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1.
We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the
Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of
rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the
transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic
regime of the sea.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
2.
N. B. Shapiro 《Physical Oceanography》2000,10(6):513-531
We discuss the results of numerical experiments carried out within the framework of a new version of the quasiisopycnic model
of the Black Sea [1, 2]. We take into account the stochasticity of the wind stress, vertical shift of the flow velocity in
the upper quasihomogeneous layer, and diapycnic mixing. We generalize the procedure of “convective adjustment,” which enables
us to consider the propagation and transformation of waters of the Sea of Marmara. It is shown that the consideration of these
factors enables one to determine the structure and seasonal variability of hydrothermodynamic fields in the sea more correctly.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
3.
We propose a method for the adaptive numerical analysis of current velocities in a basin including a shelf zone and having
a lengthy open boundary with the sea, at which the current velocity is not given. This method is based on a multilayer quasiisopycnic
model. We use an approach according to which one introduces additional terms of the source type into the equations of heat
and salt transfer and the equation of evolution of the thicknesses of layers. We describe the results of calculations of the
current velocities in the northwest part of the Black Sea in June on the basis of climatic data. We also analyse specific
features of thermohaline and dynamic structure of waters.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
4.
E. A. Agafonov S. T. Kaminsky A. S. Kukushkin Yu. A. Prokhorenko 《Physical Oceanography》2000,10(4):351-364
On the basis of the results of simultaneous observations of parameters of currents, attenuation factor of light, and temperature
performed aboard a moving vessel, we established the main characteristics and features of the circulation of waters and the
structure of transparency and temperature fields in the surface layer of the northwest part of the Black Sea. We investigate
the correlation between the variability of fluid dynamics and redistribution of transparency and temperature fields. The measured
currents are compared with those calculated using the actual field of atmospheric pressure during the time of observation.
It is shown that the results obtained in the areas of steady currents in the west and central regions are in good agreement.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
5.
We discuss the results of analysis of published data and field and laboratory investigations aimed at the solution of the
problem of comparabilityof the results of detection of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea by spectrophotometric and iodometric
methods. We show that the reproducibility of the results of spectrophotometric analysis is higher than hat of the iodometric
method only in the case where the content of sulfide in a sample is less than 10–30 μMl−1. When larger concentrations are involved, the traditional iodometric analysis proves to be the most precise and reliable
method for the detection of hydrogen sulfide in the Black-Sea waters.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
6.
We analyze geostrophic currents with nonmonotonic vertical profiles, of velocity and present the distributions of the density
of water and hydrostatic pressure corresponding to possible types of the vertical kinematic structure. To prove the existence
of the indicated complex layered structures, we use, the data of instrumentalin situ measurements of currents in the Black Sea and in the west part of the Tropical Atlantic.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
7.
We analyze oscillations of the Black Sea level at 43 points in the north part of the coast. At some points, the data of every-day
measurements are accumulated for more than 100 years. Actually, at all points with minor exceptions, we observe a general
trend toward an increase in the sea level. The amplitude of oscillations of the sea level about the average trend obeys a
normal distribution. We determine numerical characteristics of this distribution.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
8.
9.
On the basis of the generalized data of multiannual observations (1985–1994), we analyze the seasonal variability of the vertical
and spatial distributions and composition (Csos, Nsos, Csos/cha, and C/N) of suspended organic substances (SOS) in the shelf zone and in the upper active layer of the abyssal part of the
Black Sea. The results of our analysis enable us to conclude that only a narrow coastal band of the shelf in the northwest
and west parts of the sea suffers to an extremely pronounced anthropogenic impact, which manifests itself in a significant
increase in the mass of suspended organic substances. The formation of new organic substances and, hence, the mass of suspended
organic substances in these regions attain the level of eutrophic waters in the late-spring and summer periods. In the open-sea
region, the anthropogenic impact is less pronounced and the spatial distribution of suspended organic substances is determined
by the general dynamics of waters and the intensity of phytoplankton production.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
10.
V. I. Man’kovsky 《Physical Oceanography》2001,11(5):491-494
We present the parameters of empirical relationships between the depth of visibility of Secchi disk and optical and biological
characteristics of the Black-Sea surface waters.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
11.
