共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Kasto 《The Indonesian journal of geography》1980,10(39):17-25
This study elaborates on Indonesian fertility differentials based on the average number of children ever born or late births per woman. Other studies have shown that the relationship between fertility and economic class does not show a consistent pattern, being sometimes negative and sometimes positive. In the areas of Mojolama and Kedung Miri, characteristics such as occupation and economic status differ, but the relationship between age and economic status of the family was positive in both. In general, socioeconomic conditions in Majolama were better than in Kedung Miri but fertility levels were about the same at 3.6 children ever born/ever married woman in Mojolama and 3.5 in Kejung Miri, while the average of completed family size was the same, 4.8. There was a finding that women in higher economic classes tend to have a higher average number of children compared to those in lower economic classes. 相似文献
2.
The paper examines the acceptance of birth control practices in India, and examines the relationhsip of these patterns to levels of economic development. A study of selected couples with markedly low incomes revealed that fertility tended to increase until a certain level of per capita income was reached. From this level onward, fertility and desired family size goals declined with increasing economic status. The study reveals an association in India between those less developed states and poor acceptance of family planning. The level of medical and administrative personnel for family planning services is superior in the more developed states and, logically, adoption of family planning practices is also higher. In higher-income states, characterized by relatively higher spatial mobility and literacy rates, the spread of family planning practices is relatively rapid. In less developed states, characterized by poorly developed centralized systems of communication and distribution, a lower spatial mobility of people, and a lower diffusion of knowledge through personal contact, family planning methods tend to spread very slowly or become less and less popular. A classification of Indian states as related to their acceptance of formal family planning policy and governmental efforts has been helpful in developing regionally-oriented program strategies for the future. Such strategies would take into account varying socioeconomic, cultural and administrative infrastructure differences in order to better assure delivery of services. As India also faces a shortage of trained physicians and personnel for the National Family Planning program, a regionally-based spatial allocation policy must be formulated that will divert some family planning personnel from states with high-acceptance patterns to the more densely populated, less developed regions of the country. 相似文献
3.
Graham E 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》1995,15(3):219-232
Singapore experienced an extraordinary demographic transition from a population growth of over 4% per year in the late 1950s to around 1.6% in the 1990s and below replacement fertility since 1986. In 1987 official government policy shifted to measures for increasing fertility. This paper explores whether Singapore's pronatalist policies can reverse the demographic transition. The present policies aim to selectively increase fertility among the well educated. By 1987 the slogan switched from "stop at two" to "have three, if you can afford it." The policy included tax relief for a third child and other measures to encourage a third child. The policies are expected to have a different influence on society according to one's education, income, and family size. The government target is to selectively increase population by 40% over 25 years. Singapore's transition may follow the theory that low fertility is attained in societies where kin relationships are less important than personal educational achievements. The three ethnic groups responded differently to educational and fertility policies. The Chinese acquired the best education and attained the lowest fertility. The Chinese, who comprised 76% of total population in 1986, continued to have low fertility, while increases occurred among the Malays and the Indians. Future trends are considered difficult to predict. A survey conducted in 1992 in Ang Mo Kio among 489 reproductive age respondents revealed that Malays had the earliest marriage and first births before the age of 25 years (75% of Malays and 50% of Indians). The Chinese had their first child at 25 years or older. Without controls for the age of the mother, a strong statistically significant association was found between ethnic group and age at marriage and age at first birth. The relationship was not supported for current fertility. A comparison of women married for 5 years or less and 5 years or more revealed that women in recent marriages showed a greater likelihood of postponing marriage and childbirth for all ethnic groups. Since 1987, third order births as a percentage of all births increased from 21.47% before 1987 to 23.11% during 1987-92, which only suggests the favorable impact of the pronatalist policy. Educational changes are likely to become more influential in affecting choice of family size. 相似文献
4.
