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本文根据古植被、古动物的间接标志以及冰缘现象等直接标志为依据,认为把我国晚更新世多年冻土南界划到北纬39—40°最为合适。进入全新世中国北方的气候出现过明显的波动和干湿变化,在高温期时气温较现在高1—2℃,在小冰期气温较现在低2.0—2.5℃。这些变化对植被和动物的生存、迁移以及人类活动产生深刻的影响。此外,多年冻土下限和雪线高度与现代相比有明显的变化。 相似文献
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青藏高原中、东部全新世以来多年冻土 演化及寒区环境变化* 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7
古冻土存在的依据和判别标志主要是古冻土遗迹(深埋藏多年冻土层、古冻土上限、融化夹层、厚层地下冰)和古冰缘现象(古冻胀丘、古融冻褶皱、砂楔、土楔、冰楔假型、风成沙丘、黄土层、厚层泥炭和腐殖质层等)。文章结合大量的测年数据,利用古代和现代冻土以及冰缘现象的时空分布差异综合分析对比,将全新世以来青藏高原多年冻土演化过程和环境变化划分为6个较明显的时段:早全新世的气候剧变期(10800aB.P.至8500~7000aB.P.)、中全新世大暖期(8500~7000aB.P.至4000~3000aB.P.)、晚全新世寒冷期(4000~3000aB.P.至1000aB.P.)、晚全新世温暖期(1000aB.P.至500aB.P.)、全新世末小冰期(500aB.P.至100aB.P.)及近代升温期(100aB.P.至今);同时,概述了各时段高原冻土的发育条件、分布范围及总面积,和当时高原上的古气候、古地理环境。 相似文献
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青藏高原末次盛冰期和全新世大暖期多年冻土边界变化的探讨 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
位于中低纬的青藏高原多年冻土是第四纪高原隆升和冰期气候叠加的产物,与高纬多年冻土相比,具有厚度薄和不稳定的特点,对全球变化反应敏感.因此,评价冰期-间冰期多年冻土扩张-收缩过程和其范围重建,是研究高原环境变化的重要工作.本文依据青藏高原及周边地区温度数据和《中国冰川冻土沙漠图》,对青藏高原现代大片多年冻土、岛状多年冻土和高山多年冻土分布进行恢复.依据来自冰川、冰缘和湖泊等证据,采用末次盛冰期气温较现代低7℃,全新世大暖期气温较现代高4℃,进行末次盛冰期和全新世大暖期多年冻土分布重建.重建结果表明:末次盛冰期多年冻土扩张明显,面积约为现代冻土面积的195％;末次盛冰期大片多年冻土几乎覆盖整个高原,岛状多年冻土向东扩张明显,向西范围逐渐收缩变窄,高山多年冻土在喜马拉雅山、祁连山和横断山脉等地区扩张明显.全新世大暖期多年冻土明显收缩,面积是现代多年冻土的73％;大片多年冻土收缩幅度较小,岛状多年冻土在高原东南部收缩明显,高山多年冻土在喜马拉雅山脉、祁连山脉、横断山脉等高海拔山地发育. 相似文献
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青藏高原冻土退化的研究 总被引：21，自引：2，他引：21
青藏高原从70年代后期气温持续转暖,导致高原多年冻土呈区域性退化趋势。年平均地温升高0.1～0.5℃,在边缘地带垂向上形成不衔接冻土和融化夹层,多年冻土分布下界上升40～80 m,高原多年冻土总面积约减少10×104km2。 相似文献
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鄂尔多斯地区倒数第二次冰期冰楔假型的发现以及中国倒数第二次冰期多年冻土边界重建 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
首次发现鄂尔多斯地区发育有倒数第二次冰期冰楔假型,并根据此发现结合以往资料恢复了中国倒数第二次冰期多年冻土的边界,即105° E以东,118° E太行山一线以西地区的冻土南界在36°33' N附近,太行山以东地区位于40°20' N附近;而105° E以西的青藏高原地区多年冻土则分布在36°～29° N,现代海拔为2 000～3 100 m的地区.边界附近倒数第二次冰期时的年均气温比现今要低10～15 ℃. 相似文献
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青海高原中、 东部多年冻土及寒区环境退化 总被引：17，自引：13，他引：4
近年来, 随着全球气候变暖和人类社会经济活动的增强, 处于季节冻土向片状连续多年冻土过渡区的青海高原中、 东部多年冻土退化显著. 巴颜喀拉山南坡清水河地区岛状冻土分布南界向北萎缩5 km; 清水河、 黄河沿、 星星海南岸、 黑河沿岸、 花石峡等岛状冻土和不连续多年冻土出现融化夹层和不衔接多年冻土, 有些地区冻土岛和深埋藏多年冻土消失, 多年冻土上限下降、 季节冻结深度变浅; 片状连续多年冻土地温升高、 冻土厚度减薄. 1991-2010年巴颜喀拉山南北坡不连续多年冻土分布下界分别上升90 m和100 m, 1995-2010年布青山南北坡不连续多年冻土分布下界分别上升80 m和50 m. 造成冻土退化的主要原因为气候变暖, 使得地表年均温度由负变正, 冻结期缩短, 融化期延长, 冻/融指数比缩小. 伴随着冻土退化, 高寒环境也显著退化, 地下水位下降, 植被覆盖度降低, 高寒沼泽湿地和河湖萎缩, 土地荒漠化和沙漠化造成了地表覆被条件改变. 相似文献
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末次冰期我国西部的冰川长度比现代冰川长2—5倍,雪线低300—1080m;东部多年冻土区南界在33°20′—33°40′N,青藏高原多年冻土区东北部的下界在海拔2200—2600m 处;黄、东海海平面下降130—155m;经向环流加强,北方冷空气增强。末次冰期以后冰川阶段性退缩,多年冻土区阶段性缩小,海平面间歇性上升;8000—6000aB.P.为高温期,出现2—5m 高海面,5600—5000aB.P.气温短暂下降,海平面突然回落,冰川有所前进;3000aB.P.的新冰期和15—19世纪的小冰期,气候、冰川和海平面都有显著变化。哺乳动物的绝灭和迁徙是自然和人为双重影响的结果。这些变化都是全球变化的表现。 相似文献
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季风亚洲末次冰期可统一称为大理冰期,古冰川首次出现于东亚海岸山地,内陆高山高原则冰川规模缩小。早期大理冰期冰川规模大于晚期,是季风亚洲的特色。古雪线在亚洲东海岸形成向南弯曲的大槽,是大理冰期夏季风衰弱、海陆的干湿对比加剧以及东亚大槽南移的结果。53000—27000aB.P.之间为萨拉乌苏-卡尔金斯克大间冰段,气候冷暖多变,西伯利亚冻土融化,华北平原为喜冷云杉林占据,内陆湖水面普遍升高。构造运动对古冰川发育有明显影响。青藏高原大冰盖是不存在的。 相似文献
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C.K. Ballantyne 《Quaternary Science Reviews》1984,3(4):311-343