I. E. Timchenko A. A. Primalenny V. D. Yarin E. F. Vasechkina E. M. Igumnova 《Physical Oceanography》2001,11(4):367-378
We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of
the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption
(fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by
the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with
application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem,
which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge,
water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.).
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
12.
S. V. Motyzhev 《Physical Oceanography》2000,10(6):561-568
We present the results of drift experiments with 14LOBAN-TM buoys carried out for the first time in the Black Sea in 1987–1997. We analyze the specific features of application of buoys
in summer and winter. We present the main results of investigation of the Main Black Sea Current by drift methods and joint
processing of drift contact and remote infrared observations. We demonstrate the possibility of enhancement of the quality
of observations due to the application of SVPB drifters of new generation equipped with underwater sails and meters of atmospheric
pressure in the near-surface atmospheric layer.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
13.
On the basis of the available literature data, we analyze basic classes of organic compounds dissolved in seawater and study
the transformations of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids produced in the process of photosynthesis in seawater and their
behaviour in river water and estuaries of the Black Sea. We also discuss the causes and distinctive features of the processes
of production and destruction in the Black Sea.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
14.
15.
We analyse the distribution of the dissolved forms of cadmium, lead, cobalt, copper, and manganese in the near-Danube part
of the Black Sea and in a section made at 45° 10′N in the autumn of 1997. It is shown that the discharge of rivers results
in the appearance of significant amounts of cadmium, lead, cobalt, copper, and manganese in the near-Danube region. Copper
is the most labile element in this collection of metals. Its behaviour is correlated with the vital activity of diatomic algae.
The distribution of dissolved manganese in the near-bottom region is correlated with the distribution of O2. Indeed, the elevated concentrations of manganese are observed in the regions with low concentrations of oxygen.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
16.
M. M. Divizinyuk 《Physical Oceanography》2001,11(5):473-481
We consider the results of instrumental investigations of specific features of reverberation in the Black Sea and obtain qualitative
dependences of the duration of volume reverberation on the parameters of the Black-Sea underwater sound channel, (width, drop
of the sound velocity, and dimensions of the inhomogeneities of stratification). We also analyse the behaviour of the intensity
of surface reverberation in the far-field zone of acoustic illumination and the influence of bottom reverberation on the detection
of underwater objects.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
17.
We the discuss the results of modelling wind currents in the system of Sevastopol bays. Numerical calculations are carried
out according to the model of Felzenbaum. It is shown that the decisive role in the formation of distinctive features of circulation
of waters and the essentially three-dimenstional character of currents in this part of the sea is played by the bottom topography
and the direction of winds. These distinctive features are demonstrated for the cases where the motion is induced by the northeast
and northwest winds. In the Sevastopol bays, we discovered the existence of jet longshore currents, vortex character of integral
circulation, and intense processes of upwelling and downwelling.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
18.
We describe the hydrological structure of waters of the Persian Gulf and its seasonal variability according to the data of
CTD surveys carried out in February–June 1992 in the course of the cruises of the NOAA R/VMt. Mitchell aimed at the analysis of the consequences of the ecological catastrophe caused by the spread of oil spots formed as a result
of war operations in the Persian Gulf in 1991.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
19.
É. N. Mikhailova V. A. Ivanov A. I. Kubryakov N. B. Shapiro 《Physical Oceanography》2000,10(4):305-311
We use mathematical simulation to study the response of the sea in the region of the Zmeiny Island to the action of winds
of various directions. We describe the processes of reconstruction of circulation and thermohaline structure of waters and,
in particular, the location and dimensions of the zones of upwelling and downwelling caused by water surges depending on the
direction of the wind.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
20.
V. I. Man'kovsky 《Physical Oceanography》2001,11(3):299-304
On the basis of the data of optical investigations performed in the Black Sea, we develop a method for the evaluation of the
spectral values of underwater quantum irradiance within the band of photosynthetically active radiation according to the depth
of visibility of a Secchi disk and the intensity of illumination of the sea in luxes. The method is based on the use of the
correlations between the following optical parameters: of the vertical daylight attenuation factor α with the depth of visibility
of a Secchi disk and of the spectral values of α(λ) within the band of photosynthetically active radiation with α(λmin) for sea waters. This method is applicable in the winter-spring period when the seasonal thermocline is absent, the upper
layers of the sea are mixed, and the vertical distribution of α is uniform.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献