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1.
通过光学显微镜及单轴压缩的方法,研究了不同应力和温度下微粒对多品冰流变过程中显微组织演变的影响.研究表明:不论高温还是低温,或者高应力还是低应力,含微粒的多晶冰总是有较高的流变速率.在-10℃及1.45 MPa的应力下,两种冰在流变过程中的动态再结晶通过新生晶粒沿晶界的形核及长大完成.由于微粒在流变过程中通过阻碍晶界滑移而发展高的内应力,含微粒的多晶冰有较高的动态再结晶速率,其晶粒尺寸远小于不含微粒的多晶冰的晶粒尺寸.在-5℃、-10℃及0.4 MPa的应力下,由于微粒在流变过程中同样通过阻碍晶界滑移而发展较高的内应力,含微粒的多晶冰在流变过程中的动态再结晶仍然通过新生晶粒沿晶界的形核及长大完成.而对于不含微粒的多晶冰,由于流变应力较低,晶界应变能不足以诱发新生晶粒的形核,因此动态再结晶通过应变诱发的晶界迁移完成,其结果是晶粒的尺寸保持不变. 相似文献
2.
与绝大多数材料遵循基于位错攀移的指数蠕变机制不同,多晶冰遵循基于位错滑移的指数蠕变机制,这种机制引起了冰川学家极大的兴趣.以前人的研究为基础,综述了冰中质子无序及质子点缺陷的形成过程,质子点缺陷对位错滑移影响的微观机理,以及多晶冰蠕变的微观机制.研究表明:冰晶体中的氢原子(质子)无序使得位错在滑移过程中形成质子点缺陷(D、L、H3O+和OH-缺陷),从而降低了位错的滑移速率.质子点缺陷的形成需要氢原子(质子)跃迁,其激活能大于水分子自扩散所需的激活能.同时,多晶冰的蠕变激活能与质子跃迁的激活能相当,而大于水分子自扩散所需的激活能,因此多晶冰的蠕变控制机制是位错滑移,而不是位错攀移. 相似文献
3.
冰力学性质的研究在冻土工程、冰工程中都占据极其重要的地位,冰中未冻水含量的变化会导致冰整体性质随之改变。目前,在微观分子尺度上针对冰中未冻水含量控制因素方面的研究尚不充分。本研究通过分子动力学方法模拟了5种温度、3种应变速率、4种晶粒尺寸、3种升温速率下单晶冰与多晶冰的单轴拉伸与压缩试验,研究了不同影响因素下冰晶体力学性质及内部的微观结构变化,揭示了分子尺度上未冻水在冰晶体变形过程中的产生过程与变化规律,以及未冻水比例对冰晶体力学性质影响的内在机理。模拟结果显示,单晶冰力学性质与未冻水比例间的关系不显著,与冰晶体六元环结构的破损程度直接相关。此外,力学性质受温度、应变量、应变速率等多因素影响,且在拉伸和压缩过程中单晶冰均表现出明显脆性破坏,其强度随温度降低和应变速率加快而增强。相比之下,多晶冰力学性质与未冻水比例变化密切相关,且未冻水比例主要受温度、晶粒大小及其界面状态控制。而且,多晶冰对温度和应变速率更敏感,说明晶界处的结构变化对其力学性能起重要作用。与弹性变形不同,晶界滑移、晶粒旋转、非晶化和再结晶等过程主导多晶冰的塑性变形。 相似文献
4.
唯象学本构模型不能很好解决诸如夹杂含量、温度、应变速率等对盐岩力学性质的影响,更难以解释盐岩变形机制。盐岩为石岩晶体组成,其变形机制主要由多晶结构所控制,故基于固体位错理论研究方法建立的盐岩塑性本构模型更能反映盐岩的变形机制。研究表明,盐岩的塑性-蠕变交互作用机制是（亚）晶粒内部位错的滑移与（亚）晶界及其干涉面内位错的攀移运动之间的耦合。基于此,可确定亚晶（或晶粒）平均尺寸与流动应力之间的关系、（亚）晶内的位错平均密度;建立微观参量（位错、亚晶直径、亚晶界宽度等）演化模式;根据Orowan定律建立盐岩微观-宏观变形联系,从而导出盐岩塑性本构方程。导出的本构方程体现了盐岩塑性-蠕变变形的物理机制,相对于传统的塑性本构方程具有更好的物理意义。 相似文献
5.