ZG市非接触型诈骗被害相对发生概率的性别差异 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
利用ZG市老城区2015~2016年具有个人属性的诈骗警情数据,分析女性和男性遭受非接触型诈骗相对接触型诈骗的发生概率,建立多层次Logit回归模型研究其影响因素的差异。结果表明,两性别非接触型诈骗被害的相对发生概率均受制于个体和社区两个层次因素的影响,且社区层次均发挥主要作用。其中,女性和男性在个体层次的影响因素类似,表现为本地户籍的高水平受教育者在白天更易遭受非接触型诈骗的侵害。但在社区层次的影响因素迥异,在外来人口少、银行网点少、离婚丧偶率低、有高校的本地年轻人为主的社区,女性非接触型诈骗被害相对发生概率高;而在租房比例高、农业人口少、大型零售商业网点少、低教育水平人口比例少的外来中高收入白领为主的社区,男性非接触型诈骗被害相对发生概率则更高。 相似文献
5.
Mehta SR 《Population geography : a journal of the Association of Population Geographers of India》1987,9(1-2):16-24
This paper relates migration with population growth and economic development. Migration affects both production and consumption; it should therefore be considered at the household-family level and analyzed within the utility maximization model. 1 determinant of internal migration is population pressure on land. Migration in the agricultural sector can provide resources to be reinvested in physical capital for agricultural technological change. Usually the agricultural family sends the maturing son to the city because of his better skills and education than other family members. Migrants are among the first to obtain newly created jobs or displace less qualified workers from existing jobs. Thus, migration initially causes disequilibrium, but since it supports technological improvement on the farms, it becomes an equilibriating mechanism. Migration rates are highest in villages where land is most unequally divided. Some of the main noneconomic determinants of migration include social conflicts, religious outbursts and movements, violence, wars, pestilence, epidemics, caste conflicts, political and ideological differences, and climatic unsuitability. Migration and fertility need to be analyzed at the family level rather than at the societal or micro level. 相似文献
6.
This study examined perceptions of the impacts of the antinatalist (OPP) and pronatalist (NPP) policies in Singapore. Data were obtained from a sample of 209 men and 280 women under 45 years old who lived in Ang Mo Kio New Town in the center of the island. Findings indicate that 53.4% of women said that fertility decisions were joint ones. 50% of women and 65% of men said that family size was jointly determined. Over 70% were aware of the OPP "stop at 2" policy. Those who gave accurate, detailed knowledge were mostly over 35 years old. Knowledge of OPP did not vary by education, but did vary by awareness of incentives and disincentives. 45.4% of women believed that OPP was a necessary state policy; 25.4% did not. 36.4% thought that OPP was fair; 28.3% did not. 60.3% of women said that OPP did influence family size in society, but 63.8% said it did not influence their individual family size. Finances, education, and child care were explanatory factors in individual planning. OPP is viewed as a successful policy not because of ideology, but because of the value placed on improved socioeconomic standards. 58.2% of women and 55.5% of men knew the details about the NPP. 51.9% of women said the NPP would encourage larger family size, but 87.8% said it would not affect them personally. Findings suggest that personal freedoms and public ideology are not binary, public-private concepts in fertility decision making. 相似文献
7.
Boyle P Cooke T Halfacree K Smith D 《International journal of population geography : IJPG》1999,5(3):157-178
This paper investigates the problems in integrating different data sets for social science research. A cross-national analysis of the effects of family migration on labor market participation rates for female partners was used as an example to concretize these problems. The data used in the cross national analysis came from the 1991 British Census Sample of Anonymised Records and the 1990 United States Public Use Microdata Sample. The problems addressed were the following: data collection; manipulation and reliability; question type and definition; and measurement of individual and family variables. As part of the analysis, some empirical findings were also presented. Significant overall differences between the US and Great Britain (GB) samples were observed, particularly concerning graduate qualifications, marital and employment status, and ethnic group. There were higher numbers of married partners and full-time workers in the US sample, while female partners undertaking part-time employment were greater in GB. Furthermore, the US sample had more couples with a female graduate as compared with the GB sample who had a higher proportion of nongraduate couples. Finally, this paper recognized the importance of cross- national research in the evaluation of national ideological and institutional structures. 相似文献
8.
