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1.
Soil erosion is the dominating factor of damaging roads in Iran. Roads are a critical component of civilization. Developing and maintaining the economic activity that is vital for the quality of modern life would be difficult without roads. Accelerated erosion and increased sediment yields resulting from changes in land use are critical environmental problems, and one of the important changes is road construction. Construction and condition of roadways are associated with direct and indirect impacts on soil erosion. This paper presents the relationship between soil erosion and some characteristics such as distance to roadway, slope, and parent material in Latian Watershed, Tehran Province, Iran. Soil erosion map was interpreted using aerial photos and GIS technology. Buffer zones, subdivided into 12 strips, each 0.2 km wide, which were located alongside roadway. The distribution patterns of various types of erosion were also identified by GIS by overlaying road buffer strips and soil erosion map. The results show that soil erosion landform such as land slide, badland, bank erosion, channel erosion, etc. found in buffer zones along both sides of roads.  相似文献   

2.
The presence and conditions of roadways determine the utilization of natural resources, which exert direct and indirect influences on karst rocky desertification (KRD) in undeveloped karst areas. This paper addresses the relationship between KRD and its distance to roadways in Pingguo County, a typical peak-cluster depression area in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in Southwest China, focusing on the three time periods of 1994, 2001, and 2009. KRD maps for each time period were interpreted by using remote sensing and GIS technology in buffer zones, which are 4.0 km wide and subdivided into eight strips of 0.5 km wide each. They are located alongside various classes of roadways, namely trunk, town, village, and unpaved roadways. Results demonstrate that slight KRD is the major type in buffer strips on both sides of roadways, which tends to decrease with an increase in distance to road baseline. In contrast, moderate and severe KRD cases cover relatively limited areas, which tend to change less rapidly. Moreover, these two KRD cases are less related to their distance to trunk and town roadways than to village and unpaved roadways. Therefore, the distance to roadways affects slight KRD distribution more than moderate and severe KRD. Temporal KRD patterns indicate that slight, moderate, and severe KRD areas alongside all roadway classes have comparatively similar trends in the periods of 1994, 2001, and 2009 KRD areas alongside various classes of roadways in the three periods (except some of those alongside the town and trunk roads) rank as follows from highest to lowest, 2001, 2009, and 1994. However, the total area in town and trunk roads is relatively small and varies little with distance from strip-to-road. KRD alongside various roadway classes is affected jointly by historical policy, distance to roadways, and landscape.  相似文献   

3.
This paper presents a methodology for developing a landslide hazard zonation map by integration of global positioning system (GPS), geographic information system (GIS), and remote sensing (RS) for Western Himalayan Kaghan Valley of Pakistan. The landslides in the study area have been located and mapped by using GPS. Eleven causative factors such as landuse, elevation, geology, rainfall intensity, slope inclination, soil, slope aspect, distances from main road, distances from secondary roads, and distances from main river and those from trunk streams were analyzed for occurrence of landslides. These factors were used with a modified form of pixel-based information value model to obtain landslide hazard zones. The matrix analysis was performed in remote sensing to produce a landslide hazard zonation map. The causative factors with the highest effect of landslide occurrence were landuse, rainfall intensity, distances from main road, distances from secondary roads, and distances from main river and those from trunk streams. In conclusion, we found that landslide occurrence was only in moderate, high, or very high hazard zones, and no landslides were in low or very low hazard zones showing 100% accuracy of our results. The landslide hazard zonation map showed that the current main road of the valley was in the zones of high or very high hazard. Two new safe road routes were suggested by using the GIS technology.  相似文献   

4.
以三峡库区界垭小流域内不同交通荷载土质道路为研究对象,通过自然降雨观测研究其侵蚀规律和污染物流失特征。研究结果表明,交通荷载大的干道产流率和侵蚀率均高于交通荷载低的支道,对产流率影响显著的因子主要为降雨量,对产沙率影响显著的因子为降雨量、雨强。雨型对污染物的流失特征影响显著,前期集中型降雨下,污染物流失过程线与降雨过程线同步性较好,泥沙、总氮、铵态氮、泥沙结合态磷和溶解态磷均发生了较强的初始冲刷效应;中期集中型降雨下,污染物流失浓度峰值优先于雨强峰值,且氮和磷等初始冲刷强度低于前期集中型降雨,泥沙无初始冲刷效应。  相似文献   

