚度。流动沙丘丘顶和背风坡面的冻结层厚度分别受短时（32 h）和较长历时（15 d）平均气温的影响。野外观测和室内控制实验均证明水分含量低于1.6%的沙丘沙不发生冻结, 冻结层硬度随含水率的增加呈幂函数递增（P<0.001）, 随温度降低呈缓慢递增。 相似文献
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针对冻结井筒解冻后频繁发生涌水灾害的情况,通过工程实例分析了冻结技术、井筒地层条件及解冻涌水特征。结果表明,涌水发生是由于解冻后冻结止水帷幕失效,冻结管周围地层介质渗透性增强,介质接触界面粘结强度降低而致界面缝隙扩大连通,使冻结钻孔连通含、隔水层而形成竖向导水通道,通道内高压水通过井筒薄弱部位发生涌水。采取在井筒外围适宜地层开挖环形巷道,在环形巷道内逐个切断冻结管并向冻结管内外注浆加固,最后将环形巷道用混凝土回填,形成人工隔水塞层。利用RFPA2D-Flow渗流耦合模型验证了该治理方案的可行性,且利用FLAC3D程序计算出环形巷道距离井壁7.50 m是最佳开凿位置。经该措施处理后的井筒涌水由原来的90 m3/h降低至2 m3/h,且井筒保持了稳定。 相似文献
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The Chinese Loess Plateau is suffering from severe soil erosion. The eco-environmental changes of the plateau are believed
to have an important influence on global eco-environmental sustainability; hence, this problem has attracted considerable
attention from scientists around the world. This study has two purposes; application of remote sensing (RS) and geographic
information system (GIS) techniques in the dynamic analysis of eco-environmental changes in the semiarid zone; and using the
Longdong region of the Chinese Loess Plateau as an example, to make dynamic analysis of the eco-environmental changes of the
region during the 1986–2004 period and identify controlling factors. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data at a spatial resolution
of 30 m were used for analysis. Two training areas were selected in Jingning and Qingcheng counties for analysis using 10-m
resolution SPOT and Landsat TM data. The satellite RS images were obtained from the Institute of Remote Sensing Application
(IRSA), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Each images was rectified by Albers Equal Area Conic projection based on 1:50,000
scale topographic maps after spectrum preparation of the images. To make the precision within 1 or 2 pixels, the accurate
coordinative control points of the two systems were identified. Then the interpretation key was established based on the land
use/cover survey in the study area. The images were classified into six primary environmental types (farmland, forest, grassland,
water, construction area, and desert) and 25 sub-types using a visual image interactive interpretation method to obtain vector
and attribute data. The resultant accuracy of the land use/cover classification reached 95%. Finally, the transformation areas
and ratios of various eco-environmental types in the region were calculated to obtain the transition matrixes of eco-environmental
types in the two training areas, Jingning and Qingcheng. This study demonstrates that satellite RS and GIS techniques are
effective tools to monitor and analyze the eco-environmental changes in the semiarid region. Visual image interactive interpretation
based on GIS technique provides comprehensive information on the direction, rate, and location of eco-environmental changes.
The transition matrix model can be used to precisely analyze the variation and rates of the eco-environmental types and their
spatial distribution. Great land use changes have taken place Longdong during the 1986–2004 period. These eco-environmental
changes were driven by natural and human factors. Natural factors influencing the Longdong region of the Chinese Loess Plateau
mainly include temperature, water condition, terrain, soil, and erosion; while human activities include over-cultivation,
overgrazing, and fuelwood cutting. As viewed from the extent and severity of the influences, human activities play a very
important role in altering the eco-environment of the semiarid region. The study results indicate a need for future research
and observation in the semiarid region. 相似文献