Chandna RC 《Population geography : a journal of the Association of Population Geographers of India》1989,11(1-2):77-85
Population policy and the 5-year plans since 1951 in India are reivewed and evaluated in terms of limiting population growth. The family planning (FP) programs have not had a major impact on people's attitudes, practice of contraceptives, or the average fertility rate. Not enough attention has been paid to the interaction of demographic structure and economic and social development, and the implications for limiting population growth. Vital elements of a population policy are containing population growth, limiting births among the young and reproductive age groups, enhancing employment options for males and females, diversifying the economy, improving literacy and educational standards, improving urban/rural ratios, and balancing male/female ratios. Several approaches to FP programs are possible: long term measures to improve the social, economic, and demographic structure, and short term measures to immediately avert births. Long term approaches recognize the complexity of the problem. Rapid socioeconomic development is the best contraceptive for controlling India's population. A well conceived population education program can help, as will increasing the marriage age, preventing children from entering the labor market, increasing female education levels, providing old age pension and social security and other insurance, and providing maternity benefits for small families. Short term measures may provide temporary or permanent methods of averting births; i.e., contraceptives, sterilization, penalties and rewards for small families. However, it must not be a bureaucratic measure imposed from above. It must be a self generating process. The author suggests that simultaneous long and short term approaches are necessary. Research should be conducted to delineate which measures have the most impact on reducing fertility and policy be formulated in accordance with these answers. Compulsion is required, and government should not hesitate to step in. In rural areas, traditional and modern methods in FP should be tried in order to achieve responsible behavior. The population increases in India were a result of a mortality decline starting in 1921 and a fertility decline starting in 1971. Attention must focus on high fertility areas such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan. The 7th 5-year plan was important for making FP voluntary and generating an environment for fertility decline, and the 8th should establish FP as a self generating process. 相似文献
9.
城市流动人口长期居留意愿的空间分异及影响因素——以长三角城市群为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以长三角城市群为例,采用多层Logistic回归分析方法,分析城市流动人口长期居留意愿的空间格局及其影响因素。研究发现：1）长三角城市群流动人口长期居留意愿比例为38.09%,其中安徽的城市流动人口以省内流入为主,长期居留意愿比例普遍较高;而沪、苏、浙的城市大多以省际迁移人口为主,高和较高居留意愿城市主要为上海、南京、无锡和苏州等。2）房租收入比对流动人口长期居留意愿呈显著负效应;高学历因素、保障性住房、社会心理认同度和超大、特大城市对其居留意愿有强激励性作用,成为最主要的影响因素;而在劳动密集部门就业是其居留意愿的强阻碍性因素。3）长三角地区住房支出与流动人口居留意愿呈正相关,且流入地城市的居民平均收入水平对其居留意愿未呈现促进作用。4）不同规模城市对流动人口居留意愿的影响具有差异,年龄和跨省流动对居留意愿的负效应仅在一般城市显著,对特大/超大城市影响不显著;而特大、超大城市的居留意愿受高学历和就业身份等影响更大。 相似文献
10.
杭州城市生活质量的定量评价 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
以乡镇、街道为基本空间统计单元,选取人口密度、住宅基准地价、大专以上学历人口比重为社会经济指标,建设用地比重、NDVI、地表温度为生物物理指标,采用主成分分析和GIS叠加法,定量评价了杭州城市生活质量的空间分布状况。结果表明：NDVI和地表温度 (相关系数r = -0.63)、城镇用地比重 (相关系数r = -0.83) 呈明显的负相关,地表温度和城镇建设用地是影响杭州“绿色环境”两个的最重要因素。NDVI和住宅基准地价 (r = -0.66)、大学毕业生比例 (相关系数r = -0.59)、人口密度 (相关系数r = -0.29) 也呈较明显的负相关,“绿色环境”并未成为高学历人群和高收入家庭的主要决定因素,较繁华或较便利地段仍是高学历人群和高收入家庭选择居住环境的首要选择。高生活质量值 (前20%) 区域主要位于分布于城市中心区,即杭州上城区、下城区及西湖区的部分单元,而郊区的生活质量相对较低。 相似文献
11.