5.
The levels of lead, cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc were determined in the roadside topsoil in Osogbo, Nigeria, with the view to determining the effect of traffic density and vehicular contribution to the soil heavy metal burden. The levels of the metals at the high density roads were significantly higher than the corresponding levels at the medium and low traffic density roads. The average levels of Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn in all road locations at a distance of 5 m from the roads were 68.74ᆶ.82, 0.60ǂ.31, 21.19ᆟ.34, 8.38DŽ.40, and 42.45ᆥ.68 mg/kg, respectively. Pb, Cd, and Cu were of average levels of 92.07ᆩ.25, 0.76ǂ.35 and 27.69 mg/kg, respectively at a distance of 5 m from the road at high traffic density roads, while the levels of Ni and Zn averaged 9.65DŽ.61 and 56.27ᆟ.58 mg/kg, respectively. There was a rapid decrease in the level of the metals with distance, with the metal levels at a distance of 50 m from the road almost reaching the natural background levels of the metals at the control sites. The levels of the metals were also determined at the four major motor parks and at the seven mechanic workshop settlements. The levels of the metals at the motor parks and mechanic workshops were far above the levels at the control sites. The levels of Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn at the motor parks were 519ᇝ.0, 3.6ǂ.8, 37.9ᆠ.5, 17.3dž.6 and 71.9ᆟ.3 mg/kg, respectively, with the levels of Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn at the mechanic workshops averaging 729.57뀶.93, 4.59ǃ.01, 116.6ᆮ.8, 30.21Nj.40, and 88.74ᆰ.11 mg/kg, respectively.  相似文献   

6.
纳雍县土壤侵蚀遥感调查及治理对策研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
本文将通过遥感技术获得的纳雍县1997年土壤侵蚀数据与纳雍县1997年土壤侵蚀数据对比分析，探索10年来纳雍县土壤侵蚀的时间与空间上的变化特点，并试图对纳县土壤侵蚀治理当中存在的问题进行分析，提出合理的建议。  相似文献   

7.
Remote sensing data and Geographical Information System (GIS) has been integrated with the weighted index overlay (WIO) method and E 30 model for the identification and delineation of soil erosion susceptibility zones and the assessment of rate of soil erosion in the mountainous sub-watershed of River Manimala in Kerala (India). Soil erosion is identified as the one of the most serious environmental problems in the human altered mountainous environment. The reliability of estimated soil erosion susceptibility and soil loss is based on how accurately the different factors were estimated or prepared. In the present analysis, factors that are considered to be influence the soil erosion are: land use/land cover, NDVI, landform, drainage density, drainage frequency, lineament frequency, slope, and relative relief. By the WIO analysis, the area is divided into zones representing low (33.30%), moderate (33.70%), and high (33%) erosion proneness. The annual soil erosion rate of the area under investigation was calculated by carefully determining its various parameters and erosion for each of the pixels were estimated individually. The spatial pattern thus created for the area indicates that the average annual rate of soil erosion in the area was ranging from 0.04 mm yr−1 to 61.80 mm yr−1. The high soil erosion probability and maximum erosion rate was observed in areas with high terrain alteration, high relief and slopes with the intensity and duration of heavy precipitation during the monsoons.  相似文献   

8.
An attempt has been made to analyze the spatial-temporal characteristics of soil erosion vulnerability and soil loss from the forested region in the north-eastern Borneo, Sarawak, Malaysia during the last three decades (1991–2015) using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) and geographical information systems (GIS). The components of RUSLE such as rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), slope-length and steepness (LS), cover management (C) and conservation practice (P) factors were grouped into two categories by keeping one set as temporally changing and others as static. Among them the R and C factors are calculated for the years 1991, 2001 and 2015 whereas the K and LS factors are considered for the single time frame. Because of the forested nature of the study area, the P factor is kept constant for the whole analysis. The R factor and C factor is shown changes in values and its distribution over the years, which reflected in the final soil loss and erosion vulnerability map as a change in the rate of erosion and spatial domain. The analysis of three time slices has shown that the maximum value of the soil loss per unit area i.e. at erosion hotspots, is relatively similar throughout at around 1636 to 1744 t/ha/y. This is the result of maximum values of R factor and C factor i.e. high rainfall erosivity combined with lack of vegetation cover in those hotspots, which are generally steeply sloping terrain. The reclassification of annual soil loss map into erosion vulnerability zones indicated a major increase in the spatial spread of erosion vulnerability from the year 1991 to 2015 with a significant increase in the high and critical erosion areas from 2.3% (1991) to 31.5% (2015). In 1991, over 84% of the study area was under low erosion vulnerability class but by the year 2015 only 12% was under low erosion vulnerability class. Moreover, a dynamic nature in the erosion pattern was found from the year 1991 to 2015 with more linear areas of land associated with higher rate of soil loss and enhanced erosion vulnerability. The linearity in the spatial pattern is correlated with the development of logging roads and logging activities which has been confirmed by the extraction of exposed areas from satellite images of different years of analysis. The findings of the present study has quantified the changes in vegetation cover from dense, thick tropical forest to open mixed type landscapes which provide less protection against erosion and soil loss during the severe rainfall events which are characteristic of this tropical region.  相似文献   