天然金刚石孪晶的X射线衍射与形貌研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
本文利用X射线衍射和形貌术方法研究了辽南天然金刚石孪晶体。发现晶体中存在有孪晶界、位错、生长带和亚结构等多种缺陷。文中对部分位错进行了详细讨论,并确定其特征量;同时还分析各种缺陷的空间分布特点及其与孪晶界面的关系。 相似文献
6.
冰芯中不溶微粒的研究进展 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
冰芯中的微粒是反映大气粉尘的直接指标,其研究内容包括浓度、通量、粒径和矿物组成等在不同时期的变化特征以及其对全球气候的影响.简要地介绍大气粉尘对全球气候的影响,总结了近年来冰芯中的微粒研究以及用于解释末次冰盛期时高粉尘的几个气候模型的主要进展,着重讨论利用微粒的同位素特征来确定其来源以及利用微粒记录进行定年的方法与结果. 相似文献
7.
8.
2005年9月下旬,在黄河源区阿尼玛卿山耶和龙冰川平衡线附近挖取了6个雪坑,固定层厚采集了89个雪冰样品,分析了样品的δ18O值及不溶微粒的浓度、粒径,研究了耶和龙冰川中不溶微粒的时空分布特征及环境意义。结果表明：雪冰样品中不溶微粒浓度平均值为1.1×105个·mL-1,PM10占到总粒子的99%;以微粒数浓度为权重计算的平均粒径分布在1.1~1.8 μm之间,说明耶和龙冰川积雪中不溶微粒以细粒子为主;不溶微粒的粒度谱分布不符合正态分布规律,粒子浓度的众数出现在小粒径;微粒源区输入和大气环流强度是控制积雪中不溶微粒特征的主要因素。源区输入和风场强度均较大时,积雪中不溶微粒浓度及粒径均较大;源区输入较弱而风场强度较大时,积雪中微粒浓度有所增加,粒径增加更加显著。结合HYSPLIT-4模式研究发现,在耶和龙冰川积雪中不溶微粒的浓度及粒径随雪坑深度的变化可以反映气团强度的季节变化,夏季降水增加使微粒的季节变化更加显著。西风携带的塔克拉玛干沙漠和中亚干旱区尘埃是耶和龙冰川春、秋季节积雪中不溶微粒的重要来源。 相似文献
9.
单斜辉石作为大陆下地壳以及上地幔岩石的重要组成矿物,其在高温高压条件下的流变行为已有大量的实验研究。本文在综述以往对单斜辉石流变实验研究的基础上,讨论了影响其流变行为的各种因素及其地质意义,并指出了现存的问题及今后的研究趋势。影响单斜辉石流变性质的因素主要有流体（包括水和熔体）、粒度、化学成分、氧逸度以及温度与压力条件等。微量结构水可以显著增大单斜辉石单晶和多晶集合体的蠕变速率,降低其流变强度。熔体对单斜辉石强度的影响与熔体的含量和分布状态有关,呈三联点分布于矿物颗粒间的熔体对样品强度影响较小,只有当熔体呈薄膜状湿润颗粒边界时,熔体的弱化作用才显著。粒度主要影响单斜辉石的变形机制,单斜辉石集合体晶粒粒度的减小会促使变形机制由位错蠕变转变为扩散蠕变,较细粒的单斜辉石在扩散蠕变域内的应力与粒度呈线性负相关,而在位错蠕变域,应力与粒度无明显相关性。关于铁含量对单斜辉石的影响尚未有直接的实验研究,而对比前人在相同实验条件下采用不同铁含量的单斜辉石的扩散蠕变实验研究显示,单斜辉石中铁含量与蠕变速率可能呈正相关。氧逸度的升高对单斜辉石单晶的蠕变强度有轻微的弱化作用,而关于氧逸度对单斜辉石集合体流变... 相似文献
10.