Natural resource-management studies have become increasingly attentive to the influences of human factors. Among these,cultural biases shape people's responses to changes in natural resource systems. Several studies have applied grid-group cultural theory to assess the effects of multiple value biases among stakeholders on natural resource management. We developed and administered a questionnaire in the Heihe River Basin(n = 364) in northwestern China to investigate the appropriateness of applying this theory in the Chinese context of natural resource management. The results revealed various cultural biases among the respondents. In descending order of prevalence, these biases were hierarchism(46.98%), individualism(26.65%), egalitarianism(18.96%), and fatalism(2.78%), with the remaining respondents(4.67%) evidencing no obvious bias. Our empirical study revealed respondents' worldviews and the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on cultural biases, as theoretically posited. Among the variables examined, age had a positive and significant effect across all biases except individualism. The correlation of income to all cultural biases was consistently negative. Only education had a negative and significant effect across all biases. Women were found to adhere to egalitarianism, whereas men adhered to individualism and hierarchism. Thus, grid-group cultural theory was found to be appropriate in the Chinese context, with gender, age, education, and income evidently accounting for cultural biases. Relationships between environmental attitudes and cultural biases conformed with the hypothesis advanced by grid-group cultural theory. This finding may be of value in explaining individuals' environmental attitudes and facilitating the development and implementation of natural resource-management policies. 相似文献
12.
Dong-min Lee 《The Journal of geography》2018,117(5):216-228
This study illuminates the effects of graduate education on primary teachers' awareness of geography. Data were collected through interviews with twenty-one teachers who held M.A. or Ph.D. degrees in geography and analyzed using Straussian-grounded theory. The participants were categorized into four types. Many teachers (type A) showed meaningful refinement in their awareness of geography, and some of them (type B and C) identified themselves as experts in primary geography. However, a few participants (type D) showed only marginal development of their geographic knowledge. These results suggest the potential for improvements to graduate education in primary geography and for primary teachers. 相似文献
13.
干旱沙区植被恢复过程中土壤颗粒分形特征 总被引：47，自引：0，他引：47
统计分析了干旱沙漠地区植被恢复过程中土壤颗粒分形特征及其与土壤沙粒(>0.05mm)、粉粒(0.05~0.002mm)和粘粒(<0.002mm)含量和土壤养分状况间的关系。结果表明:土壤颗粒分形维数随恢复时间延长有增大的趋势,土壤颗粒分形维数大小与土壤质地的细粒化有一致的变化趋势。0.05mm粒径成为土壤各粒径的分界值--即土壤分形维数的临界粒径,大于这一粒径颗粒含量越高,土壤分形维数越小;而小于这一粒径的颗粒含量越高,分形维数越大。土壤各养分状况均与土壤颗粒分形维数有极显著的线性正相关关系(p<0.0001),表明了土壤颗粒分形维数能客观地反映土壤肥力特征。在干旱沙漠地区,伴随着植被恢复和流沙固定,土壤颗粒分形维数可作为一个评价土壤演变程度的综合定量指标。 相似文献
14.