A wide variety of Late Devensian periglacial landforms developed on Scottish mountains both before ca. 13,000 BP and during the Loch Lomond Stadial of ca. 11,000-10,000 BP. Nearly all such features are now inactive. Late Devensian periglacial weathering produced three types of regolith mantle (openwork block deposits, sandy diamicts and silt-rich frost-susceptible diamicts), each of which supports a characteristic assemblage of relict landforms. On upper slopes these include large-scale sorted circles and stripes, earth hummocks and nonsorted relief stripes, sorted and nonsorted solifluction features, massive boulder sheets and lobes, and nivation benches. Talus, protalus ramparts, rock glaciers and alluvial fans also developed at the base of mountain slopes.The distribution of Late Devensian periglacial features on Scottish mountains is locally controlled by topography, the response of underlying rocks to periglacial weathering and the limits of former glaciers. Regional variations in the altitude of certain forms of Loch Lomond Stadial age (particularly protalus ramparts and rock glaciers) indicate a decrease in former snowfall eastwards across the Scottish Highlands and northwards from the Highland Boundary Fault. Several upland periglacial features are also diagnostic of former permafrost, and complement palaeotemperature reconstructions based on ice-wedge casts and the equilibrium firn line altitudes of stadial glaciers. These suggest that under stadial conditions mean January temperatures at 600 m and 1000 m on mountains in the Western Grampians must have been no higher than −20°C and −23°C respectively, and possibly several degrees lower. 相似文献
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Jan Ho&#x;ek Jind&#x;ich Prach Marek K&#x;íek Petr &#x;ída Piotr Moska Petr Pokorný 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2019,48(4):988-1005
Pronounced climatic warming associated with the Late Weichselian Pleniglacial‐to‐Lateglacial transition caused considerable environmental changes throughout the former periglacial zones (in Europe ~53°–46°N). During permafrost degradation and subsequent ground subsidence (i.e. thermokarst processes), the landscape changed rapidly. In this study we investigated a flat mid‐altitude area in south Bohemia, Czech Republic, lying close to the southern limit of the Weichselian permafrost. We discovered palaeo‐lake basins with sedimentary infillings up to 11 m in depth. According to radiocarbon and palynostratigraphical dating, these basins were formed at the onset of the Late Pleniglacial‐to‐Lateglacial transition, whereas the smaller depressions were formed later. We suggest that the basins resulted from thermal and fluvio‐thermal erosion of the former permafrost and represent remnants of discontinuous gullies and possibly collapsed frost mounds (pingo/lithalsa scars). The formation of this a fossil thermokarst landscape was climatically driven and multiple phased, with the major phase during the climatic warming and wetting at the onset of GI‐1e (Bølling) and the minor phase during GI‐1c (Allerød). This study enhances knowledge of the palaeogeography of the former European periglacial zone by showing that Late Pleistocene thermokarst activity could have had a significant impact on the evolution of the landscape of at least some regions of central Europe along the southern limit of the continuous permafrost zone. The research also points to a similar history for the physical transformation of the landscape of the former European periglacial zone and current thermokarst landscapes and could be a valuable source of information with respect to the future transformation of the Arctic under conditions of ongoing global warming. 相似文献