本文对上海浅层士作了单剪流变试验,用试验所得的应力-应变-时间关系,测定了土的剪切流变参数、粘滞系数、长期强度等流变特性.试验表明,在一定密度-含水量状态和当剪应力小于某个屈服值时,可以利用叠加原理得到受剪历时相同的剪应力-剪应变关系曲线,两者的线性关系是正确的.同样,土的长期流动剪切速率-剪应力之间也成线性关系,从而由曲线中的线性段可求得土的剪切模量 G 和粘滞系数η.当剪应力超过某一屈服值后,曲线就成为非线性了,此屈服值可视为土的长期强度.在流变试验中这些参数均为时间的函数. 相似文献
11.
Recrystallized grain sizes, subgrain sizes and dislocation densities of quartz grains in quartzose mylonitic rocks have been examined using optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The samples come from the Moine Thrust zone in the Assynt district, Scotland. They had been studied previously and described in detail with respect to their structural position in relation to the various thrusts in the region and to their preferred orientation. Stresses were derived from these samples using empirical and theoretical equations relating flow stress to the scale of the microstructures. The stresses determined, 43–244 MPa from recrystallized grain size, 9–13 MPa from etched subgrain size, 50–95 MPa from TEM-scale subgrain size and 75–147 MPa from dislocation density, are not constant in individual samples. Simultaneous formation of the quartz fabrics and of the dynamically recrystallized grains during the period of mylonitization may have occurred under flow stresses ranging from 43 to 244 MPa. A later dynamic recovery event reset subgrain sizes and dislocation densities to a constant-value for each microstructure throughout the area. There is insufficient empirical information available on the flow stress/subgrain size relationship and on the effects of annealing recovery and annealing recrystallization to allow for a more detailed interpretation. Recrystallized grain size is still the most easily measured microstructural feature and the relationship of recrystallized grain size to flow stress has a sounder experimental basis than subgrain size or dislocation density. The effect of chemical environment on the behaviour of all the microstructures is still unknown. 相似文献
12.
Paul H. Reitan 《Lithos》1977,10(2):121-128
Metamorphic crystallization necessitates nucleation of new grains. Associated with this process is an energy barrier which requires an input of energy sufficient to make the net change of free energy with nucleus growth decrease so that the process of grain crystallization will proceed. Temperature increase and elastic strain are widely accepted as capable of including metamorphic crystallization. Evaluation of these suggests that an energy input on the order of 0.x cal gm?1 is commonly enough to overcome the energy barrier and induce metamorphic crystallization. Both processes are necessarily timebound to the time of energy input. Conservative quantitative evaluations of the increase in interfacial free energy by grain size reduction, and of the energy increase resulting from increased dislocation density of grains, show that energetically, these may be equally capable of inducing metamorphic crystallization. These processes can store energy in the system; later release of that energy by metamorphic crystallization may occur under stress and temperature conditions much different from those that accompanied the input of the energy. Furthermore, the formation of a new set of grains will necessarily eliminate the evidence of the precursor state, whether fine granulation or a condition of high dislocation density in the grains of the system.Experiments have demonstrated the existence and properties of tiny short-lived hot spots on the surfaces of sliding solids. From this we infer the likelihood of such high spot temperatures being realized at grain boundaries during penetrative deformation. The energy concentrated at these spots may help to overcome the energy barrier to nucleation and grain growth and may stimulate formation of stable grains and the progressive elimination of metastable grains during deformation. This is a syntectonic process, but recognizing that syntectonic metamorphic crystallization is most characteristic of regionally dynamothermally metamorphosed terranes, the importance of grain boundary hot spots in providing energy for metamorphic crystallization may be very great. 相似文献
13.
S. White 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1979,70(2):193-202
The results are reported of a combined optical and electron microscopy study of microstructural variations across a quartz
mylonite zone with increasing shear strain. The mylonite developed by recrystallization of the deformed quartz grains with
increasing shear strain. It was found in a given specimen that the size of recrystallized grains and of sub-grains were always
smaller in electron micrographs. The possible reasons for this are discussed. The size of both features decreased with increasing
shear strain irrespective of the microscope used. However the density of unbound dislocations remained constant. A marked
grain size reduction occurred in phyllosilicate rich layers. Variations in sub-grain size were observed within the relict
old grains which remained at low shear strains. These are thought to reflect stress intensification adjacent to grain boundaries
during deformation. The relict grains recrystallized at higher strains. Stresses were estimated from grain and sub-grain sizes
and from the dislocation density. The results indicate that estimates based on grain size are unreliable if phyllosilicates
inhibit the growth of grains during recrystallization, and that the dislocation densities are altered during uplift and are
unlikely to give meaningful estimates. It is also concluded that the microstructures reflect stress gradients present during
the formation of the mylonite, that is the initiation and propagation of the shear zone and that these were subsequently replaced
by strain rate gradients. 相似文献
14.