中国省际流动人口户籍迁移意愿的空间格局及影响机制分析 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：4
构建中国省际流动人口户籍迁移网络,运用探索性空间分析及空间滤波等方法分析该网络的空间格局和驱动力。主要发现：① 户籍迁移意愿网络呈现出集聚的空间格局,排序较高的户籍迁移意愿流主要从欠发达地区指向发达地区。② 户籍吸引力及户籍流出分别呈现出随机及集聚的空间格局,户籍流出热点区为西部及东北地区,冷点区为中东部地区。③ 迁入地人口、FDI、迁入地及迁出地人均GDP、平均工资等因素均显著影响户籍迁移意愿。流动人口个体、家庭因素、住房条件及迁移原因等同样与户籍迁移意愿的关系紧密。 相似文献
15.
Ali M De Francisco A Khan MM Chakraborty J Myaux J 《International journal of population geography : IJPG》1999,5(1):19-29
Substantial variation in contraceptive prevalence rates (CPRs) and fertility rates (FRs) between community health workers (CHWs) has been documented since the inception of the Matlab family planning program in rural Bangladesh. The coefficients of variation of these indicators for Matlab CHWs were 7% and 26%, respectively, in 1995. To identify the reasons for these performance variations, geographical information system (GIS) approaches were applied to longitudinal and cross-sectional data on 80 CHWs for the period 1980-95. Each observation in the data-set included catchment area-specific characteristics, measures of CHW efficiency in service delivery, and CHW-specific characteristics for one specific year. A one-unit increase in the average age of target women in the catchment area increases the CPR by 9.2%. The CPR increases by 0.2% for each 1% increase in women's literacy and decreases by 0.1% for each 1% increase in the number of Muslim households in the catchment area. An increase of 1 sq. km in the size of the catchment area reduces the CPR by 3%. CHW performance increases with age up to 45 years and then decreases. Similarly, a 1-year increase in the average age of target women reduces the FR by 2%. A 10% increase in the size of the catchment area reduces program performance by increasing the FR by 1.4%. A single geographic barrier to movement increases the FR by 1%. This analysis indicates that CHW performance can be improved significantly by defining catchment areas through use of GIS techniques. Without knowledge of the spatial distribution of population and the physical barriers to movement, allocating a fixed number of clients per CHW may not be the most efficient approach. 相似文献
16.
城镇化进程中农民进城落户意愿影响因素——以河南省郸城县为例 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
基于“推—拉”理论、新经济学劳动力流动理论,剖析了农民进城落户意愿的城乡作用力、农民进城落户的内部影响因素,并结合郸城县169 份农户有效问卷和村干部调查数据,采用Logistic 回归模型进行了实证检验.结果表明：①农民进城落户意愿可用“推力—拉力”范式解释,包括生活便捷程度、子女的受教育环境、养老医疗等社会福利保障水平、家庭收入和非农就业、消费和生活成本,其中,便捷的生活环境和良好的子女受教育环境是最大的城镇拉力,没有稳定的非农工作是最大的城镇推力.②农民进城落户决策的影响因素涉及个人因素、家庭因素和村庄因素三个层面.年龄、文化程度、家庭生活水平、亲朋好友是否进城落户、村庄医疗卫生条件是影响郸城县农民进城落户决策的主要因素,其中文化程度、亲朋好友是否迁户的影响效应为正,年龄、家庭生活水平及村医疗卫生条件的影响效应为负. 相似文献
17.
对艾比湖流域抛物线沙丘表层沉积物样品的实验分析结果表明：沙丘表层沉积物粒径分布在0.4~2116.5 μm。沙丘表层沉积物主要成分为沙,且含有一定量的细砾和黏土成分;平均粒径从两翼间地至丘顶逐渐变粗,丘顶至背风坡脚逐渐变细;沉积物分选性整体较差,平均粒径愈小,分选性愈好;粒径频率曲线为正偏、基本对称、负偏和极负偏混合存在。沙丘表层沉积物的平均粒径与分选系数存在不显著的负相关性,与峰态呈现显著负相关,分选系数与峰态呈现显著正相关性。沙丘不同地貌部位沉积物的粒级、平均粒径、分选系数呈现出有规律的变化,系风沙流、沙丘形态、植被和沉积物综合作用的结果。艾比湖流流域内抛物线沙丘的物质来源为两个或两个以上的沉积物混合形成的多源供应物。 相似文献
18.