9.
Riparian zones act as important buffer zones for non-point source pollution, thus improving the health of aquatic ecosystems. Previous research has shown that riparian zones play an important role, and that land use has an important effect, on phosphorus (P) retention. A spatial basin-scale approach for analyzing P retention and land use effects could be important in preventing pollution in riparian zones. In this study, a riparian phosphorus cycle model based on EcoHAT was generated with algorithms from soil moisture and heat models, simplified soil and plant phosphorus models, plant growth models, and universal soil loss equations. Based on remote sensing data, model performance was enhanced for spatial and temporal prediction of P retention in the riparian zone. A modified soil and plant P model was used to simulate the soil P cycle of a riparian zone in a temperate continental monsoon climate in northern China. A laboratory experiment and a field experiment were conducted to validate the P cycle model. High coefficients of determination (R 2) between simulated and observed values indicate that the model provides reliable results. P uptake variations were the same as the net primary productivity (NPP) trends, which were affected by soil temperature and moisture in the temperate continental monsoon climate. Beginning in June, the monthly content increased, with the maximum appearing in August, when the most precipitation and the highest temperatures occur. The spatial distribution of P uptake rates from March to September showed that areas near water frequently had relatively high values from May to August, which is contrary to results obtained in March, April, and September. The P uptake amounts for different land uses changed according to expectation. The average monthly P uptake rates for farmlands and grasslands were more than those for orchards and lowlands, which had moderate P uptake rates, followed by shrubs and forests. The spatial distribution of soil erosion demonstrated that the soil erosion came primarily from high-intensity agricultural land in the western and central areas, while the northern and eastern study regions, which were less affected by human activity, experienced relatively slight soil erosion. From the point of view of P pollution prevention, the spatial structure of riparian zones and the spatial distribution of land use around the Guanting reservoir are thus not favorable.  相似文献   

10.
分析研究了宁通公路、204国道两条主要公路两侧农田土壤Pb、Cr、Ni、Zn、Cd含量分布特征、影响范围及其差异,并对公路旁农田土壤重金属累积程度、潜在生态危害进行了评价。结果发现,同一公路不同路段土壤重金属累积含量程度不同;两条公路两侧土壤重金属含量累积程度不高,潜在综合生态危害程度都很低,以轻微危害为主;而由汽车轮胎摩擦产生的Cd在公路两侧农田土壤中累积程度最高,为最主要的污染重金属;不同等级的公路两侧土壤重金属累积范围存在差异,宁通公路为0m-50m,204国道为0m-30m。  相似文献   

11.
以贵州省红枫湖流域为研究对象,运用GIS和RUSLE模型分析了该流域1960～1986年、1987～1997年、1998～2004年三个时段内的年平均土壤侵蚀量和土壤侵蚀强度,并探讨了40多年来流域土壤侵蚀变化的时空变化特征。结果表明,过去40多年来,流域的土壤侵蚀经历了一个先增强再减弱的过程,土壤侵蚀强度空间分布呈西强东弱的格局,且流域西部呈明显先增强再减弱的特征,东部变化相对较小。  相似文献   

12.
文章以贵州花江喀斯特石漠化地区为研究区域,利用WEPP模型(坡面版)分别模拟2006年、2010年土壤侵蚀模数,并将实测数据与WEPP模型模拟值作比较,探讨WEPP软件在喀斯特石漠化地区的适用性。研究表明:WEPP模型对于模拟喀斯特石漠化地区土壤侵蚀有较大误差,对土壤侵蚀模数模拟的有效性系数均为负值,不适用于直接计算该区域土壤侵蚀模数。WEPP模型对微度侵蚀模拟精度不够,但能大体反映不同径流小区之间土壤侵蚀强弱的关系和生态修复过程土壤侵蚀的变化趋势。若要应用WEPP模型对喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀模数模拟计算,必须考虑水土的地下漏失、地表裸岩率、地形高度破碎等环境条件。裸岩率、土壤漏失、地形条件等都是WEPP模型修正所必须注意的内容。   相似文献   