Tomoki Taguchi Yohei Igami Akira Miyake Masaki Enami 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2019,37(3):401-414
To understand the preservation of coesite inclusions in ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks, an integrated petrological, Raman spectroscopic and focussed ion beam (FIB) system–transmission electron microscope (TEM) study was performed on a UHP kyanite eclogite from the Sulu belt in eastern China. Coesite grains have been observed only as rare inclusions in kyanite from the outer segment of garnet and in the matrix. Raman mapping analysis shows that a coesite inclusion in kyanite from the garnet rim records an anisotropic residual stress and retains a maximum residual pressure of ~0.35 GPa. TEM observations show quartz is absent from the coesite inclusion–host kyanite grain boundaries. Numerous dislocations and sub‐grain boundaries are present in the kyanite, but dislocations are not confirmed in the coesite. In particular, dislocations concentrate in the kyanite adjacent to the boundary with the coesite inclusion, and they form a dislocation concentration zone with a dislocation density of ~109 cm?2. A high‐resolution TEM image and a fast Fourier transform‐filtered image reveal that a tiny dislocation in the dislocation concentration zone is composed of multiple edge dislocations. The estimated dislocation density in most of the kyanite away from the coesite inclusion–host kyanite grain boundaries is ~108 cm?2, being lower than that in kyanite adjacent to the coesite. In the case of a coesite inclusion in a matrix kyanite, using Raman and TEM analyses, we could not identify any quartz at the grain boundaries. Dislocations are not observed in the coesite, but numerous dislocations and stacking faults are developed in the kyanite. The estimated overall dislocation density in the coesite‐bearing matrix kyanite is ~108 cm?2, but a high dislocation density region of ~109 cm?2 is also present near the coesite inclusion–host kyanite grain boundaries. Inclusion and matrix kyanite grains with no coesite have dislocation densities of ≤108 cm?2. Dislocation density is generally reduced during an annealing process, but our results show that not all dislocations in the kyanite have recovered uniformly during exhumation of the UHP rocks. Hence, one of the key factors acting as a buffer to inhibit the coesite to quartz transformation is the mechanical interaction between the host and the inclusion that lead to the formation of dislocations in the kyanite. The kyanite acts as an excellent pressure container that can preserve coesite during the decompression of rocks from UHP conditions. The search for and study of inclusions in kyanite may be a more suitable approach for tracing the spatial distribution of UHP metamorphic rocks. 相似文献
15.
对矿物中位错和位错增殖的几点认识 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文主要以前人的实验结果为依据，从理论角度分析和讨论了有关位错的几个问题。指出通过测量矿物的位错密度值计算得到的外应力只能是矿物变形过程中所受峰值应力的下限，位错的运动速度随着外施应力和温度的增高而加快，从奥洛旺方程的位错速度与应力的关系出发，提出了矿物晶体中位错随外应力增加而非线性增殖的一个原因。 相似文献
16.
Plastically deformed quartzites from the Betic Movement Zone (Betic Cordilleras, Spain) exhibit microstructures indicative of crystal plasticity on a mineral grain scale. Quartzites with dynamically recrystallized grain sizes larger than 10 μm have strong crystallographic preferred orientations, narrow grain boundaries, little creep damage, and an inverse proportionality of dislocation density and grain size. Mylonites with grain sizes smaller than 10 μm have low crystallographic preferred orientations, wide grain boundaries (up to 1000 Å), abundant creep damage, and decreasing dislocation density with diminishing grain size. This is thought to reflect a clear-cut shift in deformational regimes from dislocation creep to superplastic flow at 10 μm grain size. Superplasticity can be acquired by quartzites which suffer dynamic recrystallization to grain sizes smaller than 10 μm during an initial dislocation creep stage. Dislocation motion is the major accomodating mechanism for strain incompatibilities that arise during grain-boundary sliding in the mylonites.It seems reasonable to estimate flow stresses from unbound dislocation densities and dynamically recrystallized grain sizes in the tectonite specimens. In the mylonites, dynamically recrystallized grain size probably reflects the stress magnitude before the shift in deformational mechanisms, and an estimate for late stage stresses is provided by unbound dislocation densities. In both deformational regimes the flow strength appears to depend on the extent of dynamic recrystallization. 相似文献
17.