受功能文化区理论和距离衰减定律的影响,中国边界县区凸显出明显的特性,这种“边界效应”深刻影响到老龄化进程。利用2000、2010年分县人口普查数据,统计分析边界县区人口老龄化时空格局,通过空间分析方法和路径分析模型,剖析中国边界县区老龄化进程的影响机理。研究表明：①2000—2010年中国边界县区老龄化率虽低于全国平均水平但增速明显,且集中分布的趋势在相对减弱,空间差异增大,总体上呈现出东南-西北方向较为明显的分异;②热点县区集聚带基本分布于中国东南部,冷点县区集聚带基本分布于中国西北部,且热点县区显示出由东向西扩展、由北向南转移的趋势;③中国边界县区老龄化的直接影响因子为预期寿命、生育率和迁移率。其中预期寿命和生育率对边界县区老龄化有正向效应,迁移率则对边界县区老龄化产生负向效应;且预期寿命影响强度最大,迁移率次之,生育率影响强度最弱;④经济因素、社会因素、家庭因素和自然因素作为外生变量,分别对边界县区老龄化率产生直接和间接的影响。其中正向因子按总效应值依次为人均教育水平、家庭结构、居住条件、人居环境指数、人均GDP和城镇化率,对老龄化率产生促进作用。 相似文献
19.
河北坝上农田、退耕地和天然草地土壤的可风蚀性 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
对河北坝上农田、退耕地和天然草地土壤干团聚体稳定性（DASt）、土壤可蚀度（EF）和理化性质进行分析,讨论了这3种土地利用类型土壤风蚀可蚀性的差异及其与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明：农田和天然草地EF与DASt值差异性显著（P<0.05）,天然草地和退耕地、退耕地和农田差异性不显著,对于EF和DASt,天然草地 > 退耕地> 农田;对于平均粒径,农田≈退耕地>天然草地;对于土壤机械组成黏粒与粉粒含量,天然草地 > 退耕地 > 农田;对于砾石含量,农田 > 退耕地 > 天然草地;对于土壤有机质和全氮含量,天然草地 > 退耕地 > 农田。农田、退耕地、天然草地的DASt、EF系数与砾石含量、平均粒径有着显著相关性,有机质、全氮含量和DASt在天然草地上极显著负相关;EF与有机质、全氮含量在3种地类显著负相关。坝上地区草地和退耕地土壤肥力较高,但表层土壤具有很高的风蚀潜力,因此要限制开垦草地,在必要的地区继续退耕还林还草,提高地表植被的覆盖度,防风固沙,提高土壤肥力,减少土壤风蚀。 相似文献
20.
塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地人工绿地风沙土的土壤酶活性研究 总被引：19，自引：4，他引：15
在极端干旱的塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地,利用咸水(矿化度4~5 g·L-1)灌溉建立人工绿地后,受植被和各种人为措施的影响,风沙土内部性质发生了一系列的变化,土壤酶活性也发生了变化。1998年对不同种植时间、不同植被类型的样地布点采样,采样深度0~10 cm和10~50 cm。分析测定了转化酶、蛋白酶、H2O2酶、脲酶、中性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶活性,结果表明:①分析测定的6种酶活性随着植被建立时间的增长而明显增强;②相同种植时间不同植被类型的样地土壤酶活性有差异,如:相同种植时间,蔬菜地土壤酶活性要高于其他样地;③表层土壤酶活性高于下层,表明土壤酶活性随剖面深度下降而减弱;④通过相关性分析表明,土壤酶活性与有机质、氮、磷、微生物数量相关性显著;⑤通过与其他沙区土壤酶活性的比较,塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地土壤酶活性要相应低于其他沙区的流动和固定沙丘。 相似文献