13.
Tsunami-induced scour at coastal roadways: a laboratory study   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
Coastal roads are lifelines for bringing emergency personnel and equipment into affected areas after tsunamis, thus careful thought should be given to how to make roadways safer from tsunamis. Scouring at roadways is the primary damage caused by tsunamis; however, tsunami-induced scouring and beach erosion are less understood compared to tsunami runup and tsunami inundation. A set of laboratory experiments are reported in this study on tsunami-induced scour at a road model situated on a sandy beach. Our experiments showed that the distance between the shoreline and a roadway, which varies with tides, was a key factor affecting the scour depth at the road. Having the coastal road at about half of the inundation distance is not the most ideal location. The depth of road embedment did not affect the scour depth in our experiments. It was also found that for typical tsunamis, the scour depth is unlikely to reach its equilibrium stage. The information reported in this study is useful for local authorities to assess potential tsunami damage of roads and to have a better plan for tsunami disaster relief.  相似文献   

14.
粤北石漠化地区土壤侵蚀初步研究   总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7  
土壤流失是石漠化最基本的过程之一。本文采用广东省阳山县江英镇实验小区的观测资料,分析粤北岩溶山区不同土地利用类型的侵蚀差异。结果表明,裸地表层的养分流失速度很快,其侵蚀量是无人为扰动的原始草坡的60余倍,耕地的侵蚀量平均也达到原始草坡的15倍左右。有植被覆盖的原始草坡地和耕地的侵蚀量均与次降水量的相关性更高,而裸地的侵蚀量与连续30分钟最大雨强的相关性高,这一观测结果表明地表植被抵御短期强降水侵蚀土壤的效果明显。   相似文献   

15.
Hyperspectral reflectance is widely used for determining important properties of soil erosion. However, there have been few studies which focus on the influence of soil erosion intensity on the characteristics of hyperspectral reflectance, and such information would provide a new tool to improve quantitative understanding of soil erosion. In this study, 35 soil samples were collected from three regions with different erosion intensities in Changting County, a typical severely eroded county in the ferralic cambisol region of southern China, and classified into three groups according to different erosion controlling status. All the samples were scanned at wavelengths from 400 to 2,498 nm by an ASD Field Spec Portable Spectrometer, and the erosion intensity of each sample was calculated using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation. Multivariate stepwise linear regression was then employed to model the soil erosion intensity based on reflectance. The results suggested that the absorption peaks of each sample were in a similar wavelength range, while the absorption depth varied with different erosion status, and the reflectance of extremely eroded soil samples were the highest. During modelling of erosion intensity, the result was poor when all the samples were combined, but improved greatly at certain wavelength ranges when samples were classified into three groups based on different erosion controlling status. The extreme erosion group markedly outperformed the other two groups, in which the R 2 values between the actual and predicted erosion intensity were 0.67, 0.85 and 0.80 for each spectral type. The results indicated that hyperspectral reflectance is a promising method for accurately monitoring erosion intensity.  相似文献   

16.
The parallel roads of Glen Roy and adjacent glens, Scotland   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
The width and angle of outward slope of the parallel roads of glens Roy, Gloy and Spean have been measured at 787 points and road volume has been approximately determined at 236 points. Analyses of the measurements show that road widths are highly correlated inversely with the slopes of the hill sides on which they occur. Road volume is unrelated to hillside slope or to geology, but is highly correlated with length of fetch from south-west. Locally the roads resulted from fluvial (including fluvioglacial) depostion, but normally they are the result of erosion at the back and deposition at the front. It is maintained that the roads were not formed only by wave action but also by powerful frost action in the critical environment of the slightly varying lake level. It is inferred that each road was at first formed extremely quickly and, thereafter, developed very slowly  相似文献   

17.
Remote sensing data and GIS techniques have been used to compute runoff and soil erosion in the catchment area along the NH-1A between Udhampur and Kud covering an area of approximately 181 km2. Different thematic layers, for example lithology, a landuse and landcover map, geomorphology, a slope map, and a soil-texture map, were generated from these input data. By use of the US Soil Conservation Service curve number method, estimated runoff potential was classified into five levels—very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. Data integration was performed by use of the weighting rating technique, a conventional qualitative method, to give a runoff potential index value. The runoff potential index values were used to delineate the runoff potential zones, namely low, moderate, high, and very high. Annual spatial soil loss estimation was computed using the Morgan–Morgan–Finney mathematical model in conjunction with remote sensing data and GIS techniques. Greater soil erosion was found to occur in the northwestern part of the catchment area. When average soil loss from the catchment area was calculated it was found that a maximum average soil loss of more than 20 t ha−1 occurred in 31 km2 of the catchment area.  相似文献   