Origin of migmatites by deformation-enhanced melt infiltration of orthogneiss: a new model based on quantitative microstructural analysis 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
P. HASALOVÁ K. SCHULMANN O. LEXA P. &#;TÍPSKÁ F. HROUDA S. ULRICH J. HALODA P. TÝCOVÁ 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2008,26(1):29-53
A detailed field study reveals a gradual transition from high‐grade solid‐state banded orthogneiss via stromatic migmatite and schlieren migmatite to irregular, foliation‐parallel bodies of nebulitic migmatite within the eastern part of the Gföhl Unit (Moldanubian domain, Bohemian Massif). The orthogneiss to nebulitic migmatite sequence is characterized by progressive destruction of well‐equilibrated banded microstructure by crystallization of new interstitial phases (Kfs, Pl and Qtz) along feldspar boundaries and by resorption of relict feldspar and biotite. The grain size of all felsic phases decreases continuously, whereas the population density of new phases increases. The new phases preferentially nucleate along high‐energy like–like boundaries causing the development of a regular distribution of individual phases. This evolutionary trend is accompanied by a decrease in grain shape preferred orientation of all felsic phases. To explain these data, a new petrogenetic model is proposed for the origin of felsic migmatites by melt infiltration from an external source into banded orthogneiss during deformation. In this model, infiltrating melt passes pervasively along grain boundaries through the whole‐rock volume and changes completely its macro‐ and microscopic appearance. It is suggested that the individual migmatite types represent different degrees of equilibration between the host rock and migrating melt during exhumation. The melt topology mimicked by feldspar in banded orthogneiss forms elongate pockets oriented at a high angle to the compositional banding, indicating that the melt distribution was controlled by the deformation of the solid framework. The microstructure exhibits features compatible with a combination of dislocation creep and grain boundary sliding deformation mechanisms. The migmatite microstructures developed by granular flow accompanied by melt‐enhanced diffusion and/or melt flow. However, an AMS study and quartz microfabrics suggest that the amount of melt present did not exceed a critical threshold during the deformation to allow free movements of grains. 相似文献
18.
Few studies have examined the hydrodynamic behaviour of carbonate sediments. The data presented here are the result of preliminary research on entrainment in well- and poorly sorted carbonate sands. Experiments were performed using naturally occurring sediments in a tilting, recirculating freshwater flume. Results indicate that when of similar size, shape and density, the transport threshold of carbonate sands is similar to that of quartz. However, owing to their lower density and often platy or irregular shape, skeletal sands require a lower shear stress to initiate transport. Because the density of carbonate particles may increasingly vary with grain size, the threshold of motion in coarse carbonate grains may differ more markedly from that of quartz. In poorly sorted samples, results show that the coarse-grained constituents move before the finer-grained components. Grain properties and boundary-layer dynamics are believed to explain this phenomenon. Rollability of the larger grains combined with physical trapping and immersion within a low velocity sublayer are believed to prevent finer particles from moving. Given the appropriate sediments and flow conditions, it may therefore be possible to deposit and preserve fine-grained sediments in a flow regime typically thought to transport such materials. 相似文献
19.
Various mechanisms can affect the permeability of dense unconsolidated sands: Volumetric dilation can lead to permeability increase, whereas strain localization in shear bands may increase or decrease the permeability depending on the state of compaction and on the level of grains breakage inside the band. To investigate these various mechanisms, an experimental study has been performed to explore the effect of different factors such as grain size and grain shape, confining pressure, level of shear, stress path, and formation of one or several shear bands on the permeability of dense sands under triaxial loading. The experimental results show a reduction of permeability during the consolidation phase and during the volumetric contraction phase of shear loading, which can be related to the decrease of porosity. The experimental results also show that, depending on the confining pressure, the permeability remains stable or decreases during the volumetric dilation phase despite the increase of total porosity. This permeability reduction is attributed to the presence of fine particles, which result from grains attrition during pre-localization and grains breakage inside the shear band during the post-localization phase. 相似文献