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A. Y. Sidorchuk A. V. Panin O. K. Borisova S. A. Elias J. P. Syvistki 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2000,89(3):541-549
The relicts of large meandering palaeochannels are found throughout the territory of the periglacial zone of the Last (Valdai=Weichselian) Glaciation on the Russian Plain. Channel widths of macromeanders can be 15 times larger than the recent meanders of the same rivers. Palaeolandscape and palaeohydrological reconstructions show that these periglacial river channels were formed under conditions of high spring water flow, up to eight times greater than the modern discharges, when the flow coefficient was close to 0.9-1.0 due to presence of permafrost, summers were dry and streams lacked ground water supply. Permafrost degradation increased soil permeability in spring and increased ground water flow in summer, causing a decrease of annual flow (due mainly to the flood flow decrease in spring). As a result, large periglacial channels were abandoned and transformed into lakes and bogs. Late Holocene channels have much smaller channel widths and meander lengths. These were formed under conditions of lower annual flows and much steadier flow regime. 相似文献
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Benxing Zheng 《GeoJournal》1988,17(4):525-543
The uplift of the Himalaya and Qinghai-Xizang plateau began at the end of Pliocene to the beginning of Early Pleistocene, changing the atmospheric circulation in Asia, enhancing the South Asian monsoon and enormously effecting the climatic conditions and glacial development.According to the evidence of glacial deposits, geomorphology, paleobiology, paleopedology, etc., at least four glaciations can be recognized. The uplift of the Himalayas was earlier than that of other mountains, so that the glaciation occurred in Early Pleistocene, forming small piedmont glaciers on the N slope, whilst at the same time there were wide short valley glaciers on the S slope. During the Middle Pleistocene, the height of Himalaya was about 4000 m a s l, the monsoon was strong, and much water vapour reached the interior of the plateau, the most favourable period for glacial development. Great piedmont glaciers and small ice caps formed on the mountains N of Himalayas and great valley glaciers occurred on the S slope, but no great ice sheet covered the plateau.During the early Late Pleistocene, the Himalayas had risen to over 5000 m asl, forming a barrier against the incursion of the Indian monsoon, so that the precipitation decreased sharply on the plateau N of Himalayas, thus diminishing the extent of the glaciation. But on the high mountains of the S part of Xizang and on several high mountains of the S slope of the Great Himalaya, the precipitation increased and the extent of glaciation reached a maximum. Since Last Glaciation, the precipitation of the alpine zone has decreased more sharply, the climate has become drier and colder, becoming unfavourable for glacial development.During the Holocene, three stages may be distinguished, i.e. the recession in Early Holocene (10,000-8000 BP); the disappearance of most glaciers in the Hypsithermal period in Middle Holocene, (8000-3000 BP); and the neoglacial fluctuations in Late Holocene (3000 BP up to present). The glaciers of the Neoglaciation advanced several hundred meters or even 3–5 km farther than existing glaciers. 相似文献
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Rock glaciers in the northern Japanese Alps: palaeoenvironmental implications since the Late Glacial