18.
In recent times, soil erosion interlocked with land use and land cover (LULC) changes has become one of the most important environmental issues in developing countries. Evaluation of this complex interaction between LULC change and soil erosion is indispensable in land use planning and conservation works. This paper analysed the impact of LULC change on soil erosion in the north-western highland Ethiopia over the period 1986–2016. Rib watershed, the area with dynamic LULC change and severe soil erosion problem, was selected as a case study site. Integrated approach that combined geospatial technologies with revised universal soil loss equation model was utilized to evaluate the spatio-temporal dynamics of soil loss over the study period. Pixel-based overlay of soil erosion intensity maps with LULC maps was carried out to understand the change in soil loss due to LULC change. Results showed that the annual soil loss in the study area varied from 0 to 236.5 t ha?1 year?1 (tons per hectare per year) in 1986 and 0–807 t ha?1 year?1 in 2016. The average annual soil loss for the entire watershed was estimated about 40 t ha?1 year?1 in 1986 comparing with 68 t ha?1 year?1 in 2016, a formidable increase. Soil erosion potential that was estimated to exceed the average soil loss tolerance level increased from 34.5% in 1986 to 66.8% in 2016. Expansion of agricultural land at the expense of grassland and shrubland was the most detrimental factor for severe soil erosion in the watershed. The most noticeable change in soil erosion intensity was observed from cropland with mean annual soil loss amount increased to 41.38 t ha?1 year?1 in 2016 from 26.60 in 1986. Moreover, the most successive erosion problems were detected in eastern, south-eastern and northern parts of the watershed. Therefore, the results of this study can help identify the soil erosion hot spots and conservation priority areas at local and regional levels.  相似文献   

19.
Land degradation is still a very common problem in the mountains of Asia because of inappropriate land use practice in steep topography. Many studies have been carried out to map shifting cultivation and areas susceptible to soil erosion. Mostly, estimated soil loss is taken as the basis to classify the level of soil loss susceptibility of area. Factors that influence soil erosion are: rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, slope length and steepness, crop management and conservation practices. Thus the reliability of estimated soil loss is based on how accurately the different factors were estimated or prepared. As each and every small pixel of our earth surface is different from one area to another, the manner in which the study area was discretized into smaller homogenous sizes and how the most accurate and efficient technique were adopted to estimate the soil loss are very important. The purpose of this study is to produce erosion susceptibility maps for an area that has suffered because of shifting cultivation located in the mountainous regions of Northern Thailand. For this purpose, an integrated approach using RS and GIS-based methods is proposed. Data from the Upper Nam Wa Watershed, a mountainous area of the Northern Thailand were used. An Earth Resources Data Analysis System (ERDAS) imagine image processor has been used for the digital analysis of satellite data and topographical analysis of the contour data for deriving the land use/land cover and the topographical data of the watershed, respectively. ARCInfo and ARCView have been used for carrying out geographical data analysis. The watershed was discretized into hydrologically, topographically, and geographically homogeneous grid cells to capture the watershed heterogeneity. The soil erosion in each cell was calculated using the universal soil loss equation (USLE) by carefully determining its various parameters and classifying the watershed into different levels of soil erosion severity. Results show that during the time of this study most of the areas under shifting cultivation fell in the highest severity class of susceptibility.  相似文献   

20.
The main goal of this study was to assess the prediction reliability, the quantitative differences and the spatial variations of the Morgan––Morgan–Finney (MMF) and the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) erosion prediction models along the 442-km-long and 44-m-wide Right-of-Way of Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan oil and South Caucasus gas pipelines. USLE performed better than MMF erosion model by the accurate prediction of 61% of erosion occurrences. Paired-samples T-test with p-value less than 0.05 and bivariate correlation with the Pearson's correlation coefficient equal to 0.23 showed that the predictions of these two models were significantly different. MMF model revealed more clustered patterns of predicted critical erosion classes with a soil loss of more than 10 ton/ha/year in particular ranges of pipelines rather than USLE model with the widespread spatial distribution. The average coefficients of variation of predicted soil loss rates by these models and the number of accurately predicted erosion occurrences within the geomorphometric elements of terrain, vegetation cover and landuse categories were larger in the USLE model. This supported the hypothesis that larger spatial variations of erosion prediction models can contribute to the better soil loss prediction performance and reliability of erosion prediction models.  相似文献   

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