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The ultimate goal of the protection and restoration of water ecosystem is intended to facilitate the healthiness of ecosystems in rivers and lakes, and the basic premise of river healthiness is to ensure the ecological water demand of rivers. Shenyang City is the economic and cultural center of Northeastern China, and most rivers in the territory of Shenyang City are plagued with the ecology and environment problems such as dry-up of river way, wetland shrinkage and groundwater overdraft. In protection and restoration of water ecosystem, Shenyang City should first study the ecological water demand of rivers. In this paper, we first defined the connotation, composition and calculation method of ecological water demand of rivers and selected eight major rivers in Shenyang City for ecological water demand study and calculation according to the characteristics of the rivers and water resources conditions in Shenyang City. We calculated the basic eco-environmental water demand and consumptive water demand for evaporation and seepage of river ways respectively and thus obtained the total eco-environmental water demand for eight rivers. In total eco-environmental water demand of rivers, consumptive water demand for evaporation and seepage of river ways accounts for 51% and the eco-environmental water demand of rivers accounts for 49% 相似文献
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在全球气候变化和高强度人类活动的影响下,松嫩平原地下水环境日益恶化,已成为制约生态环境建设和经济社会发展的重要因素。选取具有典型代表意义的洮儿河流域作为研究区,对地下水进行系统取样分析,综合运用描述性统计、相关性分析、离子比例系数和Piper三角图示法,全面系统地研究地下水水化学的时空变异特征与演变规律,揭示了风化溶滤、蒸发浓缩、阳离子交换和人为混合是控制地下水质演变的主要水文化学过程,从而为流域乃至松嫩平原盐渍土区水资源可持续开发利用和管理提供科学依据。 相似文献
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我国干旱区生态需水若干问题评述 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
生态需水是当前水问题研究中的一个热点问题,对于生态环境急剧恶化的我国内陆干旱区,这一研究尤为紧迫.目前生态需水尚无明确统一的定义,研究方法也因人而异.归纳了已有的生态需水的相关概念和干旱区生态需水研究的主要成果、研究方法等.从概念主体角度,区分了生态需水、环境需水、生态环境需水之间的关系,并对 相似文献
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地下水具有重要的生态功能和环境属性。随着不合理的人类活动,改变地下水性状而引发的诸多生态环境问题的出现,国内外有关学者积极进行地下水生态环境效应及控制指标的研究,目前已取得了一些进展,但迄今为止鲜见对其研究成果的综述,及时总结该领域的研究成果可以为进一步深入全面开展研究提供基础。综述了国内外有关地下水引起的七个方面的生态环境效应及三个方面的控制指标的研究现状,最后指出了目前研究中存在的问题并对未来的研究进行了展望,以期为进一步深入全面开展该领域的研究提供基础,更好地促进地下水资源开发利用与生态环境保护协调发展。 相似文献
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Bai-Shan Li Pei-Jiang Zhou Xi-Yuan Wang Liandong Zhu 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):692-700
Hanjiang river is the longest river in Yangtze river basin, having high economic importance to China for its economically exploitable hydropower and potential water resources. In an attempt to satisfy China’s economic and social development needs, the Chinese government has established cascade dams and four relative water diversion projects in Hanjiang river, which aims at transferring water from south (Hanjiang river) to north (water-stricken areas). However, there are increasing eco-environmental concerns associated with the establishment and development of cascade hydropower. In this study, the opportunities and eco-environmental influences related to Hanjiang river’s cascade hydropower development are explored and then recommendations are put forward to minimize the potential impacts. The implementation of vigorous projects related to hydropower and water diversion has an important role to play in solving flood, energy and water shortage problems. In addition, the eco-environmental and socio-economic impacts on the middle and downstream and its diversion can be relieved to some degree in the area. However, the establishment of projects can cause several impacts on the local eco-environment. First, Danjiangkou reservoir construction can cause change in water flow, water bloom, soil erosion in the river basin. Second, it can directly lead to the decrease of 10.5 billion cubic meters of water in the middle- and downstream areas, threatening the local supply of drinking water and influencing farming irrigation and industrial production. Finally, the construction of cascade hydropower dams can change the water form and fish stocks may reduce threatening eco-environment security and environmental geology. 相似文献
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生态环境脆弱区煤炭资源开发诱发的环境地质问题——以陕西省神木县大柳塔煤矿区为例 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
为揭示大柳塔地区大规模煤炭资源开发诱发的生态环境地质问题及其效应,进行了1：5万矿山地质环境调查。研究表明,大柳塔煤矿区地面塌陷影响面积达47.12～53.36 km2,范围大,但对农业生产的影响较轻。煤矿开发对水资源的破坏尤为严重。20年来大柳塔地区及主要采煤塌陷区土地沙漠化呈现逐年好转的趋势,主要河流受到了硫化物、氟化物、总磷的普遍污染,河流底泥受到了重金属元素较严重的累积污染,土壤尚有较大的环境容量,但重金属元素的累积污染不容忽视。神东公司实施生态功能圈建设、煤矸石堆场复垦、露天矿复垦、矿井水综合利用等措施,明显地改善了矿区的生态环境,探索出生态环境脆弱区在煤炭资源开发过程中保护生态地质环境的新模式。依据该区煤炭资源开发中生态环境保护的成功经验与教训,统筹规划,提出制定生态环境脆弱区煤炭资源开发的环境保护规划、建立矿山公园、加强采煤塌陷区生态环境变化研究等建议。 相似文献