Masafumi Aoyama 《第四纪科学杂志》2005,20(5):471-484
In order to determine the palaeoclimatic and palaeo‐permafrost conditions in the northern Japanese Alps in central Japan, the ages of rock glaciers were investigated by relative age dating techniques such as weathering‐rind thickness and Schmidt hammer measurements. The results of the relative age dating suggest that the formation of the investigated rock glaciers may have started during the early phase of the Late Glacial or around the onset of the Holocene. The lower limit of current discontinuous permafrost in the northern Japanese Alps, which is indicated by the terminus of the lowest active/inactive rock glacier, lies at 2530 m a.s.l., while that of discontinuous permafrost during the Late Glacial or early phase of the Holocene, which is indicated by the terminus of the lowest relict rock glacier, lies at 2220 m a.s.l. Therefore, the lower limit of discontinuous permafrost during these periods would have been at least about 300 m lower than that of the current discontinuous permafrost. Climatic and geomorphological conditions during the Late Glacial led to a change in the environment from a glacial environment to a periglacial (permafrost) environment in the current alpine zone of the northern Japanese Alps. A large number of cirques were deglaciated and several of them were occupied by active rock glaciers around the onset of the Holocene. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Liang Zhao Huijun Jin Chuanchuan Li Zhijiu Cui Xiaoli Chang Sergey S. Marchenko Jef Vandenberghe Tingjun Zhang Dongliang Luo Dongxin Guo Gengnian Liu Chaolu Yi 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2014,43(3):688-698
Recent investigations into relict periglacial phenomena in northern and western China and on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau provide information for delineating the extent of permafrost in China during the Late Pleistocene. Polygonal and wedge‐shaped structures indicate that, during the local Last Glacial Maximum (LLGM, between ～35 and 10.5 ka BP), the southern limit of latitudinal permafrost in northern China advanced southward at least to ～38–40°N in the east and to ～37–39°N in the west. This represents an advance of about 5–10° of latitude beyond present‐day permafrost limits. The lower limits of elevationally controlled permafrost on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and its peripheries were about 1000 m lower: this permafrost was largely continuous during the LLGM. This suggests a cooling of between 4 and 10°C, or more. This paper discusses the extent of permafrost during the LLGM and presents maps that have been constructed on the basis of extensive and integrative analysis of all reliable and pertinent data. The results indicate that the extent of LLGM permafrost in China was between ～3.8 and 4.3×106 km2. This is 80 to 100% more than that of ～2.15×106 km2 in the 1970s, and 120 to ～150% more than that of ～1.75×106 km2 today. 相似文献
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东北多年冻土退化及环境效应研究现状与展望 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
东北多年冻土属中高纬度多年冻土,对气候变化非常敏感。数据模型模拟表明,21世纪东北多年冻土区气温会持续上升,显著的变暖将导致多年冻土退化。东北多年冻土呈现自南向北的区域性退化趋势,多年冻土区南部表现为南界的北移、融区的扩大和多年冻土的消失,而北部表现为多年冻土下限的上移、活动层厚度增大及地温升高等。多年冻土的退化会导致寒区生态环境的恶化,如兴安落叶松占绝对优势的天然林带锐减,林带北移,沼泽湿地萎缩等。随着多年冻土的迅速退缩和变薄,原多年冻土中蕴藏的碳将释放出来,对气候变化产生积极的正反馈,加速变暖,并影响全球碳循环。多年冻土退化导致其热状态失稳而造成寒区基础设施损坏,并且影响冻土微生物、碳循环、寒区生态和水文等,而它们是区域气候变化的重要因子,也将成为未来多年冻土研究的重点。而这些研究都需要长期的基础数据作支撑,因此需要进一步完善冻土参数监测网络,用模型厘清气候变化与多年冻土退化及其环境效应之间的关系。 相似文献